deuces not wild
Stamp Act
1765
Beethoven
1770-1827 majestic symphonies, thought Napoleon a god, deaf
Boston Tea Party
1773
American Independence
1776-1783, 13 original colonies
Articles of Confederation
1777
Joseph II
1780-1790, Austrian, promoted arts, Mozart
Treaty of Versailles
1783
Constitution
1789
Louisiana Purchase
1803
What major sea ways did the Athenians use?
Aegean and the Mediterranean
became an independent kingdom under tsarist control
After 1815, Poland
Bolsheviks
small faction of Russian Social Democrats who had come under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov (V.I. Lenin); eventually renamed the Communists; became a party dedicated to a violent revolution that would destroy the capitalist system; took power but faced much opposition
Religion
the beliefs and pratices of a civilization with respect to gods and the supernatural
Hellespont:
the bridge which Xerxes made to cross to Europe
Hellenism
the characteristics of Greek culture, especially after the time of Alexander the Great.
polis
the city-state
The October Manifesto of Nicholas II
the creation a representative assembly known as the Duma.
after his death what happened:
the empire was divided up and the dynasties refered to as the Hellenistic world
Arthur Evans
the excavator of Knossos, made the terrible mistake of trying to restore the palace
MA dies:
they go back to Egypt and C gets upset or something and pretends that she committed suicide so then MA kills himself but she didn't actually so that sucks
Story or Abelard and Heloise:
they had a son, Heloise didn't want to marry Abelard though, she was put in charge of a monastery
Rome has lots of money and has conquered Greece so now what?
they respond to Greece in a few ways: 1. Philhellenism: a love of Greece 2. some resist Greece *cato and Tacitus 3. they worship Greek/ Roman gods 4. they change the education system
The Gracchi Brothers:
they see that the Roman system is falling apart, and they become consuls and try to redistribute the public land to the poor, the Senate (the people in charge of the land) didn't like this and so they killed them
what does the enlightenment focus on?
things that rely on man's ability for the sole source of truth (materialism, empiricism, rationalism, and skepticism)
realists:
think its all apart of the ideal world
Natural Laws/Rights
thought to be inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person; included equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness
morals
through knowledge and habit
Abelard's goal:
to challenge the religious order
Principle of Legitimacy
to reestablish peace and stability in Europe Metternich considered it necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions
Socrates' goal:
to teach philosophy and encourage people to question
The French Revolution came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte
took power after a coup, ousted the Directory, and established himself as First Consul.
Crystal Palace
An enormous structure made entirely of glass and iron, a tribute to British engineering skills. Covering 19 acres, the structure contained 100,000 exhibits that showed the wide variety of products created by the Industrial Revolution. 6 million people visited the fair in 6 months, a gigantic symbol of British success.
William Tell
An example of Italian nationalism can be found in the Rossini opera
City-state
An independent political unit that includes a city and the surrounding area.
Smallpox
An often-fatal disease that causes a rash and leaves marks on the skin
Outpost
An outlying settlement usually created for trade or military purposes
Aggression
An unprovoked offensive action invasion or attack
Chreia
Ancient form of speaking and writing
Bergson
French philosopher whose lectures at the University of Paris made him one of the most important influences in French thought in the early twentieth century; accepted rational, scientific thought as a practical instrument for providing useful knowledge but maintained that it was incapable of arriving at truth or ultimate reality; believed reality was a "life force" that suffused all things, it could not be divided into analyzable parts
What were Napoleon III's main international goals?
Overcoming the containment of France imposed by the Congress of Vienna and living up to the Bonaparte name by acquiring international territory
Which of the following made Ireland especially vulnerable to famine from 1846 on?
Overpopulation and overdependence on a single crop
27. The author of the Greek classic called "The Iliad and the Odyssey."
P. Homer
Middle Colonies:
PA, NY, New Jersey, and Delaware
16. This civilization built a militarized society and conquered the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt; and was an empire of many nations.
PP. The Persian Empire
introduction of threshing machines, a symbol of the new commercial agriculture
Farmers and agricultural workers in England in the 1820s burned barns and haystacks under the banner of their mythical leader, Captain Swing, to protest the
Hamilton 1787
Federalists Papers, encouraged ratifying constitution, John Jay, James Madison
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain
Characteristics of Greek gods
Fickle, vindictive, took human form, intervened regularly in the lives of people, jealous, demanded sacrifices
Socrates
Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is known for creating Socratic irony and the Socratic method
socratic method
Socrates' method of teaching through conversation, in which he asked probing questions to make his listener examine their most cherished assumptions.
