Data Privacy Module 10 Textbook Study Questions

What is the underlying structure of a database?

Computer databases evolved from manual filing systems.

What are query languages?

Computer programming languages designed for databases.

What is a record?

A record refers to a collection of data fields.

How is a relational database organized?

A relational database is organized according to a schema.

What does a single-level sort use?

A single-level sort uses only one field to arrange records.

What does the command JOIN do?

Use the data from two tables

How is the methodology used by MapReduce different from the SQL approach?

Whereas SQL pulls data from records in storage and delivers them to the application for processing, MapReduce sends the processing logic to the data and only returns the result.

What does a database index contain?

A database index contains a list of keys, and each key provides a pointer to the record that contains the rest of the fields related to that key.

What is a document database?

A document-oriented database stores unstructured data, such as the text of a speech or a magazine article. Because these articles are of varying lengths and structure, it is not possible to mold them into a hierarchical, relational, or object structure.

What is a field?

A field contains the smallest unit of meaningful information, so you might call it the basic building block for a structured file or database.

What is a field format?

A field format is a template that adds the correct formatting as data is entered.

What is an entity-relationship diagram (ER or ERD) ?

A graph that depicts the relationship between record types

How does mail merge work?

A mail merge requires two components. The first is a document that contains placeholders where custom data is to be inserted. The placeholders are field names such as SALUT and LAST. The second component is a list of data with corresponding fields, such as LAST: Moore and LAST: Diego.

So how does SQL injection work?

A malicious SQL command contains conventional command words, such as SELECT and UPDATE, but the parameters for the command contain unusual text that either provides the attacker with elevated privileges or overruns a buffer to inject malicious code in memory.

A record that contains data is referred to as what?

A record occurrence, or simply a record

What is redaction?

A security feature that masks confidential data such as credit card numbers.

What is encryption?

A security feature that scrambles data that resides in storage, so that it is useless to thieves who acquire stolen devices containing databases.

What does the command INSERT do?

Add a record.

Do DBMSs work with different database models?

Although the relational database model is the most popular, for some applications, an object database, a graph database, or some other model might be preferable.

How does SQL specify the action that I want carried out in a database?

An SQL query begins with an action keyword, or command, which specifies the operation you want carried out.

What is an analytical database used for?

An analytical database is used to collect data that will be used for spotting trends that offer insights for tactical and strategic business decisions.

What does the command CREATE do?

Create a database or table

How are databases classified?

Databases are classified in several ways. They can be classified based on whether they are maintained by individuals or organizations. They can also be classified by their structure, which is a topic covered later in this section. One of the most basic ways to classify databases distinguishes whether they are used for everyday business operations or for analytical purposes.

Who are databases created by?

Databases are created and managed by individuals and organizations.

What do databases make it easy to do?

Databases make it easy to locate information. Library patrons can use an online public access catalog (OPAC) to find books.

What is the foundation for simple databases?

Flat files are the foundation for simple databases.

What is a schema?

The blueprint for a database's structure.

What are the three core elements in a relational database?

Fields, tables, and relationships.

How does the column-oriented data model store data?

The column-oriented data model stores data in columns, rather than in rows, so it works well in situations where the focus is on analysis of chunks of data, rather than delving into individual records.

Where is data accessed by data mining and other analysis techniques stored?

The data accessed by data mining and other analysis techniques is often stored n a data warehouse, which can be a repository for data from more than one database.

How is data organized in a database?

The data in a typical database is stored in no particular order. New data is appended to the end of the file because it is too cumbersome to insert it in, for example, alphabetical order, and then rearrange all the records that come after it.

How can the data in analytical databases be used?

The data in an analytical database can be used for a variety of activities, such as data mining, predictive analytics, and OLAP.

What kinds of fields do database designers assign date data type to?

The date data type is used to store dates in a format that allows them to be manipulated, such as when you want to calculate the number of days between two dates.

Where can historical data be moved to instead of being deleted?

It can be moved to a data archive.

What is the job of CheckInventory?

Its job is to make sure an album is in stock.

What is the first step to structuring a relational database?

The first step in structuring a relational database is to determine what data should be collected and stored. To do so, a database designer might begin by consulting users and studying the current system to compile a list of available data as well as any additional data necessary to produce screen-based output or printed reports.

