DEP Midterm Exam

Aaron is a 9-year-old boy. His parents often have arguments over his father's gambling addiction. Aaron is usually afraid and highly anxious. In this scenario, Aaron is exhibiting A- internalizing behaviors B-altruistic behaviors. C- externalizing behaviors. D- intelligent behaviors.

A

According to Kochanska, children who seem to have internalized their parents' requests show _____ compliance when they follow requests without their parents' direct intervention.

Committed

Sheba, an 18-month-old, gets scared when she is left with people who are unfamiliar to her, a common phenomenon also known as _______ anxiety.

stranger

Andrea, a 12-year-old girl, is one of the top performers in her class. Despite her hard work, she fears that she might not meet her parents' and teachers' expectations. The night before a test, she is usually unable to sleep because she fears waking up late and missing the test. All her worries originate internally rather than from other people's perceptions of her. In this scenario, Andrea is most likely to have A- general anxiety disorder B- separation anxiety disorder. C- obsessive-compulsive disorder. D- oppositional defiant disorder.

A

Environmental influences on human development include influences that A- begin in the womb B- are inborn C- are inherited from the biological parents D- begin at birth

A

In the context of Robert Selman's stages of friendship, which of the following pairs of friends best illustrates the one-way assistance stage? A- Elijah considers Sophie to be his best friend because she always agrees to play the game that he wants to play. B-Sean feels jealous when his best friend Jakob invites a new child in their class to share their table during lunch. C- Caleb and Emma are 7 years old and are friends with each other because they often share their toys while playing. D- Yuna and Naomi are both 5 years old and are friends because they live on the same street.

A

In the context of the life-span developmental approach, development shows plasticity. Which of the following examples supports this statement? A- Kate, a 60-year-old runner, improves her ability to run faster through proper training and support. B- Chad, a 70-year-old, has not grown in height since he was 18 years old. C- Marge, a 40-year-old, finds that her memory has deteriorated over few years. D- Michael, a 50-year-old, begins using hearing aids to help improve his hearing.

A

Karen Wynn (1992) tested whether 5-month-old babies can add and subtract small numbers of objects. The infants watched as Mickey Mouse dolls were placed behind a screen, and a doll was either added or taken away. The screen then was lifted to reveal either the number of dolls that should have been there or a different number of dolls. Babies looked longer at surprising "wrong" answers than at expected "right" ones, suggesting that they had mentally computed the right answers. Which of the following statements supports the results of the study? A- increasing evidence suggests that human do have an innate intuitive sense of B- Piaget believed that the understanding of numbers began in the sixth substage of the sensorimotor stage. C- Critics believed that the infants were responding perceptually to the puzzling presence or the absence of the doll behind the screen. D- Further research studies found that infants noticed differences in the overall contours, area, or collective mass of sets of objects.number

A

Kyra, a 6-year-old, is asked to list five vegetables that her mother usually includes in their meals. Kyra tries to remember the names of all the vegetables she ate last week and quickly lists them in her notebook. This scenario best illustrates A-the use of explicit memory B- operant conditioning. C- the use of working memory. D- classical conditioning.

A

Marley, a neonate, is tested for his movement and activity. The tests are done 1 minute after delivery and then again 5 minutes after birth. During the test, Marley mildly flexes his limbs. He does not vigorously kick or move his arms. Based on the test results and other observations, the physician gives him a score of 1. Markey is most likely being scored on the A- apgar scale B- Ballard Maturational Assessment C-Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale D- Denver Development Screening Test

A

Rochelle takes her 4-year-old son, Ethan, to the farmers' market. At one of the fruit stalls that they visit, Ethan picks up some strawberries from a crate and throws them on to the ground. Rochelle, however, decides to keep her cool and not scold Ethan immediately. On their way back, Rochelle explains to Ethan how the man at the fruit stall would lose some of his money because his strawberries got wasted. She asks Ethan if he would be sad if someone did that to him. In this scenario, which of the following disciplinary strategies did Rochelle use to discourage Ethan's undesirable behavior? A- Inductive reasoning B- power assertion C- positive reinforcement D- external reinforcement

A

Sam and Jenny have triplets named Noah, Adam, and Claire. Noah and Claire have hazel eyes and brown, curly hair like their parents, whereas Adam has gray eyes and blonde, straight hair. Which of the following explains why Adam's hair color is different from his parents and siblings' hair color? A- recessive inheritance B- sex-linked inheritance C- dominant inheritance D- polygenic inheritance

A

Selena, a psychology researcher, conducts an experiment based on the learning perspective on human development. She beeps a horn whenever her pet dog tries to play with her son's toys, and this noise frightens the dog. She repeats this several times and notices that the dog starts showing fear whenever it sees the toys. This experiment demonstrates the concept of: A-classical conditioning. B-operant conditioning. C-equilibration. D-accommodation.

