DEP3305 Chapter 3 QUIZ

Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent. youngster youth teenager punk

teenager

Social scientists believe that the transition from adolescence into adulthood in contemporary society is too rocky. too vague. too long. All of the above responses are true

too long

The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are full of sexual innuendos. unclear and inconsistent. outdated. inappropriate for young people.

unclear and inconsistent.

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? what job they performed whether they owned property marital status religious confirmation

whether they owned property

The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called collective efficacy. social redefinition. social specification. self-image stability.

social redefinition

Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence biological social conceptual cognitive

conceptual

In some cultures (and in earlier American cohorts), the accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of a. the physical changes of puberty. b. adult work roles are highly sex-differentiated. c. adult family roles are highly sex-differentiated. d. All of the above.

d. all of the above

How does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents a. Social problems are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another. b. Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation. c. Adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to violence. d. All of the above are true.

d. all of the above are true

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution? a. a shortage of job opportunities b. the lengthening of schooling for adolescents c. an increase in crime d. increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

d. increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

Changes in social definition will likely have profound effects on developments in the domains of: a. achievement, spirituality, and identity. b. achievement, sexuality, and autonomy. c. sexuality, achievement, and identity. d. sexuality, autonomy, achievement, and identity.

d. sexuality, autonomy, achievement, and identity.

The studies that have randomly assigned families from poor neighborhoods to either remain where they were living or be relocated into more advantaged neighborhoods have found _______. A) mixed effects B) positive effects C) no effect D) negative effects

mixed effects

Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer puberty; school marriage; school school; puberty school; marriage

puberty; school

In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____ 20; 27 26; 20 30; 27 20; 20

20; 27

One of the aspects of social redefinition during adolescence entails the ___________ in physical appearance and social roles between males and females. A) accentuation of differences B) similarities C) consistency D) diminishing differences

A) accentuation of differences

In many societies, adolescents are not permitted to engage in certain behaviors until they have reached the ___, or the legal age for adult status. A) age of majority B) marginal age C) age of emerging adulthood D) apprentice age

A) age of majority

Some people believe that the _____ in the passage into adulthood has become so great that many adolescents, especially _____, are having many difficulties transiting into adult roles. A) discontinuity; those not college-bound. B) specificity; females. C) new responsibilities; affluent teenagers. D) inherent stress; late maturers.

A) discontinuity; those not college-bound.

What surprising outcome was found regarding differences in the transition to adulthood between immigrant adolescents and adolescents from the same ethnic group who are native-born Americans? A) immigrant adolescents exhibited fewer problem behaviors B) immigrant adolescents exhibited more problem behaviors C) native-born Americans of the same ethnic group experienced the smoothest transition D) there was no significant difference in frequency of problem behaviors during the transition period

A) immigrant adolescents exhibited fewer problem behaviors

The writers who believe that adolescence, as a developmental period, is defined primarily by the ways society views it as distinct from childhood and adulthood are known as: A) inventionists. B) creationists. C) environmentalists. D) behaviorists.

A) inventionists

Body piercings and tattoos in modern American society can be viewed as modern-day initiation ceremonies similar to those in third world tribal societies known as: A) scarification. B) status offenses. C) collective efficacy. D) peer pressure.

A) scarification

In impoverished neighborhoods that also have low collective efficacy, which of the following has been suggested? A) social problems may be contagious and may spread in the same manner as would a medical epidemic B) adolescents' risk of deviancy is no greater despite increased contact with deviant peers C) adolescents' risk of criminal activity is no greater despite increased contact with delinquent peers D) adolescents' risk of teen pregnancy is no greater despite increased tolerance of this behavior in such neighborhoods

A) social problems may be contagious and may spread in the same manner as would a medical epidemic

Which of the following was not suggested in the textbook as a means of making the transition into adulthood smoother for those not college-bound? A) students should be segregated from the workplace until after high school graduation B) the need to restructure secondary education C) expanding work and volunteering opportunities D) improving the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents

A) students should be segregated from the workplace until after high school graduation

Today, the transition between childhood and adulthood ______ than it did/was in the past century. Tomorrow, it will probably _____. A) takes longer; take even longer B) is more stressful; be less stressful C) is clearer; be even more clear D) takes less time; be even shorter

A) takes longer; take even longer

According to the textbook, today about _____ of American Adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of the century, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that nearly _____ of American adolescents will be non-White. A) 15%; 35% B) 45%; 66% C) 75%; 95% D) 95%; 99%

B) 45%; 66%

Which of the following statements is true about home-leaving among contemporary youth in industrialized countries? A) Adolescents from single-parent families tend to remain at home longer than their counterparts from two-parent families. B) Adolescents are living with their parents longer than adolescents 40 to 50 years ago. C) Adolescents in the United States are unique in their patterns of home-leaving. D) Adolescents report that the current economic situation makes it much easier to leave home early.

B) Adolescents are living with their parents longer than adolescents 40 to 50 years ago.

Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood's sense of: A) continuity. B) collective efficacy. C) discontinuity. D) redefinition.

B) collective efficacy.

