Cultural Anthropology Midterm SG

Approximately what percentage of humans are born with biological traits associated with neither exactly male nor female? A. 1.7 percent B. 2.3 percent C. 0.7 percent D. 0.3 percent

A. 1.7 percent

Which of the following would be studied via kinesics? A. A wave hello or goodbye B. A newspaper article C. A growl D. A guttural sound, such as a scream

A. A wave hello or goodbye

The theory of evolution refers to the idea that A. Biological adaptations to changes in the natural environment occur over generations. B. Completely new species appear with no biological precedent as a result of random mutations. C. Species are gradually become stronger and better than previous species. D. Religion has no role in modern society and must be replaced by pure science.

A. Biological adaptations to changes in the natural environment occur over generations.

The process of fieldwork alters the character of: A. Both the anthropologist and the study community B. The study community only C. The anthropologist only D. Neither the anthropologist not the study community if the work is carefully done

A. Both the anthropologist and the study community

Bernice spends time each day reading online news reports from several different news agencies around the world. As a result, she becomes aware of multiple ideas and perspectives, incorporating these into her own outlook and actions. This is an example of which of the following terms? A. Cosmopolitanism B. Functionalism C. Ethnocentrism D. Hegemony

A. Cosmopolitanism

Which of following are believed to be benefits of the adaptation of bipedalism? Select all that apply. A. Easier to gather and carry food B. Improve weight distribution, therefore reducing injury C. Can see greater distances over open spaces D. Stay cooler with less body mass exposed to sunlight

A. Easier to gather and carry food C. Can see greater distances over open spaces D. Stay cooler with less body mass exposed to sunlight

Eric, who lives in Ohio, falls madly in love with Eva, who lives in Nairobi, Kenya. Eric moves to Kenya, marries Eva, has two kids, and lives happily ever after. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes the influence Eric's genes have on the existing gene pool in Kenya? A. Gene migration (flow) B. Natural Selection C. Genetic Drift D. Mutation

A. Gene migration (flow)

Which of the following terms refers to "the worldwide intensification of interactions and the increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders"? A. Globalization B. Colonialism C. Migration D. McDonaldization

A. Globalization

Match each evolutionary event to the correct time period. A. 1.8 mya B. 1.0 mya C. 2.5 mya D. 350,000 yBP

A. Homo erectus emerges B. Australopithecus becomes extinct C. Homo habilis emerges D. Home sapiens emerges

Anthropologists are ethically bound to let those we study know why we are studying them, and to obtain their permission to do so. Which term summarizes this obligation? A. Informed Consent B. Polyvacality C. Anonymity D. Cultural Relativism

A. Informed Consent

You've decided to create a list of all of the words for names, events, and ideas that exist in the Palauan language. Which of the following are you creating? A. Lexicon B. Paralanguage C. Focal Vocabulary D. Syntax

A. Lexicon

Match each anthropologist with her/his key contribution to the practice of ethnography. A. Used fieldwork to engage in public debates in the United States B. Synchronic approach sought to isolate variables C. Four-field approach, salvage ethnography D. Participant observation

A. Margret Mead B. E.E. Evans-Pritch C. Franz Boas D. Bronislaw Malinowski

Match each term with its definition. A. Smallest units of sound that carry meaning on their own B. Smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning C. Combined set of rules that govern use of a particular language D. Rules for forming speech sounds into phrases and sentences

A. Morpheme B. Phoneme C. Grammar D. Syntax

A deviation from the standard DNA code results in a squirrel being born with a longer, flatter tail that provides greater stability for climbing trees. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this example? A. Mutation B. Gene migration (flow) C. Genetic Drift D. Natural Selection

A. Mutation

Match each term with the most appropriate example of its focus. A. Comparing fossilized 200,000-year-old primate remains to modern human anatomy B. Cataloguing artifacts discovered in an 1800s shipwreck off the coast of Istanbul C. Describing the importance of objects found in ancient Native American burial mounds D. Observing chimpanzee tool use

A. Paleoanthropology B. Historic Archeology C. Prehistoric Archeology D. Primatology

Carlos is an anthropologist who wants to learn more about American college student culture. He decided to enroll in a college, take classes, live in a dorm, and interact with students. This ethnographic technique is best known as: A. Participant Observation B. Salvage ethnography C. Reflexivity D. Social Network analysis

