Darby Chapter Review Questions

Each germ cell contains _____ chromosomes (haploid number); during the process of fertilization, the number is restored to ______ chromosomes (diploid).

23, 46

During the relative refractory period, what can trigger an action potential?

A supra threshold stimulus

Which neurotransmitter will stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle?

Acetylcholine

In the human body, where are naturally occurring corticosteroids produced?

Adrenal cortex

One muscle that is affected in this case is called flexor pollicis longus, which directly performs the action of thumb flexion. For this function, this muscle is an example of what muscle action group?

Agonist

The pink labial mucosa or buccal mucosa meets the redder _______ at the mucobuccal fold

Alveolar mucosa

What is the corresponding effect on pressure in the alveolar and interpleural spaces as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?

Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both decrease

Input from what structure stimulates the medullary inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of respiration?

Apneustic center

A dental hygienist created a treatment plan and divided his patient's oral cavity at the transverse plane. He plans to debride two quadrants per appointment (UR, upper right; UL, upper left; LR, lower right; LL, lower left). Which quadrants will be treated at each scheduled appointment?

Appointment one: LR and LL; Appointment two: UL and LR

Which stage of tooth formation occurs for the primary dentition during the 11th and 12th week of prenatal development?

Bell Stage

Which of the following BEST describes this patient's blood pressure?

Blood pressure rate is considered prehypertensive, and she should be encouraged to see a physician

Metabolic alkalosis typically results in respiratory acidosis. The compensatory mechanism is hypoventilation.

Both statements are TRUE

During the 4th week of embryonic life, the tongue develops from several swellings arising on the internal aspect of branchial arches 1-4 (pouches). Which swellings form the body of the tongue?

Branchial arch 1

What is a direct physiological effect of an increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO 2) in the arterial blood?

Breathing rate increases (becomes faster)

A lesion in the medulla would impact which cranial nerve?

CN XII

ALL of the following characterize cardiac muscle EXCEPT:

Calcium binds to calmodulin to stimulate contraction

The crystalline formation of mature bone consists of mainly which of the following?

Calcium hydroxyapatite

What is the name for the outer, less-calcified layer of cementum?

Cementoid

The area of the brain is responsible for coordinating and regulating skeletal muscle movement and equilibrium:

Cerebellum

What histologic structure(s) comprise(s) healthy attached gingiva?

Circular fibers, rete pegs, connective tissue papilla, fibroblasts

Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) during which stage of cellular respiration?

Citric acid cycle

When listening to the patient's heart with a stethoscope what does the second heart sound indicate?

Closure of semilunar valves

Which of the following are characteristics of bundle bone?

Contains Sharpey's fibers is adjacent to periodontal ligament

The inner and outer surfaces of alveolar bone are made up of _________

Cortical plates

The use of an anticoagulant would lead to which of the following:

Decreased fibrin formation

A graft procedure would include a surgical flap in the epithelial tissue of the palate and harvesting the underlying connective tissue. What type of connective tissue is usually found underlying the gingiva?

Dense connective tissue

Which portion of the tooth germ is the primary source of the periodontal liagement?

Dental follicle

The patient's mother was informed the multiple carious lesions caries on her maxillary molars had progressed into the dentin. Caries in the dentin of the tooth progresses through the

Dentinal tubule

What attachment mechanism attaches the cells in the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium?

Desmosome

A patient with acute pancreatitis is likely to have problems with:

Digestion of proteins Digestion of fats Digestion of carbohydrates

A subdural hematoma would occur between which two structures?

Dura mater and arachnoid

Which one of the tooth components has an equivalent hardness to bone?

Enamel

Each tooth is the product of two tissues that interact during tooth development:

Epithelium, ectomesenchyme

Which active transport process allows large molecules to leave the cell after being enclosed in membranous vesicles?

Exocytosis

Nonsuccedaneous permanent molars develop from buds that grow from:

Extension of the primary second molar's dental lamina

Which term refers to gas exchange between blood and the alveoli?

External respiration

Meckel's cartilage is derived from neural crest cells which migrate cephalad and interact with cephalic ectoderm and mesoderm to result in the development of:

Facial skeleton

What tissue component of the periodontal ligament is responsible for the production of the fibrous matrix and ground substance?

Fibroblast

What are the clinical observations noted during an examination of the gingiva indicating gingival health?

Firm attached gingiva

Embryonically, the mandible is derived from the:

First branchial arch

Which tissue surrounds the tooth and creates a cuff of gingiva extending coronally approximately 1.5 mm from the CEJ?

Free gingiva

Sharon is having a hard time expelling air from her lungs during expiration. Which term refers to the total amount of air left in the airways after a normal, passive expiration?

Functional residual capacity

Cementum differs from bone in that cementum:

Has no blood vessels

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell is said to be:

Hypotonic

Which class of immunoglobulin is the predominant antibody in external secretions of the mucous membranes?

IgA

Pulp changes result from aging. Changes result from:

Increased collagen fibers

When palpating the thyroid gland on a patient, where would you expect to find the isthmus of the thyroid gland in a healthy individual?

Inferior to the cricoid cartilage

What type of epithelium comprises attached gingiva?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the name of the space occupied by the body of the cementocyte?