A

Six-year-old Elijah sees that his father makes a small, thick pancake and a big, thin pancake using the same amount of pancake batter. Elijah thinks that the big pancake has more batter than the small pancake because of its appearance. In the context of Piagetian cognitive development, which of the following is most likely to be true about Elijah? A- Elijah is in the preoperational stage of development B- Elijah understands the principle of identity. C- Elijah understands the principle of reversibility. D- Elijah is in the concrete operations stage of development.

A

The rural town of Marset is identified as having an exceptionally high amount of overweight, but nutritionally deficient, children. On further investigation, it is also identified that Marset is a food desert and that most of its families fall in the low socioeconomic status (SES) bracket and do not own vehicles. Which of the following steps, if implemented, will most likely get the town people to start eating healthy? A- opening supermarket that sell whole foods and fresh fruits. B- increasing the prices of junk food choices C-ordering all the fast-food restaurants to shut down D- conducting programs to develop awareness of healthy eatingIncorrect

A

Which of the following is an illustration of the human's ability to override evolutionary influences? A- forgoing a piece of chocolate cake B-binging on pasta just before going to bed C-forgoing meat and turning vegetarian D-scratching oneself even though there is no apparent cause of an itch

A

Which of the following is true of nonnormative influences? A- They are either typical events that happen at an atypical time of life or atypical events. B- They are highly similar for people in a particular age group or a particular geographical area. C- They shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation. D- They cannot be created by people.

A

Which of the following refers to the clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects? A- genetic counseling B- code-switching C- niche-picking D- fast mapping

A

Alex, at 3½, responds to two preschool classmates' complaints that they do not have enough modeling clay, his favorite plaything. Without hesitation, he gives them half of his. In this case, Ales is showing ________, the motivation to help another person with no expectation of

Altruism

Alex is repeatedly told at home, in school, and among peers to toughen up. If he cries, he is either laughed at or scolded for crying—because "Boys don't cry." In this scenario, the social elements in Alex's life are engaging in A- identification. B- gender-typing C- gender segregation. D- negative reinforcement.

B

Amelia, a 2-year-old, learns that her father gives her a candy whenever she gets hurt. Based on this realization, she pretends to be hurt to get a candy. Amelia is most likely in the ________ of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development. A- fourth substage B- sixth substage C- third substance D- first substage

B

Anthony and Heather adopted their daughter Lara from a foreign country when she was an infant. Lara is an adolescent now and has started facing discrimination at various occasions. She has begun to realize that she looks different from other children and is treated as if she is inferior. Her parents have already spoken to her about the prejudices that people have about different races. According to Lee et al. (2006), what should Anthony and Heather do to help lessen Lara's struggle with her identity? A- They should send her back to her native country. B- They should ensure that she is aware of her culture and customs C-They should attempt to change her appearance through medical procedures. D- They should avoid informing her that they adopted her when she was an infant.

B

Eight-year-old Celine notices that her father makes a small, thick pancake and a big, thin pancake using the same amount of pancake batter. She notices that although one pancake is bigger than the other pancake, it is also thinner. Celine thus concludes that that both pancakes contain the same amount of batter even though they look different. In the context of Piagetian cognitive development, which of the following is most likely to be true about Celine? A- Celine is able to think abstractly and deal with hypothetical issues. B- Celine is able to decenter and look at more than one aspect of the pancakes at once. C- Celine is in the preoperational stage of development. D- Celine is in the sensorimotor stage of development.