A. Participant Observation

Which of the following can be seen by the naked eye? A. Phenotype B. Blood type C. Karyotype D. Genotype

A. Phenotype

Match each example of data with the proper category. A. Text of an interview with a local director of economic development B. Ethnic composition of a community, by percentage

A. Qualitative Data B. Quantitative Data

The belief that culture is held together by a series of important elements such as economy, education, religion, kinship, and politics that all serve to maintain societal equilibrium is known as: A. Structural functionalism B. The interpretivist approach C. Historical particularism D. Unilineal cultural evolution

A. Structural Functionalism

Match each fieldwork strategy with the appropriate description. A. Can gather quantitative data and reach large numbers of people quickly B. Focuses on power relationships in a community by looking at who people turn to in times of need C. A conversation wherein a respondent is asked a specific set of questions D. Seeks to understand how a culture has changed over the span of one person's life

A. Survey B. Social Network Analysis C. Interview D. Life History

Match each term with the most appropriate example on the left. A. You arrive at a red, eight-sided sign when driving your car, and know that the sign is suggesting that you stop B. Some, but not all, cultures participate in daylight savings time C. There are rules governing when to kiss someone D. Freedom of religion is a cornerstone of American society

A. Symbol B. Mental Map of reality C. Norm D. Value

Anthropology is defined as A. The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another. B. The belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural; using one's own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others. C. A primary research strategy involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives. D. A key research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied.

A. The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.

Physical anthropologists adhere to which of the following theories of human origin? A. Theory of Evolution B. Intelligent design C. Sapir-Whorf D. Creationism

A. Theory of Evolution

The term "gender" refers to the A. expectations of thought and behavior that a culture assigns to people of different sexes. B. expression of machismo, or manliness, among human males. C. physical differences between male and female human beings. D. struggle between males and females over access to cultural institutions of power.

A. expectations of thought and behavior that a culture assigns to people of different sexes.

Among the Etoro of Papua New Guinea, males have almost exclusive access to power, wealth, and resources over females. This is an example of which of the following terms? A. gender stratification B. gender ideology C. gender violence D. gender stereotypes

A. gender stratification

When the anthropologist Annette Weiner revisited Bronislaw Malinowski's research on the Trobriand Islands, she found that Malinowski had A. overlooked the important roles played by women in ritual exchange relationships. B. deliberately downplayed the role of women in Trobriand culture to put forward his own views of male dominance. C. accurately noted the balanced role of men and women in the culture of the Trobriand Islands. D. correctly identified the culture as solely patriarchal.

A. overlooked the important roles played by women in ritual exchange relationships.

Individuals whose gender identities or performances do not fit with cultural norms related to their assigned sex at birth are known as which of the following? A. transgendered B. culturally constructed C. intersexual D. sexually dimorphic

A. transgendered

April is excited to see a display of arrowheads and other stone tools in a local museum. She wants to learn more about some of the tools. Which type of anthropologist should she contact? A. Physical anthropologist B. Archaeologist C. Linguistic anthropologist D. Cultural anthropologist

B. Archaeologist

Writing assignments in college courses give students opportunities to practice writing in an academic tone. This tone is considered a reflection of the prestige language in vogue in society at a given time. It is also very different from the language you'd use when conversing with others at a party or via text message. What term best describes your ability to navigate these different linguistic situations? A. Call system B. Code Switching C. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis D. Polyvocality

B. Code Switching

Bertha likes to eat dinner at 5 p.m. She travels to Italy and decides she doesn't like the country because restaurants tend to open for dinner at 7 p.m. or later. Bertha is practicing: A. Exogamy B. Ethnocentrism C. Endogamy D. Cultural Relativism

B. Ethnocentrism

Chan has started a project comparing ethnographic data about health care practices from a village in Mozambique to data about similar techniques in rural Kentucky. This process is known as: A. Polyvocality B. Ethnology C. Participant Observation D. Ethnography

B. Ethnology

A set of cultural ideas about men's and women's essential character, capabilities, and value that consciously or unconsciously promote and justify gender stratification is known as which of the following? A. gender stereotypes B. gender ideology C. gender violence D. gender stratification