Lacuna

The wall of the tooth socket is lined by what type of bones?

Lamina dura

During which phase of muscle contraction is the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggered to release calcium?

Latent Phase

When a cleft of the alveolar process is present, it occurs between the

Lateral incisor and canine

If the aortic semilunar valve does not open properly, there is a decrease in the volume of blood that is ejected through the aorta. This has the most immediate consequences for which heart chamber?

Left ventricle

Cranial nerve VII is injured during an inferior alveolar nerve block that penetrates too deeply into the parotid gland. What would you expect to see as a consequence of this?

Loss of movement of facial muscles

The anterior portion, or body, of the tongue develops from the:

Mandibular process

Injury to which nerve has likely led to Stacey's symptoms of paresthesia and weakness in her thumb?

Median nerve

What is connective tissue derived from during prenatal development?

Mesoderm

Which portion of a long bone contains the growth plate?

Metaphysis

An upper respiratory infection can spread via the eustachian tube from the nasopharynx to which anatomical space?

Middle ear

The overlapping period between the primary and permanent dentition is considered the period of:

Mixed

Which system is involved in maintaining posture?

Muscular system Nervous system Respiratory system

What type of enzyme functions to rearrange atoms within a molecule?

Mutases

What type of epithelium comprises the lining mucosa of the oral cavity?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The outer cells of the dental papilla are induced to differentiate during tooth development into:

Odontoblasts

Where do muscles that move the shoulder joint typically originate?

On the trunk

During the cell cycle, interphase involves the cells engaging in:

Organelle replication

A connective tissue graft from the hard palate area was recommended for the gingival recession. What type of epithelial tissue is in this area?

Orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What type of cells are found in Howship's lacunae?

Osteoclasts

Parathyroid hormone can result in increased blood calcium by stimulating these cells:

Otseoclasts

The free unmyelinated nerve endings of the pulp can sense:

Pain

A cleft lip occurs when the maxillary process fails to fuse with which one of the following embryonic processes?

Palatine process

The tooth is attached to the underlying bone through which of the following?

Periodontal fibers

Which of the following orofacial structures is located in the midline of the face or neck?

Philtrum

Which tooth appears in the permanent dentition but not in the primary?

Premolars

What specific prostaglandin regulates platelet aggregation?

Prostaglandin E (PGE)

The tissue(s) that have nerve innervation are

Pulp and periodontal ligament

Which type of muscle contraction is an example of an isometric contraction?

Pushing against a wall

Which long bone is located in the forearm, on the same side of the body as the thumb?

Radius

Enamel hypocalcification is a type of enamel dysplasia that involves:

Reduction in the quantity of enamel matrix

What name is given to the remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath found in the periodontal ligament of a functioning tooth?

Rests of Malassez

A sagittal MRI would visualized the body bisected into:

Right and left portions

Enamel _____ form the crystaline structural unit of enamel.

Rods

The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb can be categorized as which type of joint?

Saddle

A demyelination disorder that primarily impacts peripheral nerves would target which cells?

Schwann cell

Which cellular organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lesions to the prevertebral ganglia would interfere with the function of which organ?

Stomach

Continuous replacement of cells is characteristic of which type of epithelium?

Stratified squamous

What is a major function of natural killer (NK) cells?

Target virus-infected cells and tumor cells

Decreased blood volume leaving the aorta leads to reduced blood pressure in the vessels of the head and neck. Decreased blood pressure increases baroreceptor firing.

The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE

What is the angled part of the ameloblast that secretes the enamel matrix?

Tomes' process

What relationship does the tooth size have on the interdental papilla?

Tooth size does not relate to papilla size

Binding of calcium to the regulatory domain of which protein induces a conformational change which causes the active sites on actin to be exposed?

Troponin

Which membrane covers the outer surface of organs?

Visceral serous membranes

All of the following tissues have little or no keratinization, except one. Which one is the exception? a. Attached gingiva b. Sulcular epithelium c. Alveolar mucosa d. Soft palate

a. Attached gingiva

All of the following may result from a disorder in calcium ion concentration EXCEPT: a. Faster transmission of nerve impulses b. Skeletal muscle weakness c. Abnormal bleeding d. Osteoporosis

a. Faster transmission of nerve impulses

Which of the following is not a histological component of the gingival connective tissue? a. Gingiva b. Crown c. Periodontal ligament d. Alveolar bone

b. Crown

All the following describe a steroid hormone EXCEPT: a. Can pass easily through plasma membranes b. Synthesized from amino acids c. Response time to steroid hormones is slow d. Must bind to a receptor

b. Synthesized from amino acids

All of the following organs are targeted by tropic hormones produced in the hypothalamus EXCEPT: a. Ovaries b. Thyroid gland c. Pancreas d. Adrenal cortex

c. Pancreas

The upper deep cervical nodes primarily drain all except: a. Tonsils b. Base of the tongue c. Third molars d. Soft palate

d. Soft palate

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument? a. Regulation of body temperature b. Immunity c. Synthesis of vitamin D d. Storage of vitamin A

d. Storage of vitamin A