We have _____ universal markers of adulthood attainment. A) many B) few C) about 8 D) between 5 and 7

B) few

Which of the following is not a way in which modern society's views on adulthood differ from the views in traditional societies? A) decreased importance of family roles in modern society B) increased importance of attaining specific roles in modern society C) gender differences in adult status roles are less pronounced in modern society D) increased importance of developing character traits associated with self-reliance

B) increased importance of attaining specific roles in modern society

Most of the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development are: A) direct. B) indirect. C) unavoidable. D) caused by the presence of poor neighbors.

B) indirect.

A status offense could be illustrated by the behavior of an adolescent engaging in which behavior? A) using cocaine B) not showing up for school C) speeding D) stealing

B) not showing up for school

Contemporary adolescents are more likely to define adulthood with respect to _____ than to _____. A) role transitions; psychological achievements. B) psychological achievements; role transitions. C) how their peers do; their subjective experience. D) physical appearance; their psychosocial maturity

B) psychological achievements; role transitions.

The change in status and roles that occurs during adolescence is referred to as: A) social reform. B) social redefinition. C) social reinvention. D) social realignment.

B) social redefinition.

Which of the following is most accurate in describing the clarity of social redefinition in contemporary society (i.e., the transition from adolescence to adulthood)? A) there are many universal markers for this transition B) society does not send consistent messages about the transition C) social redefinition sends an adolescent clear indications of when her responsibilities as an adult begin D) unlike in traditional societies, the defining criteria of adulthood are different for males and females in contemporary society

B) society does not send consistent messages about the transition

In contemporary society, the best predictor of when an adolescent feels he has reached adult status is: A) holding down a job. B) their level of psychosocial maturity. C) moving in with a prospective mate. D) becoming a parent.

B) their level of psychosocial maturity.

Many initiation ceremonies around the world employ some change in the external appearance of the individual who is entering adulthood: A) to help the individual feel that they are no longer a child. B) to help others in the community recognize the individual's adult status. C) to facilitate the "celebration" of the individual's entrance into adulthood. D) to signal to the gods that the person has entered adulthood.

B) to help others in the community recognize the individual's adult status.

According to the textbook, for whom would living with one's parents in late adolescence and early adulthood be characterized by positive feelings and close family relationships? A) White young adults B) Black young adults C) Asian and Hispanic young adults D) Hispanic and Black young adults

C) Asian and Hispanic young adults

What might be a result from relocating poor families to more affluent neighborhoods? A) adolescents from poor families may experience less discrimination in their new neighborhood B) adolescents from poor families may feel less disadvantaged than their peers who remained in poor communities C) adolescents from poor families may have access to fewer community resources than they did in their old neighborhood D) adolescents from poor families may compare their circumstances to their peers who did not move and, as a result, may have better mental health

C) adolescents from poor families may have access to fewer community resources than they did in their old neighborhood

Due in part to the increased affluence and economic freedoms enjoyed by American adolescents during the late 1940s and 1950s, this term arose to denote the frivolous and lighthearted nature of the period between childhood and adulthood. A) youth B) apprentice C) teenager D) marginal man

C) teenager

The textbook notes that all of the following are common practices in the process of social redefinition, except: A) real or symbolic separation from parents. B) an emphasis on differences between the sexes. C) the adolescent being banned from living in his/her parents' home. D) the passing on of information from the older generation.

C) the adolescent being banned from living in his/her parents' home.

Census data and historical documents have led researchers to conclude that, in contrast to modern-day adolescents, adolescents of 100 years ago: A) made the transition into work roles may have occurred later. B) assumed adult responsibilities more suddenly than in contemporary times. C) were more likely to live under adult supervision for a longer time period. D) made the transition to adulthood in complete emancipation.

C) were more likely to live under adult supervision for a longer time period.

Who is the anthropologist who recognized that the transition to adulthood varies across cultures and also cohorts within the same culture? A) Glen Elder Jr B) Margaret Mead C) Laurence Steinberg D) Ruth Benedict

D) Ruth Benedict

Of all American 18- to -24-year-olds, approximately what percentage either live with or are supported by their parents? A) about 5% B) about 10% C) about 25% D) about 55%

D) about 55%

Research has indicated that American youth are likely to use which of the following to define adulthood? A) being capable of supporting a family financially B) settling into a long-term career C) no longer living in parents' household D) accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions

D) accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions

When the transition into adult roles is not very smooth, but instead is sudden, the transition is said to be: A) nonlinear. B) skewed. C) transformational. D) discontinuous.

D) discontinuous.

Which of the following was not an outcome of industrialization in the 19th century? A) a shortage of job opportunities for adult workers B) a change in adults' opinions of adolescents' readiness for work C) problematic changes in community life like increases in crime D) more full-time job opportunities for adolescents in factories

D) more full-time job opportunities for adolescents in factories

According to research cited in the textbook, adolescents who were exposed to Hurricane Katrina: A) were likely to drop out of school and to have not reenrolled after 3 years. B) were likely to misremember the facts leading up to the hurricane. C) showed remarkable resilience. D) showed excessive symptoms of exposure to stress.