B. Gender Ideology

Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations?" A. Sociolinguistics B. Historical Linguistics C. Descriptive Linguistics D. Communicative Lingustics

B. Historical Linguistics

President Barack Obama has a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American, or black. This is most closely an example of which term from Chapter 6? A. Miscegenation B. Hypodescent C. Racial Ideology D. Racism

B. Hypodescent

Individuals who have some combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and chromosomes are known as which of the following? A. culturally constructed B. intersexual C. sexually dimorphic D. transgendered

B. Intersexual

Anil is an anthropologist who studies how words transmitted via social media have been used both to resist and to uphold power during recent revolutionary periods in Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan. Anil would most likely classify himself as a(n): A. Physical anthropologist B. Linguistic anthropologist C. Cultural anthropologist D. Archaeologist

B. Linguistic Anthropologist

The oldest known stone tool industry is called the A. Aurignacian tool industry. B. Oldowan tool industry. C. Acheulian tool industry. D. Mousterian tool industry.

B. Oldowan tool industry.

Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them. This is best described as an example of ______________. Choose the single best answer. A. Hypodescent B. Racial Ideology C. Racism D. Miscegenation

B. Racial Ideology

Which of the following refers broadly to actions and/or policies that use imagined differences between human groups to justify unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities? Choose the single best answer. A. Miscegenation B. Racism C. Racial Ideology D. Hypodescent

B. Racism

In the film clip "Franz Boas (Early Ethnography)," Boas is characterized as rapidly gathering ethnographic material from Native American cultures so that he could learn as much as possible about them before they disappeared. This type of study is known as: A. Participant Observation B. Salvage Ethnography C. A Synchronic Approach D. Armchair Anthropology

B. Salvage Ethnography

The argument that that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced archaic Homo sapiens is known as: A. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. B. The "out of Africa" theory. C. The Neandertal model. D. The multiregional continuity thesis.

B. The "out of Africa" theory.

Transgendered individuals are common in many Native American groups. Which of the following terms is most appropriately used today to describe such individuals? A. intersexual B. Two-Spirits C. berdache D. First Nations

B. Two-Spirits

The suggestion that all cultures progress through a similar set of stages is no longer accepted in contemporary anthropology. This theory was known as: A. The interpretivist approach B. Unilineal cultural evolution C. Historical particularism D. Structural functionalism

B. Unilineal Cultural Evolution

Each of the following types of evidence give us clues about the origins of human language except: A. Primatology studies that reveal an ability for communication B. Written records found in archaeological digs C. Fossilized brain casts that reveal brain development D. Genetic analyses

B. Written records found in archaeological digs

What percentage of the world's poorest people are women and girls? A. 80 percent B. 30 percent C. 60 percent D. 10 percent

C. 60 percent

In the clip from the documentary film "The Cow Jumped Over the Moon," satellite technology is used to collect and provide data on which of the following? A. Productive farming and grazing lands B. Monitor political borders C. All answer selections are correct. D. Target and exploit the natural resources of others

C. All answer selections are correct

In which of the following areas do we see whiteness privileged in the United States? A. Criminal sentencing patterns B. College enrollments C. All of these D. Infant mortality E. Employment rates

C. All of these

Which of the following are reasons why there is no biological basis for race? A. If we line up all humans and divide them into groups based on skin color, those groups would not align with existing racial categories. B. Because of rates of human interbreeding over the past 200,000 years, attempts to divide humans into biologically distinct categories require the creation of arbitrary, or "fuzzy," boundaries. C. All of these D. Racial categories vary tremendously from one culture to the next. E. Racial categories existed in human societies before we had knowledge of genetics, and thus are based on cultural observation as opposed to genotypic reality.

C. All of these

Sociolinguistics is the study of A. How the use of language intersects with cultural categories and systems of power such as age, race, and ethnicity. B. How people use language in different cultural contexts. C. All possible answer selections are correct. D. How culture shapes language and language shapes culture.