Dedicated enterprise applications may allow cosmetic changes, but they do not encourage modifications of core data structures.

True

Depending on their purpose and use, databases can be classified as operational databases or analytical databases

True

What can a word processor sort?

Most word processing software includes a sort feature that can be used to arrange a simple list in alphabetical or numeric order. Sorting can come in handy for alphabetizing a list of contacts or sorting the entries in a bibliography. Sorting tools can usually be applied to paragraphs of text, so they can be used to arrange glossaries and indexes. They can also be used to sort the contents of tables and text that is arranged in columns separated by tabs.

Where are Multidimensional databases used?

Multidimensional databases are used in data warehouses, where data from operational databases is aggregated and transformed to make it more useful for analytical queries.

What's the simplest way to store data?

One of the simplest models for storing data is a flat file that consists of a single, two-dimensional table of data elements. Each row in the table is a record, and each column in the table is a field.

Modern database tools support data independence

True

Most DBMSs give database designers an option to turn case sensitivity on or off.

True

Most database management systems support a variety of data types, though some DBMSs may not support all of them.

True

Most relational databases contain several tables.

True

Operational databases are commonly part of an enterprise's TPS, OLTP, CRM, SCM, or ERP information systems.

True

SQLite may be the world's most widely used DBMS.

True

How is data retrieved from more than one table at a time?

Recall that the process of normalization creates tables that can be related by fields that exist in both tables. In SQL terminology, creating a relationship between tables is referred to as joining tables.

What does the command DELETE do?

Remove a record from a table.

To prevent inconsistent formatting, a database designer can specify a field format.

True

When designing a database, each field is assigned a data type.

True

How does SQL specify which table to use?

SQL keywords such as USE, FROM, or INTO can be used to construct a clause specifying the table you want to access. The clause consists of a keyword followed by the name of the table.

What does the command SELECT do?

Search for records

What SQL command changes the contents of a record?

Updates and modifications to the contents of a database field are made by using the SQL UPDATE command.

What are examples of big data in retail?

Shopper behavior analysis, Loyalty program management, Supply chain optimization

Dynamic scaling for database servers can be a challenge because the additional sharding has to be handled on the fly by the DBMS.

True

Each record in a flat file is an independent entity, and no relationships can be established between records.

True

Enterprise-class DBMSs can handle thousands of simultaneous users, and some of those users may at times attempt to modify the same record but in different ways.

True

Groupings usually correspond to the physical items or entities that are tracked in the database.

True

The template for a record. It contains names, but no data.

True

How is an Analytical database different an Operational database?

Unlike an operational database, the data in an analytical database is not being constantly updated. Therefore, it remains relatively static.

What kind of data do Analytical databases commonly hold?

Analytical databases commonly hold historical data copied from one or more transaction processing systems.

What are the main activities associated with analytical databases?

Analytical databases store data that is used by corporate executives, strategic planners, and other workers to examine sales performance, inventory levels, and other business metrics.

What is a field validation rule?

A field validation rule is a specification that the database designer sets up to filter data entered into a particular field.

What does a multi-level sort do?

A multi-level sort arranges information by more than one field.

What's a multidimensional database?

A multidimensional database organizes relationships over three or more dimensions. In the context of databases, a dimension is simply a layer based on a data element, such as a product, place, or customer, that can be used to categorize data.

How would a filing cabinet full of folders and papers be classified?

As unstructured files because every document has a unique structure and contains different kinds of data.

What is the velocity of big data?

As with Internet "speed," the velocity of big data is actually a measure of capacity and may be quantified in terabits per second (Tbps) or even petabits per second (Pbps).

What does a structured file use?

A structured file uses a uniform format to store data for each person or thing in the file. Many of the databases used in business, ecommerce, and government are stored as structured files.

What is a table's physical sort order?

A table's physical sort order is the order in which records are arranged on storage devices.

What are the limitations of the global UPDATE command?

Although the global UPDATE function is powerful, it works only for records that have similar characteristics. Custom programming is required to perform global operations on information that does not have any similar characteristics.

What does a simple SQL query look like?

An SQL query is a sequence of words, much like a sentence.

What are the two important characteristics of data stored on databases?