D) showed excessive symptoms of exposure to stress.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrated the Court's belief that adolescents may be less blameworthy than adults? Roper v. Simmons Hodgson v. Minnesota Board of Education v. Mergens Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

Roper v. Simmons

Tamika and Theresa both live in single-parent households and survive on welfare. Tamika, however, lives in a better neighborhood than Theresa. According to community researchers, who is more likely to drop out of school or become pregnant? Tamika Theresa both Tamika and Theresa have an equal chance unable to determine

Theresa

Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered the age of majority. extrusion. a status offense. juvenile truancy.

a status offense

Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true? a. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment. b. Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty. c. The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others. d. Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

a. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment.

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult? a. Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals. b. It is difficult to predict when individuals will go through puberty. c. These laws have been in place for 100s of years and they are difficult to change. d. Most adolescents look older than they feel.

a. Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals.

In general, according to the textbook, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant adolescents? a. No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes. b. Yes, Americanization appears to be associated with better outcomes. c. The textbook indicates that Americanization is associated with both better and worse outcomes. d. Yes, Americanization has been associated with less likelihood of drug and alcohol use.

a. No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

Based on Grisso and colleague's competency study, should we assume a 15-year-old is definitely more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old? a. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial. b. The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her ability as a mentally ill adult. c. Both adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent. d. The results from the Grisso study cannot be used to predict whether a 15- or 13-year-old would be competent to stand trial.

a. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial.

One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research described in the textbook was that a. about 1/5 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial. b. about 1/10 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial. c. almost all youths are competent to stand trial. d. nearly 75% of youths under the age of 15 are competent to stand trial.

a. about 1/5 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial.

What may explain the results from the studies that have relocated adolescents from poor neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods? a. adolescents may encounter more discrimination in the new neighborhood. b. Parents of adolescents in more advantaged neighborhoods may monitor their children more vigilantly. c. Adolescents who moved to a new neighborhood may end up feeling less disadvantaged. d. More advantaged neighborhoods allow access to more resources than the poor neighborhoods do.

a. adolescents may encounter more discrimination in the new neighborhood.

Taken together, research studies have determined that growing up in a poor neighborhood: a. has negative effects on adolescent behavior, achievement, and mental health, and these effects are above and beyond those effects attributable to growing up in a poor family. b. has no effect on adolescent development after you take the effect of family income into account. c. is only associated with negative outcomes for minority adolescents. d. will cause adolescents to rush the transition into adult roles.

a. has negative effects on adolescent behavior, achievement, and mental health, and these effects are above and beyond those effects attributable to growing up in a poor family.

Which of the following is not associated with transition difficulties in adolescence a. spending a lot of time with peers b. being a member of a minority group c. living in poverty d. the absence of affluent neighbors

a. spending a lot of time with peers

Before industrialization, the term youth referred to all children. ages 12-24. ages 10-18. ages 3-12.

ages 12-24.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to ages 3-12. ages 5-10. anyone under age 18 or 21. ages 3-25.

anyone under age 18 or 21.

Which of the following was not a result of industrialization a. new patterns of work b. less time in school c. increased school preparation d. less time working with family members

b. less time in school

Of the following cultures, which produces adolescents who are least likely to fit the profile of an "emerging adult"? A) Japan B) New Zealand C) China D) United States

c) china

Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is ________; among Inuit adolescents in the Canadian Arctic, the most important is ________: a. getting married; accepting responsibility for oneself. b. moving in with a prospective mate; supporting oneself financially. c. accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship. d. being able to support oneself financially; becoming a parent.

c. accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship.

Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term emerging adulthood, believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood) a. exists in all cultures. b. exists in almost every culture. c. exists in very few cultures. d. exists wherever there is a large discrepancy between the rich and the poor.

c. exists in very few cultures

During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that a. a separate justice system must exist for juveniles. b. adolescents needed parental permission to marry. c. young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good. d. adolescent music was too controversial and needed to be censored

c. young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.

What might explain why adolescence has been elongated? a. the delayed onset of puberty b. recent brain imaging studies that have indicated that the prefrontal cortex is still developing until the age of 25 c. the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships d. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

d. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager? industrialization economic freedom higher education student activism

economic freedom

Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term youth increased materialism among college students a growing college population a rise in student activism changes in attitudes and values among college students

increased materialism among college students

The Bas Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quincea-era are all examples of: graduations. inventionism. initiation ceremonies. universal rights of passage.

initiation ceremonies.

Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the Piagetian perspective. psychometric perspective. inventionist perspective. contextual perspective.

inventionist perspective

Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system child; adult status; majority criminal; adult juvenile; criminal

juvenile; criminal

Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony? graduating from high school a quincea-era a Bas Mitzvah obtaining a driver's license

obtaining a driver's license

Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____. participation; preparation preparation; participation working; schooling apprenticeship; autonomy

preparation; participation`

A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _________ and ___________. privileges; expectations school work; discipline discipline; restrictions restrictions; expectations

privileges; expectations

Across all ethnic groups, poverty is associated with the greater likelihood of what type of parenting? A) consistent parenting B) nurturing parenting C) punitive parenting D) responsible parenting

punitive parenting