Deaf People and Society
What does the world of work look for deaf people?
Often loud professions in factory, or individualistic careers where they don't have to engage much.
PL 94-142
(Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975) First federal law requiring schools to educate students with disabilities
How is language development effected in Deaf children?
-First language ASL, delay in speech, speech has to be trained -First language speech, often behind peers, lack as vast language. -Deaf babies and children can learn signs at young age. -Depriving children of sign language can lead to a preventable mental retardation, language deprivation, and delay behind their peers in expression and perception
What are some postsecondary programs for the Deaf?
-Gallaudet University (private liberal arts college specifically known for being specifically for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing)
What can be some family influences?
-Hearing families pushing for speech, hearing aids, cochlear, oralism, assimilating with hearing world. -Deaf families focus only on ASL and dispute cochlear and using voice often times, see Deafness as a culture and are proud.
deaf
-Identify maybe just as having a hearing loss. -More involved in the hearing community. -Having some spoken language. -Not as skilled in sign language.
What are some communication & technology devices used by deaf people?
-Interpreting -TDDs -Skype/FT -Videophone -Texting -Internet -Captioning
Deaf
-Involved in Deaf culture -Identify as a Deaf person
What are several major problems or particular features of deafness?
-Perspective of "deafness" needs to be "fixed" with hearing aids/cochlear implants -Oralism: superiority in spoken language -Qualifications for being a part of Deaf Culture -Schools are far/limited -Hearing families have to adapt to Deaf child/not knowing about Deaf culture. -Not looking or sounding Deaf enough. -Inaccessible world, people are unaccommodating
prelinguistic vs postlinguistic
-Prelinguistic: before learning to speak -Postlinguistic: after learning to speak
What are factors that makeup the "deaf experience"?
-Societal attitudes, views -Communication modes, choices -Educational environments -Family influences -Deaf Community & culture -Characteristics of deafness itself -Language development -The world of work
What are the communication modes or choices for deaf people?
-Speech -Hearing aids -Cochlear implants -Sign language
Nyle DiMarco
-TSD student -2015 -Dancing with the Stars -Second male winner and the first Deaf winner of The CW's America's Next Top Model
What are the societal attitudes or views (how do hearing people view the Deaf and vice versa)?
-Whether ASL is or is not a language -Total communication/ASL/oral methods -Whether cochlear implants are good or not
Define Deaf
-a hearing disorder that limits an individual's aural/oral communication performance to the extent that the primary sensory input for communication may be other than the auditory channel. -a person cannot understand speech through hearing, even when the sound is amplified.
hard of hearing
-a hearing disorder, whether fluctuating or permanent, which adversely affects an individual's ability to communicate. -an individual who has a mild-to-moderate hearing loss who may communicate through sign language, spoken language, or both.
What are characteristics of deafness itself?
-bluntness -long introductions & goodbyes
What are some educational environments for Deaf kids?
-mainstreaming -bi-bi (bilingual and bicultural)
Reason for change in trends over the past 40-50 years:
-recognition of sign language (including ASL) as a true language (mid 60s) -rise of Total Communication philosophy (use of sign language and sign systems in schools) (signing & speaking at the same time) -Societal changes: Civil rights, legislation: PL 94-142, FAPE, "Power" Movements, recognition of Pluralism and the multicultural nature of American Society, -Communication & Technology: interpreting, TDD, captioning, mainstreaming, postsecondary programs -Changes in deaf culture (TV, movie)
When was Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) established?
1997
T or F: 10% of deaf children come from deaf parents.
T
T or F: 90% of deaf children come from hearing parents.
T
What happened after the Milan conference?
They banned ASL from schools then the oralism movement occurred.