B

Eight-year-old Patrick is learning to play the guitar. He has been practicing for 2 years now. Which of the following best illustrates how scaffolding can be applied to make his progress faster? A- pairing him with someone who will physically guide his finger to play every single note B- Pairing him with someone who is just a bit better than him so that he feels challenged, but also confident. C- pairing him with someone who is a beginner so that Patrick feels more confident of his ability D-pairing him with someone who has already mastered the guitar so that he gets highly motivated

B

In which of the following examples is a child using symbolic function? A- Marley hides in the closet during a game because he knows his friends will not look for him there. B- after returning from the zoo, Molly pretends to be a lion and roars. C- Jenny sees that her teacher is upset and makes a card for her to cheer her up. D-Britney is puzzled as to why her father is unable to see the rabbit behind the bushes although he is far away from her.

B

Paolo is a 10 year-old Brazilian street vendor. A customer comes by. "I'll take two coconuts," she says. Each coconut cost 40 cruzeiros; she pays with a 500-cruzeiros bill and asks, "What do I get back?" Paolo counts up from 80: "Eighty, 90, 100 . . ." and gives the customer 420 cruzeiros. Later that day, Paolo sits in school. The teacher asks him,"What is 500 minus 80?" Paolo says he doesn't know. What can explain the discrepancy in Paolo's math performance? A- HIs teachers were focusing on the three Rs rather than hands-on experience. B- The ability to add develops through concrete experience in a cultural context. C- The progression of skills in each domain maps onto important cultural values and tasks. D- In many cultures, children reach proficiency at tasks at a later age, and in some cultures, never at all.

B

Peter has a 4-year-old daughter named Eva. When Eva keeps her toys back in order after playing with them, Peter smiles and praises her. As a result, Eva repeats this behavior in the following days. In the context of behaviorism, this scenario exemplifies the concept of A- object prevalence B- reinforcement C- reciprocal determinism D- equilibration

B

Unlike his classmates of the same age, 8-year-old Sean finds it difficult to read and write. He also finds it difficult to spell words and understand what teachers and classmates say even though he pays attention to what is being discussed in the class. Sean is most likely to be diagnosed with A- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). B- dyslexia C- schizophrenia D- circadian rhythm sleep disorder (CRSD).

B

Wasim and Jordan are best friends. When Jordan invites another child who is new in the neighborhood to play with them, Wasim feels sad and a little jealous. He is afraid that he may lose his close connection with Jordan. In the context of Robert Selman's stages of friendship, Wasim and Jordan are most likely to be in the A- autonomous interdependence stage B- intimate, mutually shared relationships stage C- momentary playmateship stage D- two-way fair-weather cooperation stage

B

Which of the following is an example of using a fine motor skill? A- Pete plays on a swing. B- Mia unbuttons her shirt C- Kate looks out of the window. D- Sal runs behind her cat.

B

Which of the following is considered a benefit of infant-directed (ID) speech or "baby talk" as seen in different cultures? A- increase in the ability to develop motor skills B- increase in long-term word recognition C- increase in plasticity D- increase in the ability to use scientific reasoning

B

Which of the following is true during sensitive periods in the development of an individual? A- The individual is resistant to nonnormative influences. B- The individual is particularly responsive to certain kinds of experiences. C- The individual is at the slowest stage of growth. D-The individual is resistant to normative influences.

B

Eight-year-old Anna likes to dress up like her mother and pretends to do chores around the house that her mother does. She says that one day she will be a good mother to her children just like her mother is to her. According to the psychoanalytic theory, which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario? A- modeling B- internalization C- Identification D-conditioning

C

Finn, a third grader, takes and intelligence test called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following will not be reflected in Finn's IQ scores given by the test? A- Finn's mathematical intelligence B- Finn's logical intelligence C- Finn's body-kinesthetic intelligence D- Finn's linguistic intelligence

C

Identify a true statement about the key principles of the life-span developmental approach. A- Biological, psychological, and social dimensions of development develop at the same rate. B-Relative influences of biology and culture remain the same over the life span. C- Development takes place along biological, psychological, and social dimensions. D-Each period of development is dependent on hereditary factors.

C

In which of the following examples is a child using theory of mind? A- Jenny throws a tantrum when her mother refuses to play with her. B- Martin talks to himself as he finishes a drawing. C- Jake suspects that his father is lying to him about taking him to a movie D- Pam uses her brother's toy without asking him and is surprised when his brother gets angry.