Alcibiades:
Socrates' student: convinces the Athenians to attack the Spartans- obviously doesn't go well for Athenians and they blame Alcibiades so he flees to Persia but they try to kill him and so do the Spartans
the philosophical foundations of scientific culture
The Industrial Revolution caused changes in all of the following areas EXCEPT
restricted suffrage
The July Ordinances of 1830 issued by Charles X dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, imposed strict censorship on the press, and
Krypteia
The Krypteia functioned as the Spartan Secret Police. Every year they would enter a Spartan province and declare war on the Helots to put down any possible rebellions.
making the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society.
The Nazis proved to be effective in the realm of politics by
F
T/F: While the housing in the cities did not allow for gardens, families were able to gain access to good, cheap food at city markets, thanks to the increasingly inexpensive transportation systems
F
T/F: While the spinning mule could make two to three hundred times as much thread as a hand spinner could, the quality of the new thread was weaker and thicker
40. Roman history divided into two time periods.
TT. The Republic and the Roman Empire
Why did many European countries abandon free-trade policies in the late nineteenth century?
Free trade caused huge trade deficits that slowed job growth and increased social unrest, so governments had broad popular support to tax imports and prevent outside competition.
Nationalism
French people's emphasis on brotherhood and solidarity against other peoples; unique cultural identity of people based on a common language, religion, and national symbols
What was the intention behind the French invasion and occupation of Egypt in 1798?
The Directory wanted to strike a blow at British trade by cutting off Great Britain's route to India.
Pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt
was the day that Napoleon was declared a "temporary consul"
The Eighteenth Brumaire is important because it
if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.
The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that
Milan Kundera.
The European writer who used fantasy to examine moral issues and who remained confident about the human condition was
the English colonists in North America in their war of independence from Great Britain
The French financial system was brought to the brink of collapse because of Louis XVI's support of
George Sand
The French novelist _____ scandalized society by dressing like a man, smoking cigars, and writing about independent women who thwarted convention and unhappy marriages
requiring locals to support the French military and to serve in the army
The French policy in Italy, referred to by the Italians as "liberty and requisitions," concerned
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"
The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was
was responsible for the deaths of at least 1 million Irish
The Great Famine of 1845-1849
Persian Wars
The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC; The conflict began after Athens and Eretria gave assistance to the Ionians in their rebellion against Persia and its ruler, Darius
Polis
The Greek city-state, an independent community of citizens not ruled by a king.
pitted various Greek groups against the Ottoman Turks
The Greek war of independence
Greek Revolution
The Greeks revolted against their Ottoman Turkish masters; spread into a noble cause and Russia defeated the Ottomans; Greek fate was now in the hands of Russia France and Britain; only successful revolt in Europe until 1830
was the only successful slave revolt in history
The Haitian Revolution was important because it
T
The Haitian slave rebellion broke out when the National Assembly in Paris refused to seat a delegation from Saint-Domingue
Stoicism
The Hellenistic philosophy whose followers believed in fate but also in pursuing excellence (virtue) by cultivating good sense, justice, courage, and temperance.
Nazism
totalitarian; grew out of extreme rightist preoccupations with nationalism and racism; enacted the coordination of all institution under Nazi control; established a powerful control over Germany
Fascism
totalitarian; grew out of extreme rightist preoccupations with nationalism; believed that terrorist tactics would eventually achieve political victory; gave most control to the leader and central government
linear B
writing found in Myceneae and throughout the Bronze Age world; Mycenean; connected to the Greek language
linear A
writing found on Knossos; Minoan
Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization - the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley 2686 BC - 2134 BC
The Republic:
written by Plato about head--> reason--> philosopher kings chest--> will/virtue--> military stomach--> appetites--> providers
each order voting separately and having veto power over the other two.
The Parlement of Paris sought to resolve the controversy over voting in the Estates-General by calling for the method used in 1614, which involved
The Assembly
The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.
agora
The central market square of a Greek city-state.
affluent artisans
The changes Napoleon made in French society gave rise to a new elite composed of all of the following EXCEPT
series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.
The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his
Epicureanism
The philosophy founded by Epicurus of Athens to help people achieve a life of true pleasure, by which he meant "absence of disturbance."
Feudalism
The political and social system in which king gave land to nobles in exchange for the nobles promise to serve them; those nobles provided military service as knights for the king.