What is the medical pathological view of Deafness?
as a defect
What is the cultural view of Deafness?
as a difference
congenital
at birth - prelinguistic
Nash and Nash Model (1981): Dynamic Social Adaptation Model
displays as a deaf person going through different experiences
Does deaf or hard of hearing typically rely on the auditory channel as the primary sensory input for communication?
hard of hearing
What does a TDD do?
it's like a telecommunications device (telephone) for the deaf
What is total communication?
learning both English and ASL
Is there an audiogram number that separates HoH from Deaf?
no
Deaf President Now Movement
paved the way for appropriate deaf role models in leadership roles
Pluralism
people at different beliefs, backgrounds, and lifestyles can coexist in the same society & participate equally in the political process.
TSD
provides language and communication-driven education for deaf and low-hearing students ages zero to twenty-one.
How has ASL changed since the 1970s-1990s?
shifting from medical-pathological (only) model>to include Deaf cultural models
What is mainstreaming?
the idea that deaf children could be accommodated to fit in regular residential schools
Hearing disorder
the result of impaired auditory sensitivity of the physiological auditory system
Why didn't signing Exact English work out?
there were different grammar structures, signing and speaking English simultaneously will produce mismatch and inaccurate communication; it's confusing and difficult
Can individuals with hearing impaired be described as deaf or hard of hearing?
yes
Does the deaf experience change generationally?
yes
Does the perspectives of the experience of being Deaf or Hard of Hearing often depend on communication choice/use and not on the level on one's hearing ability?
yes
Was IDEA controversial?
yes because it labels Deafness as a disability, deaf community rebukes by saying it's only a disability because the hearing world does not accommodate them.
Congenital vs adventitious
-Congenital is present at birth - prelinguistic -Adventitious is acquired - postlinguistic
What are the acceptable terms to use?
-Deaf -Hard of Hearing
Marlee Matlin
-Deaf -In 1986, won the Academy Award for Best Actress and accepted in sign. -In 1988, she chose to use spoken language when given award at Oscars. -Many deaf people were upset.
What are the two perspectives of deafness?
-Deafness as a defect (medical-pathological view) -Deafness as a difference (cultural view)
What is the Deaf community & culture?
-Deafness is not a disability -Deafness has its own identity & culture -Deaf shared experiences
Deaf vs Hard of Hearing
-Defined by the person -Someone can have the same audiogram and claim different names -Not determined by an audiogram -Generally Deaf is worse hearing, very little, to no hearing, profound deaf -Hard of hearing is generally not as profound
FAPE
Free Appropriate Public Education: created the idea of a free and appropriate public education. -a deaf child could receive education at any school in their home location. -gave way to mainstream programs: controversial
What did the deaf recognition of Pluralism and the multicultural nature of American Society do?
allowed deaf people to be recognized as a minority & a culture
TDDs (Telecommunications device for the deaf)
an electronic device for test communication over a phone line, that is designed for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties.
When are difficult times for a deaf person according to the Nash and Nash Model?
- Strong involvement in hearing community -Passive involvement in deaf community OR -Strong involvement in hearing community -Active involvement in deaf community
What is the bi-bi method?
-Bilingual & bicultural, teaching both signing and English but not simultaneously. -Teaching ASL as a first language, and English as a 2nd language.
What were some changes in the views of culture from TV, movies, blogs, and vlogs from 1970-1990s?
-Changed idea from Deaf people being deaf mute, deaf and dumb, hearing impaired to accepting them as Deaf or Hard of Hearing and are capable and not disabled.
With someone with a deaf center what is the range from deaf to hearing?
Deaf > a little hard of hearing (almost deaf) > hard of hearing > very hard of hearing (almost hearing) > hearing
What is Bernstein's Law #1?
Everything is connected to everything else.
With someone with a hearing center what is the range from hearing to deaf?
Hearing > a little hard of hearing (almost hearing) > Hard of Hearing > very hard of hearing (almost deaf) > Deaf
What is Bernstein's Law #2?
It's complicated.
adventitious
acquired - postlinguistic (most common)
When did total communication occur?
after Stokoe established ASL as a true language.
What made ASL a legitimate language?
William Stokoe's research on ASL
Is interpreting required at large events?
Yes, under IDEA to make it accessible.