C

Jessica, a 7-year-old girl, hits a classmate for taking her toy. Her teacher informs her mother about the incident. At home, instead of punishing Jessica, her mother talks to her about the consequences of violence and how conflicts should be resolved in nonviolent ways. In this scenario, which of the following methods is used by Jessica's mother to control her daughter's behavior? A- invisible imitation B- withdrawal of love C- coregulation D- power assertion

C

Mariana, a psychology researcher, conducts a study on the effect of environmental factors on one's communication skills. She adopts the method of naturalistic observation to collect data. When using this method, she is most likely to A- study the behavior of participants in a laboratory with many attempts to manipulate the behavior. B- test participants on their abilities, skills, knowledge, competencies, and physical responses. C- observe participants in their real-life settings without any attempt to manipulate their behavior. D- ask participants about a specific aspect of their lives and let them answer in one or two words.

C

Mark and Susanne believe that they are responsible for creating an environment at home in which their children feel safe to express themselves and talk about their problems. They believe in giving their children enough freedom as long as they respect the rules of the house and do not go overboard. They punish their children only when they commit serious mistakes. Based on Diana Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, Mark and Susanne most likely follow the ________ style. A- permissive parentingIncorrect B- neglectful parenting C- authoritative parenting D- authoritarian parenting

C

Nina's 8-year-old daughter, Sara, is extremely unruly and cannot be reasoned with through any amount of pleading. At the grocery store, Sara almost drops an entire rack of canned products on herself while trying to shake the rack violently. Nina gets angry, but she decides to ignore it. Even after they reach home, Nina chooses to ignore the earlier incident to avoid Sara's tantrums. Considering the dangerous consequences Sara's action could have had, Nina should have addressed it immediately. In this scenario, Nina should have ideally A- used corporal punishment on Sara along with a lengthy explanation. B- humiliated Sara in front of the other customers at the grocery store. C- given sara some form of punishment tied to her behavior after they reached home D-tried to evoke guilt in Sara by punishing her.

C

Patrick, a psychology researcher, conducts a correlational study to determine the relationship between mental health and hypertension. He finds out that these factors are correlated negatively. Which of the following can be concluded from this result? A- When the quality of mental health increases, the likelihood of developing hypertension increases. B- Mental health has no proven effect on the development of hypertension. C- When the quality of mental health increases, the likelihood of developing hypertension decreases. D- Mental health is the sole factor that determines the severity of hypertension.

C

Raoul, a 6-year-old, recently graduated from preschool. He enjoys playing games such as "Simon says" and "Scrabble" and follows the steps and procedures involved in such games. According to Smilansky's types of play, Raoul is exhibiting the ability to engage in A- constructive play. B- functional play. C- forml games with rules D- organized supplementary play.

C

Riya, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to find out whether listening to music has an impact on people's performance at work. She chooses a sample of 100 participants for the study. In the context of research designs, which of the following is true about this study? A- Music is the dependent variable, and performance at work is the independent variable B- This study is classified as a case study. C- Music is the independent variable, and performance at work is the dependent variable. D-This study is classified as an ethnographic study.

C

Seven-year-old Angelica gets extremely disheartened when she fails at a new task. She blames herself for her failure and begins to feel that she is worthless and that her skills are inadequate. She then avoids doing that task altogether. Which of the following should Angelica's parents avoid doing if they want Angelica to believe that she can succeed if she tries harder? A- Encourage her to show more perseverance. B- Refrain from bestowing her with generic praises C- Praise her more for her inherent abilities D- Focus on giving her specific, focused feedback

C

Sheila calls herself a birth companion. Her job involves ensuring that mothers are as comfortable as possible, reassuring them that everything is normal, and encouraging them to relax and take deep breaths. As part of the job, she stays with the mothers throughout childbirth and, sometimes, even until the first few days of breastfeeding. However, her job does not involve delivering babies. In this scenario, Sheila is most likely a A- midwife B- therapist C- doula D- nurse

C

Ten-year-old Justin finds it difficult to solve a simple mathematical problem on his own. When his mother helps him solve the problem, he understands the method and finds it easy. This fills the gap between what he can do alone and what he can do with help. In the context of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which of the following concepts is exemplified in this scenario? A- classical conditioning B- authoritative parenting C- zone of proximal development D- analysis of free associations

C

Three-year-old Hannah calls earthworms "noodles." Over time, she finds out that earthworms are not noodles and calls earthworms "worms." In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development, which of the following aspects is directly exemplified in this scenario? A- Reinforcement is most effective when it immediately follows a behavior. B- Knowing how children think makes it easy for adults to teach them. C-Assimilation and accommodation work together to produce equilibrium. D- Children's self-efficacy is improved through associative learning.