Historical writing also includes:
analysis and lessons: it is not only chronology
terrorist organization:
anarchists The Black Hand
Hellespont
ancient name for the strait of water that connects the Aegean with the Sea of Marmara, and therefore the Black Sea
Conservatism
favored obedience to political authority believed that organized religion was crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the French revolutionary era
Bias
favoring of some ideas or people over others : prejudice
Vincent Van Gogh
famous Post-Impressionist painter; was especially interested in color and believed that it could act from its own language; maintained that artists should paint what they feel, which is evident in Starry Night
Athens:
famous for its nav focused on: -wants an empire -philosopher society (Plato's academy) -women have very little freedom
Paul Revere
famous patriot
George Whitefield
famous preacher who united the colonies
Manhattan Project:
fat man and little boy
Daedalus and Icarus
father and son who tried to escape from Crete on homemade bird's wings; Icarus flew too close to the sun, his wings melted, and he perished
Herodotus
father of history teacher of moral lessons and good stories Greek and Persian war beware of hubris
syssitia
feast in Sparta that was a mandatory meeting (Kings could barely get out of it) -consists of 15-200 men -bring stuff the the table; hundreds of litres of food
Social Darwinism
wrongly applied application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order; progress came from "the struggle for survival," as the "fit"-the strong-advanced while the weak declined
Edmund Burke
wrote "Reflections of the Revolution in France"; conservative; maintained that society was a contract
Jean Jacques Rousseau:
wrote confessions and dealt with a new heloise
Thucydides: in pel. war
wrote on the Pel. war and was exiled from Athens--> focuses on how bad Athens is now
Virgil:
wrote the Aenied:
Niccolo Machiavelli:
wrote the Prince: free from Christian morals and restraints
the golden mean:
you have courage as the main virtue but the two extremes are cowardice on one side, and recklessness on the other---> the golden mean gives you courage in the center
Augustus: bread and circuses
you have food and entertainment- just follow along and live pleasantly. (benevolent dictator)
Socialism
The poor conditions of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to an ideology for change known as _____________; an ideology that wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to the competition of early industrial capitalism.
Agriculture
The practice of growing crops and raising livestock
Physical map
The primary purpose of this map is to show land forms like deserts, mountains and plains
the principle of legitimacy
The principal ideology that guided the Congress of Vienna was
Globalization
The process by which nations, cultures and economics become mixed
Glaciation
The process of becoming covered by glaciers
Irrigation
The process of collecting water and using it to water crops
Expansion
The process of gaining more territory or economic influence
army
The radical stage of the French Revolution was destructive for many reasons; among these reasons was the weakening of all of the following traditional institutions EXCEPT the
clothing
The rapid expansion of the textile industry in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had a least one unintended consequence: a revolution in
the expansino of manufacturing and mining in the areas surrounding these places
The rapid growth of European cities such as Manchester, Brmingham, and Essen was due to
The failure of the 1848 uprisings in Italy, Germany, and the Austrian Empire had their individual causes, but they shared which major problem?
The rebels' failure to agree on goals beyond overthrowing the existing government
Scale
The relationship between distances on the map and on Earth
Monroe Doctrine
The revolutions in South American were aided in 1823 when the United States issued the
Congress of Vienna
The revolutions of 1830 and the subsequent reforms that were implemented were ultimately caused by the
suffrage
The right to vote
no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now
Lyceum
The school for research and teaching in a wide range of subjects founded by Aristotle in Athens in 335 BCE.
Astronomy
The scientific study of the universe and the objects in it, including stars plants, galaxies etc.
Ionian
The sea that separates western Greece from southeastern Italy -appealed to Sparta (didn't come) and Athens (came) body of water named after Zeus's lover
ladder of offices
The series of Roman elective government offices from quaestor to aedile to praetor to consul.
Culture
The set of beliefs, behaviors and traits shared by a group of people
Context
The set of circumstances or facts that surround and influence particular event, situation, etc.