First, the data easily breaks down into discrete fields that fit into a table format of rows and columns. Second, the data for multiple entities can be stored within a defined structure, such as a customer record type or an inventory item record type.

What is Hadoop?

Hadoop is a file system developed in 2005 that handles millions of files distributed across multiple server nodes.

What is Hadoop storage complemented by?

Hadoop storage is complemented by a second NoSQL technology called MapReduce that efficiently accesses the dataset.

What is mail merge?

Mail merge creates customized documents by combining a template with a data source. Mail merge technology is used to produce mass-mailing campaigns for sweepstakes and political campaigns.

What kinds of data can a DBMS work with?

Modern DBMSs work with many kinds of data including text, numbers, images, PDFs, and audio files. The ability to work with many kinds of data is especially important in social media databases; but even in small businesses, the use of images, sound, and other data can be helpful.

How does the NOT work in an SQL query?

The NOT operator can be used to omit records from a search by specifying a not-equal relationship.

What does the SQL command JOIN do?

The SQL JOIN command allows you to temporarily join and simultaneously access the data in more than one table.

What does the SQL query language provide?

The SQL query language provides a collection of special command words called SQL keywords, such as SELECT, FROM, INSERT, and WHERE, which issue instructions to the database.

What is advantage does an index have over a sort?

The advantage of an index over a sort is that a table can have multiple indexes but only one sort order.

What is the advantage of scaling up?

The advantage of scaling up is that the dataset remains as one unit.

How are records added to a database?

The client software that he uses collects the data entered in the form and generates an SQL statement using the INSERT command. The INSERT statement adds his data to the Customers table

What kinds of fields do database designers assign integer data type to?

The integer data type is used for fields that contain whole numbers—quantities, repetitions, rankings, and so on. Database designers use the integer data type unless the data requires decimal places because real numbers require more storage space.

Client devices require database client software to access the information in a database. There are three types of database clients: local software, browsers, and apps.

True

Communications servers handle the number of users that are able to connect, whereas database servers handle the number of data records that are stored and available for access.

True

Data in operational databases is typically dynamic, meaning it changes constantly and reflects up-to-the-minute information.

True

Database tables should be indexed by any fields that are commonly used to organize or locate data.

True

Decision makers can access analytical databases using an executive dashboard, provided by software such as iDashboards, which includes tools for visually displaying query results.

True

Developers can use a DBMS to create almost any application that revolves around a collection of data.

True

How does a database designer know what data types to use?

True

If the database structure is designed correctly, information can be efficiently accessed and manipulated. A badly designed database can jeopardize an entire information system.

True

In a case-sensitive database, uppercase letters are not equivalent to their lowercase counterparts.

True

In addition to naming each field, a database designer specifies what sort of data the field can hold. Many fields will hold text, but other fields might hold numbers, dates, or images.

True

Information can be removed from a database when it is no longer needed. Keeping a database lean can speed up searches and conserve storage space.

True

Installing a local database client provides access to the database without installing the entire DBMS.

True

SQL is designed for relational databases, so it is adept at retrieving data from multiple tables.

True

Standard DBMSs offered by IBM, Oracle, SAP, and SAS are designed for relational databases.

True

The attributes for an object are equivalent to fields in a relational database.

True

The key to an effective database is its initial design.

True

The simplest tools for managing data are dedicated applications for specific data management tasks, such as keeping track of appointments or maintaining an address book, though they don't allow for much flexibility because the record types are predefined.

True

Unstructured and semi-structured data—such as tweets, email messages, blog posts, Facebook posts, images, and videos—are difficult to mold into fixed structures. The effort to do so can be costly and time intensive.

True

When no sort order is specified, new records are appended to the end of the file, resulting in a file that is not arranged in any particular order.

True

Word processing software is designed to produce documents, but it also may include tools for working with unstructured or structured data. These tools can sort a simple list or create a file of data for mail merges.

True

Can a DBMS support multiple devices and operating systems?

Yes. Managers, workers, customers, and clients that access databases use a wide array of devices, including mainframes, laptops, tablets, smart¬ phones, and data collection devices such as point-of-sale scanners. These devices may use consumer operating systems such as Windows, Android, macOS, and iOS, or enterprise operating systems such as Linux, UNIX, Solaris, and BSD.