C. All possible answer selections are correct.

Which of the following is not an example of cultural relativism? A. Attempts to make sense of ritual behavior by participating in ceremonies with religious leaders B. Attempts to understand native feasting behavior among an indigenous group by participating in a feast C. Attempts to tell an indigenous group that their medical rituals will not cure disease D. Attempts to comprehend the motives behind the 9/11 attacks by interviewing families of attackers

C. Attempts to tell an indigenous group that their medical rituals will not cure disease

A company is interested in building a new factory in Bolivia and wants to know how to ensure positive interactions between workers and management. Which type of anthropologist should the company contact? A. Physical anthropologist B. Archaeologist C. Cultural anthropologist D. Linguistic anthropologist

C. Cultural anthropologist

Which of the following is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? A. The structure of the human brain causes all humans to have a universal grammar B. A certain set of phonemes is fundamental to all human languages C. Different languages create different ways of thinking D. A certain set of morphemes is fundamental to all human languages

C. Different languages create different ways of thinking.

Sex is to biology as __________ is to culture. A. sexual dimorphism B. globalization C. gender D. anthropology

C. Gender

Franz Boas believed that cultures develop in different ways because of the unique and complex sets of issues and situations that members of the cultural group face over time. This way of understanding cultural differences came to be known as: A. The interpretivist approach B. Structural functionalism C. Historical particularism D. Unilineal cultural evolution

C. Historical Particularism

Laws implemented to legally enforce racial segregation in the American South after the Civil War were known as _____________. A. Nativism laws B. John Smith laws C. Jim Crow laws D. Miscegenation laws

C. Jim Crow laws

Which of the following do we share with at least some nonhuman primates? A. Productivity B. Call system C. Language D. Displacement

C. Language

________________ laws seek to prevent interracial marriage. A. Hypodescent B. White Supremacy C. Miscegenation D. Racial Ideology

C. Miscegenation

Individuals within a species of bird can have two possible types of head plumage: dull gray or bright red. A new predator moves into the birds' habitat, and finds it easier to spot and kill birds with the bright head plumage. A greater percentage of birds with dull gray head plumage emerge in subsequent generations. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation? A. Mutation B. Gene migration (flow) C. Natural selection D. Genetic Drift

C. Natural Selection

How many languages are currently in use in the world? A. Nearly 70 B. Nearly 700 C. Nearly 7,000 D. Nearly 70,000

C. Nearly 7,000

Is the racial classification system found in the United States universal to all cultures? A. Yes, all other cultures have adopted the system found in the United States. B. No, other cultures do not classify people into races. C. No, cultures classify racial groups differently as a result of their unique histories. D. Yes, all cultures use the same racial classes.

C. No, cultures classify racial groups differently as a result of their unique histories.

Augusto the farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call? A. linguistic anthropologist B. Cultural anthropologist C. Physical anthropologist D. Archaeologist

C. Physical anthropologist

Coffee, chocolate, cinnamon, wheat, indio, rosy, faded, blond, fair, dark, and ashen are racial classifications found in _____________. A. Brazil B. The United States C. The Dominican Republic D. Russia

C. The Dominican Republic

Which of the following theoretical perspectives sees culture as a symbolic system of deep meaning? A. Unilineal cultural evolution B. Structural functionalism C. The interpretivist approach D. Historical particularism

C. The interpretivist approach

Henry believes that women are poorly suited to athletic activities, and should do all of the cooking and cleaning around the home. Aside from being seen as particularly boorish by contemporary American cultural standards, Henry's beliefs are an example of which of the following? A. gender ideology B. gender violence C. gender stereotypes D. gender stratification

C. gender stereotypes

Domestic violence refers to A. heated emotional arguments held between current or former partners or spouses. B. unwanted sexual advances between intimate partners. C. physical, sexual, or psychological harm caused by a current or former partner or spouse. D. the failure of a partner or spouse to uphold traditional gender roles in an intimate relationship.

C. physical, sexual, or psychological harm caused by a current or former partner or spouse.

Human males are, on average, stronger than human females. Human females, on average, live longer than human males. These are all examples of what? A. evolution B. gender C. sexual dimorphism D. cultural differences

C. sexual dimorphism

What percentage of DNA do all humans share in common? A. 89.7 percent B. 75.3 percent C. 25 percent D. 99.9 percent

D. 99.9 percent

Which of the following would be considered paralanguage? A. A newspaper article B. A scowl C. A wave hello or goodbye D. A guttural sound, such as a scream

D. A guttural sound, such as a scream

A dialect is considered to be A. The result of linguistic corruption. B. An incorrect version of the standard language. C. The result of influences from a neighboring language. D. A nonstandard variation of a language.