conditioned by poverty and the absence of privacy
The sexuality of working-class women was
Bob Dylan
The song, "The Times They Are A-Changin'," was written by
William Wilberfoce
The spearhead of the abolitionist movement in Britain was
Germany
The state with the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was
human environment interaction
The study of the way people interact positively and negatively with the planet
coal
The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon
the French Revolution entered the radical stage of its history
The summer of 1792 was when
The British
The tank was introduced by to the battlefields of World War I by
Movement
The transfer of humans, their goods and ideas around the planet
Columbian exchange
The transfer of plants, animals, and people between Europe, Asia and Africa or one side and the Americans on the other
Temperate zone
The two areas between the tropics and arctic and Antarctic circles
orders : patricians and plebeians
The two groups of people in the Roman republic : patricians (aristocratic families) plebeians (all other citizens)
Renaissance:
new way of thinking and developing culture
Cultural relativism
no standard of truth, what is real is what is practiced at the moment
Second Estate
nobility
Cato the Elder
noble Roman lived during 2nd punic war wrote: Origines: first history wrote manual of farming
NATO:
north atlantic treaty organization -western European states, US, Canada
in America 19tth cen:
north loved: the Odyssey south loved: the Iliad and hated Odysseus
peasants/ serfs
not slaves: generally tied to land though marriage protected them they couldn't be sold most of the population= slaves
Married Spartan women could...
not wear their hair long and were captured on their wedding night by their husbands. -no dowry -didn't have to do work under them; weaving, cleaning etc.
empiricism:
observation by senses are both accurate and reasonable: science can explain humans
Weird birthing practice of Spartans...
older men seem to have allowed younger, more fit men, to impregnate their wives
vicksburg
on July 4th they starved out civilians and Grant wins so Lincoln sets him in charge
National Assembly
on June 17, 1789 the Third Estate voted to constitute itself a "National Assembly" and decided to draw up on constitution
upper Egypt
on a map of Ancient Egypt this would have been located in the south due to elevation
peplos
simple long woolen belted garment worn by ancient Greek women ---called phainomērídes by other Greeks "thigh showers"
Lenin:
1870-1924 -led the Bolshevik
battle of little big horn/ custer's last stand
1876
dates of enlightenment
18th century
Russo Japanese War:
1905 revolution -soviets organized by Leon Trotsky
when was einstein's theory of relativity
1916
Prohibition
1920-1933
when was Israel created?
1948 as a place for Jews
Nathan Hale
1st American spy
George Washington
1st President of US. Fought in French Indian war
Princeps:
1st citizen: what O calls himself
Harvard
1st university
The Government
1st: Monarachy 2nd: Aristocracy (landowners rule) 3rd: Population spike; Oligrachy (merchants) 4th: Hoplites demands lead to democracy --- the more a city-state fought, the more soldiers got a say (commoners mostly, though the wealthy were expected to fight as well)
Patricians and Plebians:
2 distinct groups Patricians: elite, traced back to Aeneas's advisors Plebians: common people
when did we amend the const. so you can only serve ______
2 terms or 10 years
Became king at:
20
how many did Pearl Harbor kill?
2600 dead
Gettysburg:
3 day battle, most people killed, little round top/ devil's den
Alexander the great breaks into:
3 dynasties (Macedonian, Ptolemy, and Seleucid)
Children in Middle Ages
30-50% of not making it into their teens
Battle of Actium date and story:
31bc: naval battle between MA and O MA has big ships surrounded by O's many little ones C helps too but she ends up taking off and MA follows her and leaves his army to die
how many did influenza pandemic kill?
40 million people
Peloponnesian War dates:
431-404
Socrates
470-399
Greek and Persian wars date and author:
499-449 BC Herodotus
how many times was FDR elected:
4x
Middle ages
500AD-1500AD
how many Jews did the holocaust kill
6 million Jews
The First Triumvirate:
60Bc
Flavian
69-96AD
age of accountability:
7 years old -join parents in field -can join a guild
carolingian renaissance:
780-850: Charlemagne worked to grow education and uniting ethnic differences.
how many crusades were there in total:
8
Treaty of Verdum
843: birthplace of Modern Europe (France/Germany are divided)
Holy Roman Empire dates:
962-1806
Ancient Greece
9th-3rd century Bc
14. The Minoan empire is described as a thalassocracy, which means
:E. Empire of the sea.
Triumph
A ride into ancient Rome after a victory
heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.
A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to
Cliff dwellings
A rock and adobe structure build on sheltered ledges in the sides of a cliff
Hierarchy
A ruling body arranged by rank or class
Helot
A slave owned by the Spartan city-state; such slaves came from parts of Greece conquered by the Spartans.