Can SQL perform complex searches?

Yes. SQL uses Boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT to form complex queries.

What is the world's most popular query language?

SQL

What is sharding?

The process of dividing a database into distributed subsets.

What does each field have?

Each field has a unique field name that describes its contents.

What is a shard?

Each subset of data that is divided during sharding.

What are the most commonly used database clients?

Browsers are the most commonly used database clients.

What is a record type?

The template for a record. It contains names, but no data.

What is a sort key?

A sort key is the column of data that is used as the basis for rearranging the data.

Database designers can also prevent entry errors by using lookup routines.

True

Database models such as flat files and relational tables are commonly used today, whereas hierarchical models are becoming obsolete.

True

How does AND work in an SQL query?

AND (sometimes indicated by a + sign) is used to retrieve records that meet more than one criterion.

How would library card catalogs and address books be classified?

As structured files

How do consumers add data to a database?

Consumers add data to databases when they carry out activities such as making purchases and subscribing to social media sites.

How does a database designer determine the best data groupings?

By using a process called normalization.

What kinds of dedicated data management tools are used in enterprise information systems?

CRM, ERP, SCM, and ecommerce all collect transactions in a database. These important business management tools are generally sold as application modules that include the structure to hold data and the routines to query, view, add, modify, delete, and analyze the data.

What is cardinality?

Cardinality refers to the number of associations that exist between two record types.

What does the command UPDATE do?

Change data in a field

What kind of security does a DBMS provide?

DBMSs require security features to ensure data confidentiality, protect against insider threats, and block unauthorized access. Such features may be included in DBMS products, or they may be available as add-on modules.

What is data dependence?

Data dependence is a term that refers to data and program modules being so tightly interrelated that they become difficult to modify.

What is data mining?

Data mining refers to computer algorithms that analyze information to discover previously unknown and potentially useful information, including relationships and patterns.

What kinds of fields do database designers assign real data type to?

Database designers assign the real data type to fields that contain numbers with decimal places, such as prices and percentages.

What are the characteristics of NoSQL?

Distributed: Handles data that is stored across many devices Flexible data: Handles a variety of data types, as well as data that is structured, semi-structured, and unstructured Non-relational: Uses data models other than the standard relational models and SQL

How can documents be classified in regards to data?

Documents are sometimes classified as unstructured data, but they can also be regarded as complexly structured data because different documents can exhibit extreme variations in their length and the sequence of elements they contain.

What is a data type?

From a technical perspective, a data type specifies the way data is represented on physical storage media and in RAM. From a user perspective, the data type determines the way data can be manipulated.

How does the graph model work?

Graph databases were introduced earlier as a flexible alternative to hierarchical database models. These databases are organized around nodes that have attributes and relationships that connect nodes. Graph database schemas are a useful and efficient way to store data that will be retrieved or organized based on relationships. They can also be used for social media applications to keep track of a subscriber's friends, friends of friends, and activities.

What are the four main vendors for DBMS tools for professional developers?

IBM, Oracle, SAS, and SAP.

What is a database?

In its broadest definition, a database is a collection of information.

What are four commonly used NoSQL data models?

Key value, column oriented, document oriented, and graph

How does SQL specify parameters?

Keywords such as WHERE usually begin an SQL clause containing the parameters for a command.

What is low-density data?

Low-density data refers to large volumes of very detailed data in which many of the details are not important.

What are NoSQL technologies effective for?

NoSQL technologies are effective for building and managing non-relational databases containing big data that may be unstructured and may be distributed across multiple servers with dynamically scaling capabilities.

How to Operational databases store collected data?

Operational databases store data as it is collected from point-of-sale systems, customer loyalty programs, social media signups, and other transactions.

Does a DBMS take care of physical storage?

Physical storage is not a trivial design concern. Consider a relational database, such as iTunes, that is too large to efficiently run on a single server, so it is distributed across multiple servers. The DBMS has to adjust to the way data is distributed.

What are predictive analytics?

Predictive analytics refers to a branch of data mining mat analyzes current and historical data to predict future trends. It makes use of statistical algorithms and optimization research to discover patterns in data. Like data mining, predictive analytics processes data autonomously, rather than under the direction of an operator who specifies what to look for.