D. A nonstandard variation of a language

Anthropologists define the concept of ethnicity as A. The process by which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups. B. The desire of a community to create and/or maintain a nation-state. C. None of these D. A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.

D. A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.

The ability of individuals and/or groups "to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power" is known as: A. Hegemony B. Stratification C. Power D. Agency

D. Agency

Anthropology seeks to study A. Only lesser-known and less understood cultures and people. B. Primarily urban societies and the cultural interactions they create. C. Only small-scale and technologically simple cultures. D. All people and cultures around the globe.

D. All people and cultures around the globe.

Scientists use the term "theory" to refer to A. A hypothesis explaining how they think events occurred. B. An unsupported guess as to what they think happened. C. A fact that demonstrates how something happened. D. An overarching idea that links and makes sense of many pieces of factual evidence to explain an event.

D. An overarching idea that links and makes sense of many pieces of factual evidence to explain an event.

Anthropology is described as a "holistic" field. This means that all of the following except: A. Anthropology studies humans in all places. B. Anthropology studies the whole picture of human life. C. Anthropology studies humans across all time periods. D. Anthropology attempts to fill in holes in understanding left by other disciplines.

D. Anthropology attempts to fill in holes in understanding left by other disciplines.

The process by which "minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and eventually cease to exist as separate groups" is known as which of the following terms? A. nationalism B. plural society C. multiculturalism D. assimilation

D. Assimilation

Which of the following terms refers to the process of learning culture? A. Ethnocentrism B. Agency C. Cultural relativism D.Enculturation

D. Enculturation

Research into the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity across cultures as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories is known as which of the following? A. gender ideology B. feminism C. sexism D. gender studies

D. Gender studies

Citizens of Anytown wake up one morning to find their entire town encased in a large dome. They can still grow food, access water, and do all of the things that they need to do to survive, but their dating pool becomes newly restricted to only those inside the dome. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation as it applies to future generations of Anytowners? A. Mutation B. Natural selection C. Gene migration (flow) D. Genetic Drift

D. Genetic Drift

While material power such as coercion and brute force were tools used by the Nazi regime, the creation of cultural agreement about the "dangers" of populations such as the Jews, Roma, and others was what ultimately allowed the horrors of the Holocaust to take place. This cultural agreement is known as: A. Stratification B. Power C. Agency D. Hegemony

D. Hegemony

The first controlled use of fire was likely achieved by which species of human ancestor? A. Homo habilis B. Australopithecus africanus C. Australopithecus robustus D. Homo erectus

D. Homo erectus

Which of the following is an example of participant observation? A. Reading about college classes to learn about challenges facing contemporary college students B. Filming a fifth-grade classroom to learn why bullying takes place C. Using a double-sided mirror to observe consumer reactions to a new snack product D. Living in a Brazilian shantytown community (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty

D. Living in a Brazilian shantytown community (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty

The belief that cultural patterns are determined by our genetic makeup is best described using which term? A. Agency B. Nurture C. Hegemony D. Nature

D. Nature

Institutional racism is defined by A. None of these; institutional racism does not exist. B. The presence of a large number of individual racists. C.large institutions carrying out lobbying activities in support of racial ideologies. D. Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems.

D. Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems.

Which of the following terms best describes "the observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially the biological differences related to human reproduction"? A. transgendered B. intersexual C. gender D. sex

D. Sex

Eugenics is a pseudoscience that arose in the late 1800s and maintained popularity in the early 1900s. It was an attempt to "measure" attributes such as intelligence in a way that proved the superiority of some races over others. What event was an outcome of eugenic practice? A. The Civil Rights Movement B. The Suffrage Movement C. Prohibition D. The Holocaust

D. The Holocaust

Which key dynamic of globalization is at work when Andre sends a text message and becomes concerned when he does not receive an immediate response? A. Increasing migration B. Rapid change C. Flexible accumulation D. Uneven development E. Time-space compression

E. Time-space compression