Civilization
A society that has a relatively high level of cultural and technological development
Hurricane
A storm with strong winds and heavy rains
Pyramid
A structure with a square or triangle base and sloping sides
Matriarchy
A system of society or government that is ruled by women and their female decedents
Parts of the Polis
"Acropolis" -hilltop fortress (sometimes included a temple) Agora -gathering place; city square Defensive Wall "2 C U W/ my dear"
Herodotus
"Father of History" Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. -wrote the Persian Wars
Hippocrates
"Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.
complex series of events from 1789 to 1799
"French Revolution" refers to
Patrick Henry
"Give me liberty or give me death"
Mediterranean Sea
"Middle of the Earth" - main body of water that connected the ancient western civilizations
equites
"equestrians" or "knights"; wealthy Roman businessmen who chose not to pursue a government career.
partria potestas
"fathers power"; the legal power a Roman father passed over the children and slaves in his family, including owning all their property and having the right to punish them, even with death.
Laissez-faire
"let people do as they choose"
Caligula:
"little boots". He was crazy and made his horse co-consul
The Enlightenment
"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"; a movement of intellectuals who dared to know; all institutions and all systems of thoughts were subject to the rational, scientific way of thinking if only people would free themselves from the shackles of old, worthless traditions, especially religious ones
res publica
"the peoples matter" or "the public business"; the Roman name for their republic and the source of our word republic
Marcus Aurelius
"the stoic philosopher" wrote meditations
mos maiorum
"the way of the elders"; the set of Roman values handed down from the ancestors.
Benjamin Franklin
"we must all hang together" 1st US ambassador
rowers
A team of what powered each ship
Maize
A technical term for corn grown in the Americas
Chiefdom
A territory or group over which a chief rules
Jury Trial
A trial before a judge and a jury.
Democracy
A type of government run by the people
metic
A foreigner granted permanent residence status in Athens in return for paying taxes and serving in the military.
Democracy
A form of government in which citizens govern themselves
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives. -not the U.S.
Republic
A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. -In the U.S.
Epidemic
A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Tyranny
A government ruled by a single person (good or bad) who came to power in an unusual way (for example, by overthrowing a ruler rather than being elected). The Tyrant has a lot of power.
Archipelago
A group of islands
legislature
A group of people who have the power to make laws
Ethnic group
A group of people with a common racial, national, tribal, religious, or cultural background
Region
A group of places that are close to one another that share some characteristics
Hoplite
A heavily armored Greek infantryman.
Why did P go to war against A?
A interfered in their affairs
Pilgrimage
A journey to a sacred place.
Petit Jury
A jury of 6 to 12 persons that determines guilt or innocence in a civil or criminal action. -trial jury
the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.
A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe came in the form of
Acropolis
A large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs.
Parthenon
A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.
Dynasty
A line of people from the same family who rule a country
What resulted from the Berlin conferences of 1884 and 1885 that determined European control of Africa?
A linear dissection of the continent that cut across indigenous boundaries of African ethnicities, a ban on the sale of alcohol, and limits on the flow of firearms to Africans
Andes
A major mountain range in south America, mostly in the west, with many natural resources
Lord
A man with rank in the Feudal system
Thematic map
A map that shows specialized information
Solar Calendar
A measure of time and dates defined by the earth's revolution and position in relation to the sun
Minstrel
A medieval poet or musician who was either a traveler or a member of a Nobel household
Terrace farming
A method of growing crops on the side of hills or mountains by planting on terraces built into the slope
hetaira
A witty and attractive woman who charges fees to entertain at a symposium.
Longhouse
A wooden living space shared by all the members of community
10. This Pharaoh developed a form of monotheistic worship in Egypt and worshiped the sun god Aton.
A. Akhenaton
Tribute
A payment made regularly by one state or ruler to another as a sign of dependence or having been defeated
Golden Age
A period to time in a people's history that included great happiness, prosperity, success and achievement
Vassal
A person given the use of land in exchange for loyalty and military service to a Lord
materialism
A philosophical doctrine of the Hellenistic Age that denied metaphysics and claimed instead that other things consisting of mater truly exist.
Hieroglyphs
A picture representing and object, word, or sound to form an ancient style of writing
Shrine
A place considered holy because of its connection to a god marked by a building or monument
The Republic
A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them
Confederacy
A political union between several, states or groups for a specific purpose
Sparta
A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.
Ritual
A procedure and order for religious actions and ceremonies
Resource
A raw material that can be used to produce crops or other products
Mesoamerica
A region extending from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua
23. During his reign in Athens, he completed the process of Athenian democracy and established a rule of law that provides equal justice to all Athenian citizens
AA. Pericles
What is the most important part of the enlightenment?
ASTRONOMY
1860:
Abe Lincoln was elected (controversial because he wasn't even on all the ballots)
is theft
According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's What is Property?, property
private property.