What are examples of big data in communications?

Retain customers, Call record analysis, Infrastructure optimization

What kinds of fields do database designers assign hyperlink data type to?

The hyperlink data type stores URLs used to link directly from a database to a Web page.

What kinds of fields do database designers assign logical data type to?

The logical data type (sometimes called a Boolean or yes/no data type) is used for true/false and yes/no data, which requires minimal storage space.

What is the structure for the key-value database model?

The simplest structure for storing data in a NoSQL database is the key-value data model.

What do Relational DBMSs support?

They support the relational database model with data stored in tables that can be related to each other.

What can mail merge be used as?

This file can be used as a mini-database for storing contacts, collectibles, or shipping labels—any list mat is useful as a flat file and doesn't contain a huge number of items.

What does XML allow?

XML (extensible Markup Language) allows field tags, data, and tables to be incorporated into a document. It was developed in response to several deficiencies that became apparent as HTML gained widespread use.

Are parentheses important?

Yes, the placement of parentheses can change the results of a query, sometimes drastically.

Can OR be combined with AND?

Yes. AND and OR clauses can be combined to formulate complex queries.

What is OLAP?

(online analytical processing) is a data analysis technique used by decision makers to quickly get answers to complex queries that encompass multiple factors, such as locations, revenue, time periods, and employee status. Unlike data mining and predictive analytics. OLAP is an interactive process that allows decision makers to devise on-the-fly queries, enter them, and get an immediate response.

What does a DBMS allow developers to do?

A DBMS allows developers to set up applications that collect and process data from point-of-sale terminals, ecommerce Web sites, handheld data gathering devices, or the Internet of Things. It also offers routines for defining how data is displayed on the screen and in printed reports.

What is a computed field?

A computed field is a calculation that a DBMS performs, similar to the way a spreadsheet computes a formula. The computation can be stored in a permanent field or generated on the fly and then temporarily stored in a memory location.

What is normalization?

A process called normalization helps database designers create a database structure that minimizes storage space and increases processing efficiency.

What is a relationship?

A relationship is an association between data that's stored in different record types.

What's an object database?

An object database, also referred to as an object-oriented database, stores data as objects, which can be grouped into classes and defined by attributes and methods.

What is an operational database used for?

An operational database is used to collect, modify, and maintain data on a daily basis.

How do analytical databases differ from operational databases?

Analytical databases also differ from operational databases in that they are read-only. The data they contain is static and cannot typically be changed, modified, or deleted.

How do databases distribute data?

Databases—combined with mail merge and other computerized technologies—offer efficient ways to distribute information to customers, employees, the press, government agencies, and other companies.

What does dynamic scaling do?

Dynamic scaling (or autoscaling) ensures acceptable database through-put by scaling out as necessary to handle peak loads.

When is dynamic scaling desirable?

Dynamic scaling is desirable in situations such as when a newly launched Web site goes viral and generates a high volume of user traffic or when an ecommerce business expects seasonal peaks during holidays.

What is SQL injection?

Exploits that use malicious SQL statements to gain unauthorized access to a database

What do NoSQL tools create?

NoSQL tools create what are often characterized as schema-less databases, allowing data structures such as fields to be added, modified, or distributed while the database is operational.

What are popular NoSQL tools?

NoSQL tools include MongoDB, Cassandra, HBase, Hive, Presto, Google BigTable, Spark, and Voldemort, but the two most popular are Hadoop and MapReduce.

Can a database prevent typos?

Preventing every typographical error is not possible. However, it is possible to catch some of these errors by using field validation rules, list boxes, or lookups.

Why are queries and updates within an unsorted databases slow?

Queries and updates within an unsorted database are slow because the only algorithm for searching an unsorted table requires a sequential look at each record.

What is data independence?

Separating data from the programs that manipulate data. As a result, a single data management tool can be used to maintain many different files and databases. In addition, standard search, sort, and print routines continue to function, regardless of changes to field names or record structure.

What is data dredging/data fishing?

The misuse of data mining

What is high density data?

The opposite of low density data is high-density data, which is packed with lots of useful information.

What is data management?

The tasks associated with creating, maintaining, and accessing the information in databases

What is a DBMS?