C

A person who agrees with the evolutionary or sociobiological perspective on human development is likely to believe that individuals A- unconsciously strive to suppress their genetic legacy. B- create experiences for themselves and learn from them. C- with more adaptive characteristics pass on their traits to future generations at lower levels than individuals who are less adaptively fit. D- with heritable traits better adapted to their environments survive and reproduce more than those that are less well adapted.

D

Connor, a teacher for first graders, teaches his students how to read by assigning them tasks that focus on memorizing sound-letter correspondences. He asks his students to sound out the unfamiliar word "collaboration" and translate it from print to speech. In this scenario, Connor A- emphasizes visual retrieval, which helps the students read. B- uses the whole-language approach to teaching reading. C- utilizes various contextual cues to help the students read. D- uses the phonetic (code-emphasis) approach to teaching reading.

D

Developmental scientists working in the field of human development investigate A- human language and analyze its relationship with sound. B- the ways in which language and culture influence human relationships. C- human activity by recovering and analyzing material culture. D-the ways in which people change or stay the same from conception to death.

D

Five-year-old Mia goes to the movies with her elder sister Jen and Jen's friends. After the movie, Jen asks her friends, "Why was the dragon blue?" Following this question, Jen and her friends discuss the dragon in the movie. Hearing the conversation, Mia understands that the huge blue animal in the movie that flew is called a "dragon." This is an example of: A- differentiation B- conservation C- centration D- fast mapping

D

Five-year-old Rebecca plays a game on her iPad in which she needs to tap on all red-colored objects that appear on the screen and ignore objects of other colors. At the end of every game, an animated character of a girl appears to congratulate Rebecca. Asked who the character is, Rebecca says it is a girl who lives inside the screen and watches her games. What does this illustrate? A- pretend play B- transduction C- egocentrism D- animism

D

In the context of the life-span developmental approach, which of the following is true of the biological and cultural influences on development? A- human language and analyze its relationship with sound. B-the ways in which language and culture influence human relationships. C- human activity by recovering and analyzing material culture. D- the ways in which people change or stay the same from conception to death.

D

Mia is a 2-week-old girl. When her mother touches the corner of Mia's mouth, she turns her head in the direction of the touch and opens her mouth. This scenario illustrates the A- Babinski reflex. B- walking reflex. C- Moro reflex. D- rooting reflex

D

Muhammad, a second grader, wants to memorize a list containing the following words: cat, chrysanthemum, horse, honeybee, snake, spider, and cactus. He categorizes cat, horse, and snake as animals; honeybee and spider as insects; and chrysanthemum and cactus as plants. Memorizing the names of these categories helps him remember the members of the categories. In this scenario, Muhammad uses a form of mnemonic device called A- elaboration. B- rehearsal. C- conformity. D- organization

D

Which of the following actions of 5-year-old Feng is an example of deferred imitation? A- He often uses his pencil case as though it is a telephone and uses it to make imaginary calls to his friends and speaks into it. B- He practices the keyboard with his teacher and takes turns with his teacher to press a sequence of four keys. C- When he sees his favorite dance show on television, he tries to mimic the dance steps without realizing it. D- A few days after watching a movie on racing, he runs around the house with his hands positioned and moving as though he were a racing car.

D

Which of the following is an example of using a gross motor skill? A- Tara draws a picture of a boat. B- Jack buttons his shirt unaided. C- Mary uses a pair of scissors to cut a circle from chart paper. D- Manny climbs a slide and slides down the slide

D

Which of the following is true of the socioeconomic status (SES) of a family? A- It affects developmental processes but has no implications on developmental outcomes. B- It is directly proportional to the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems in the children that belong to the family. C- It has no implications on developmental processes and developmental outcomes. D- It is based on the family income.

D

__________ conditioning focuses on how the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Operant

Three-year-old Mark only plays with the other boys in his neighborhood, while Julie, his sister, prefers to play indoors with her girlfriends. This scenario illustrates gender

Segregation

The study of the adaptive behaviors of animal species in natural contexts is called:

ethology

One toddler plays happily with other children; another prefers to play alone. Eventually, this becomes what we think of as __________.

personality