According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was
T
According to the Napoleonic Code, fathers could imprison their children without cause
Who were the slaves?
Other Greeks. (No, not Africans.)
who established the HRE?
Otto the great 935-973
Teacher student relationships:
Socrates Plato Aristotle Alexander the Great
dualism
The philosophical idea that the human soul (or mind) and body are separate.
Tzar:
Tzar Nicholas---------> end of the Romanov dynasty
Victor Hugo
Working people had an advocate for their plight in the writings of
Iron Curtain
separating communist oppression from Christian Civilization
Indirect Democracy
Form of democracy in which individuals are represented by appointed representatives.
phalanx
Formation of soldiers carrying shields close together for defense; any very close group of people
Versailles.
In 1871, William I was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in
the kingdom of Piedmont.
In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850s looked for leadership from
Athens
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. Parthenon located here.
the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
Continental Europe lagged behind Great Britain in industrializing due primarily to
What did Napoleon III offer Maximilian, the brother of the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph?
Control of Mexico
5. Mesopotamian king who established a code of laws and punishments
N. Hammurabi of Babylon
Aristotle's 4 causes in nature:
1. material: form of something 2. efficient: how is it made? 3. Formal: Platonic world of forms 4. final: what is its purpose
piety:
1. nature 2. neighbors 3. past
T
T/F: The national languages of European countries were not always the languages of the majority of citizens
Voyages had 3 desires:
1. reformation encouraged Christians to convert the world 2. opportunity for $ 3. pride: personal/ national desires
was a moral document specifying the natural rights of human beings
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Protestants's emphasize
1. salvation by grace through faith alone 2. scripture is above all authorities 3. priesthood of all believers
Oswald Spengler.
The Decline of the West, which emphasized the decadence of the Western civilization, was written by
1. Where the first civilization did begin and the alternate name for this region?
U. Mesopotamia and Fertile Crescent
how do people start thinking of themselves as Americans and no longer Europeans?
1. time (a generation had passed) 2. First Great Awakening: first american cultural event
Mary Shelley
authored Frankenstein, which was considered Gothic literature during the Romantic period
before the enlightenment: truth was based on:
authority
Whig
liberals
Scholastic movement
rediscovery of works by Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, led to use of reason/faith
Heliocentric Conception
sun centered conception
For what did Florence Nightingale achieve fame in the mid-nineteenth century?
Her pioneering work in the field of nursing
Patriots
supports independence from England
Decentralized
Outlying kingdoms, towns and villages that are largely self-governing within a territory. -fought all the time
Loyalist
supports king
Why is historical writing so important?
1. to preserve accounts of great deeds 2. to teach lessons 3. to fashion and shape how later generations will see things
what was the focus on the AMREV:
1. unites STATES v. UNITED states 2. industrialism v. agrarianism 3. religious division 4. economics 5. slavery
Archimedes
(287-212 BCE) Greek mathematician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. He is best known for the lever and pulley.
Alexander the Great
(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. -loved Greek culture -took power in early 20s sand had a ten yr rule; died at 33. -new ideas under his rule as people/cultures combined -women education increased
Darius 1
(5222-486BCE) extended Persian Power eastward to the western edge of India and westward to Thrace, Northeast of Greece, creating the Near East's greatest empire.
Pythagoras
(582?-500?BCE) Greek mathematician responsible for the Pythagorean Theorem which states the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. A Greek philosopher and mathematician, this man was credited with the discovery that numbers are useful for more than counting physical things.
Immanuel Kant
1724-1804, German philosopher, affirmed existence of an absolute moral law
Fredrick the Great
1740-1786 Prussian
french and indian war
1754-1763 7 years war: first truly world war -13 tiny English colonies surrounded by French
Euclid
(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geometry.
Ostracism
(n.) exclusion from a group (Beth risked ostracism if her roommates discovered her flatulence.)