The term DBMS (database management system) refers to software that manages data stored in a database. It includes routines to define the structure of a database, including its fields and relationships.

What does database structure refer to?

The term database structure refers to the arrangement of fields, tables, and relationships in a database.

What are examples of big data in government?

Threat prediction, Cybersecurity, Compliance and regulatory analysis

What is the goal of normalization?

To minimize data redundancy—the amount of data that is duplicated in a database.

What are examples of big data in health care?

Track infectious diseases, Genetic analysis, Design proactive care plans

Why does SQL pose a security risk?

Under some circumstances, users can be the source of malicious SQL statements that manipulate the database in unauthorized ways.

How is indexing different from sorting?

Unlike a sort order, an index has no bearing on the physical sequence of records on a storage device. An index simply points to the record where the data can be found.

What is a variable-length field? length.

A variable-length field is like an accordion—it expands to fit the data you enter, up to some maximum number of characters.

What is a fixed-length field?

A fixed-length field contains a predetermined number of characters (bytes). The data you enter in a fixed-length field cannot exceed the allocated field length. Moreover, if the data you enter is shorter than the allocated length, blank spaces are automatically added to fill the field.

What is a key element of multidimensional databases?

A key element of multidimensional databases is their ability to support OLAP queries that make it possible to combine data, drill down to specifics, or slice and dice the data to view it from different perspectives.

What is a lookup routine?

A lookup routine validates an entry by checking data in an in-house or third-party database.

What kinds of fields do database designers assign memo data type to?

A memo data type usually provides a variable-length field into which users can enter comments.

What is a method?

A method is any behavior that an object is capable of performing.

What is a primary key?

A primary key is a field that contains data unique to a record.

What is a relational database?

A relational database stores data in a collection of related tables. Each table is a sequence of records, similar to a flat file. All the records in a table are of the same record type. Each row of a table is equivalent to a record. Each column of a table is equivalent to a field.

What is a scale out?

A scale out (or scale horizontally) solution adds more devices to a system, typically by adding nodes on a LAN or in an Internet cloud.

What does a scale up (or scale vertically) do?

A scale up (or scale vertically) solution adds resources to a single device.

What is user rights management?

A security feature that allows access to data on an as-needed basis.

What are intermediary servers?

A security feature that prevent users from directly accessing the database but instead allow users access only to query processors.

How does the JOIN command work?

A single SQL query can retrieve data for the G.l. Blues album from the Albums table and the Tracks table. To do so, however, requires some way to distinguish the data contained in each table.

How does a sort work?

A sort rearranges information in a specified order, numerically or alphabetically. Sorts can be in ascending order (beginning with 1 or a) or in descending order. Multi-level sorts may also be possible.

How is a key-value database structured?

In a key-value database, each data item has a key that is a unique identifier similar to a relational database key such as CustomerlD or LicensePlateNumber. The value associated with each key can be any chunk of data, such as a tweet, an image, a video, an email message, a PDF, a hypertext link, or a sound recording.

Why do you have to join tables together to take advantage of the relationship between two tables?

In a relational database, the tables are essentially independent unless you join them together.

Is it possible to update a group of records?

In addition to changing the data in a single record, SQL can perform a global update that changes the data in more than one record at a time.

What is the value of big data?

In the context of big data, value does not necessarily equate to money, but rather to the usefulness of data.

What are the advantages of object databases?

Object databases excel at representing objects that have slightly different attributes, which is the case in many real-world business applications.

What are the main activities associated with operational databases?

Operational databases collect and store data so that it can be viewed, updated, organized, and distributed. These activities are generally carried out by the organization that operates the database. Depending on the purpose of the information system that the database supports, consumers may also participate.

What are parameters?

Parameters are detailed specifications for a command.

How does a query language like SQL work?

Query languages like SQL (Structured Query Language) work behind the scenes as an intermediary between the database client software provided to users and the database itself.

Why are relationships important?

Relationships are important because there are associations among the real-life things that database records represent.

What is schema-less?

Schema-less is a term used to convey the idea of less formal and more flexible structures.

What kinds of fields do database designers assign BLOB data type to?

Some file and database management systems also include additional data types, such as BLOBs and hyperlinks. A BLOB (binary large object) is a collection of binary data stored in a single field of a database. BLOBs can be just about any kind of data you would store as a file, such as an MP3 music track or an image of an album cover.