French Indian War
1754-1763, Treaty of Paris, France lost all land east of Mississippi
Mozart
1756-1791 child prodigy, natural, grace, purity of sound, precision, energy
Catherine the Great
1762-1796 promoted the arts, continued modernization of Russia
Radical:
-separation of church and state -no coercion -no infant baptisms -pacifists
First Great Awakening:
-sinners in the hand of an Angry God (Jonathan Edwards) -developed reformed in America
Julius Caesar: 100-44BC
-skilled politician and speaker -as well as general
Sparta's Colonization
--limited to region --tended to remain isolsated -----easy to control
Athens' Colonization
--occured throughout Mediterranean
America has beliefs grounded in:
1. greek and roman ideas 2. christian ideas 3. English constitutional ideas
Sparta's Society
--relatively small population --all boys joined military at 7, married at 20, and became citizens at 30 --retired from army at 60 --women had a respected status and practiced gymnastics to keep fit --helot slaves (exploited)
Athens' Economy
--slaves (other Greeks) farmed the land and ran shops; most were domestic servants --extensive overseas trade in goods --collected taxes from subject states
1st crusade
-1096-1099 -most successful, effort of Christendom to take back the Muslim land -held Jerusalem for 100yrs
Council of Trent
-1545-1563 -established many laws and points of doctrine -maintain: Aquinas, Sacraments, scripture, and holy traditions, difference between clergy and laity, grace and good works, no predestination
Nuclear energy:
-3 mile island (PA) -Cherynobyl (Ukraine)
why do modern people resent the past and seek to deny its substance because
1. it confuses them 2. it inhibits them
4 wars in the Greek and Persian wars:
1. marathon 2. thermopylae 3. salamis 4. Plataea
T
T/F: The new innovation of apartment living in Paris meant the rich and the poor would often inhabit the same building
During the Persian War
-GReece had to unite to defeat Persia as during the being of the war(S) they weren't doing so well. -Built up sea warfare; trireme -led by Athens
F
T/F: The revolutions of 1848 were prompted by the publication of the Communist Manifesto
result of the Awakenings:
-prestigious education institutes were founded -print communication -commoners v. elites -encouraged Americans to see themselves as exporters of ideas to other cultures -leads directly to independence
12-13th century
-rediscovered Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, andd Roman law -began to wrestle with faith and reason
kyrios
-represented Athenian women (in family) -head of household
Athens' Education
--all men were schooled to become citizens --studied arts and sciences, religion, history, literature, war, philosophy, grammar, and rhetoric ---broad
Sparta's Education
--boys taught to live without comforts and steal for food (not bad if you don't get caught) --spent 1 year in mountain with only a robe/cape --boys learned to read and write. but not debate --women practiced military drills
Sparta's Economy
--farming done by slaves (helots) --free males served in military --traded little with others and rowned upon commerce and comforts
Sparta's Values
--frugality and self-discipline --strength and obedience (weak babies killed... :( )
Sparta's Sports
--gymnastics and military excerises --participated in the Olympics
Athens' Society
--large population --all men served in military for 2 yrs --hoplites came from middle and upper classes --rowers were from lower classes -teenage women married adult males and remained secluded --women aren't education and had few legal rights --marriage for reproduction; lil' time spent with wives -bisexuality
Athenian Demo Radicalized
-Poor Rowers get citizenship -50 Year Golden Age
JJR personally:
-abandoned kids -inspired the french revolution
Xenophon:
-adventure stories -student of Socrates who wrote about Socrates -wrote about the march of the 3000
John Calvin
-associated with Geneva -wrote institutes of Christian Religion -Dictator of Geneva: a theocratic republic
Dwight David Eisenhower
-big hero -supreme allied commander
Treaty of Verailles
-by Louis XIV -forced Germany to take blame for the war -US signed a peace deal with Germany (they did not accept the League of Nations)
facts about bubonic plague
-carried by fleas/ rats -average life span: 35 yrs
JJR's works:
-confessions -the new heloise -social contract -emile
Thucydides
-considered more factual/ analytical -scientific, less about gods and more about facts -Peloponnesian War
George WA facts:
-elected twice unanimously -he didn't want either
Francis Bacon
-expert in politics, law, literature, philosophy, and science
Renaissance Learning
-focus on man: study -Greek and Latin -Plato -classical education
Pompey:
-gained power from killing Mediterranean pirates -put down an army in Spain
Girls education (S)
-grace and culture were worth less than fitness and moral integrity -help the males by humiliating them in public and by criticizing their exercising -trained to give birth "only spartan women could give birth to men." chitons. At religious ceremonies, on holidays and during physical exercise girls and women were nude.[9]
Athens' Sports
-gymnastics and wrestlin=g -participated in the Olympics
Lenin put in power:
-he outlawed and destroyed all other political parties -war communism -reduced workday to 8 hrs -moved capital to Moscow
Crassus:
-he was the richest man in Rome -gained power by putting down the Spartacus revolt -he thought his business accomplishments= political leadership -wanted to rule Alexandrian/Hellenistic kingdoms
Greek Tragedy:
-informal education: usually hubristic -teaching you to avoid pride and a fall -Athenians required to go to theater
post modernism:
-its all about throwing off the religious middle-age authority
Arachidamia
-lived to 90s -fought in wars/battles leading Spartan women against Pyrrhus during his siege of Lacedaemon in the 3rd century BC.[3][4] In the face of Pyrrhus's invasion, the Spartan Gerousia considered sending the Spartan women to Crete for their safety. Arachidamia, speaking on behalf of the Spartan women, entered the Gerousia, "with sword in hand," and contested this proposal, questioning whether the Spartan women were expected to survive the ruin of their own city.