Why do sorted tables produce faster queries and updates?

Sorted tables produce faster queries and updates because they take advantage of clever algorithms that quickly pinpoint records.

What are the popular ways of formatting document databases?

Two popular ways of formatting document databases are with XML and JSON, though XML offers more flexibility.

How does OR differ from AND?

Two variations of the OR operator exist. One variation, the inclusive OR, designates records that meet one criterion or both. The other variation, called the exclusive OR, designates records that meet one criterion or the other, but not both.

What kinds of fields do database designers assign text data type to?

The text data type is normally assigned to fixed-length fields that hold character data—people's names, album titles, and so on. Text fields sometimes hold data that looks like numbers but won't be mathematically manipulated. Telephone numbers, Social Security numbers, ZIP codes, and item numbers are examples of data that looks numeric but is normally stored in text fields.

What is a database model?

The underlying structure of a database

How is big data used in marketing?

The vision for big data marketing analytics is to maximize profit from every item of merchandise and service that is offered by a business. Achieving this vision is a multifaceted task.

What is NoSQL?

The vision for big data marketing analytics is to maximize profit from every item of merchandise and service that is offered by a business. Achieving this vision is a multifaceted task.

What do database designers do to prevent SQL injection?

To prevent SQL injection, database designers construct DBMS applications with plenty of protective measures to screen out potentially harmful SQL statements.

How is big data characterized today?

Today, big data is characterized as having high volume, high velocity, diversified variety, unknown veracity, and low-density value.

A browser accesses databases using HTML forms and JavaScript embedded in Web pages. User queries are sent to the DBMS using HTTP calls. HTTP also returns query results, typically in the form of Web pages.

True

A class called Orders holds data and methods common to all types of orders.

True

A database index can be used to organize data in alphabetical or numerical order.

True

A database is a collection of data that grows as additional data is obtained.

True

A database of historic speeches might be stored in XML format, allowing que¬ ries to locate speeches related to specific orators, dates, and places.

True

A field can be variable length or fixed length.

True

A repository for data mining is created by transferring data from operational databases to a data warehouse where it can be combined with data from other databases.

True

A unique inventory number, for example, could correspond to an actual SKU or catalog number, so it has real-world meaning in the context of the data.

True

Access to databases is usually limited to authorized users. Those users may be employees of the organization that maintains the database, but third parties may also be granted access.

True

Although a record number is unique, it has no meaning in the context of the other data in a record.

True

Although a word processor can store data and sort it in various ways, it is not a suitable tool for carrying out mathematical operations or statistical analysis

True

An efficiently designed database uses computed fields whenever possible because they do not require manual data entry.

True

An object database can easily store data about different types of orders.

True

Mail merge is a feature supplied by several word processors

True

What is database assessment?

What is database assessment? A security feature that identifies sensitive data and database vulnerabilities in order to secure them.

How does a DBMS handle multiple users?

A DBMS feature known as serializability ensures that transactions are updated in an orderly manner by establishing update rules. Depending on the situation, a DBMS might allow only one user at a time to access a record; other users are locked out until the record is closed. Alternatively, the DBMS could allow any number of users to access a record in view-only mode while it is being modified. A more sophisticated rule might lock only the field that is being modified, rather than the entire record.

How do SQL queries perform searches?

One of the most common database operations is to query for a particular record or group of records by using the SELECT command.

Analytical databases contain data that is periodically copied from operational databases.

True

Another technique that prevents typographical and case-sensitivity errors is to limit data entry to the items on a specified list.

True

Database tool vendors also offer products for other database models, such as document databases and graph databases. These alternative models and their associated development tools are generally used for enterprise-class database installations.

True

Databases designed for analytical activities are generally used by in-house employees. Consequently, consumers rarely interact with analytical databases.

True

Local database clients are installed on a local storage device such as a hard disk or a USB drive.

True

Making core changes to a database can easily break the connections that form relationships between tables.

True

Can a database designer prevent people from entering inaccurate data?

When designing a database, it is important to think ahead and envision potential data entry errors. Most DBMSs provide tools that database designers can use to prevent some, but not all, data entry errors.