ladies in the middle ages
-lower "weak" vessels
Michelangelo's paintings:
-melancholy genius -painted sistine chapel -mary holding Christ -David
Puritans:
-need to be reformed -tried to purify the church by working within it -separatists: known as pilgrims
Berlin airlift:
-people flew over Russian barricades to bring supplies to the city (900 flights/day)
Athens' Values
-sound mind and body -free expression and creativity
Benito Mussolini
-staged a march on Rome -Mussolini put as Prime minister -wanted to revive the Roman Empire
Martin Luther
-tried for heracy -said that your conscience is tied to the word of God -1517: criticizes Tetzel and posted the 95 theses on the Wittenburg church -excommunicated -died of worms
Wa's farewell address
-warned against party system -warned against foreign entanglements -America is not a secular state
major movement in 1619
-women started coming over from Europe in large #s -house of burgesses: modeled after British Parliament -Africans: first record of coming to new world
Sir Isaac Newton
-wrote Principia -invented calculus -explained the world through math/science
William Bradford:
-wrote of plymouth plantation
. How did Napoleon view women's roles within his new paternalistic vision of French society?
. He believed women should be restricted to the private sphere of the home; his legal code curtailed women's rights, and he took little interest in girls' education.
Why was Italian unification in 1861 led by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia?
. It had industry, a good economy, a strong army, and the backing of France
Which of the following is true of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818)?
. It warned that innovation and science could bring pain and unhappiness, not just progress.
Women in Sparta didn't have to....their children.
...leave their children. -paternity isn't important in raising kids
Iambic Pentameter
1 poetic foot- 2 syllables 1 stress 1 unstressed, x 5-10 syllables
Universal Law of Motion
1) every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force 2) the rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force action on it 3) to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction
Most important poleis:
1. Athens (Attica) 2. Sparta (Laconia)
First 4 universities:
1. Bologna, Italy 2. Paris 3. Oxford 4. Cambridge
east v. west
1. Byzantine v. Holy roman 2. Constantinople v. Rome 3. Eastern Orthodox v. Roman Catholic
Persian leaders:
1. Cyrus: model ruler who avoids hubris, rebuild the temple, 2. Darius: attacks Greece for the Ionian revolt and fails at Marathon -Athens helped to fun the Ionians, and so Darius goes after Athens as punishment 3. Xerxes: Darius's son: tries to avenge his father, but fails -unbelievably hubristic, tries to build a canal in order to cross into Europe
three schisms of Christendom
1. East v. West 2. 1378-1417 3. 1517
Influential philosophers:
1. Epicureanism 2. Stoicism
key values in the Aeneid:
1. Laborum: against idleness 2. Pietas: humility before gods 3. Fatum: Roman duty to justice and order
4 divisions of protestants
1. Lutheran 2. Reformed (Calvinists) 3. Radical (anabaptists, amish) 4. Anglican (associated with England)
Greek leaders:
1. Militiades: Athenian who fought at battle of Marathon (defeated Persians) 2. Leonidas: Spartan who fought at Thermopylae 3. Themistocles: Athenian who fought at Salamis 4. Pausanis: Spartan who thought at Plataea
Sparta's Feared
1. Slave Revolt (more helots than citizens) 2. Educated People (in creavity thinking)
South America:
1. Spanish Language 2. Catholicism 3. Economic dependence 4. governmental structure of feudal Europe
Clergy's views on wives/ women:
1. church emphasized spiritual equality 2. virgin Mary 3. chivalry romance and love language 4. female traits exalted over males 5. monogamy 6. still improvement of Romans and Greeks
the Enlightenment emphasized:
1. empiricism 2. skepticism 3. Humanitarianism 4. progress
The Persian War Timeline
1.King Darius sets out to conquer Greece. 2. Ionian city-states in Asia Minor rebel against Persian rule in 499 bc and Athens sends ship to help the Greeks. 3. Persia defeat them and Darius sends a Persian army to punish the Athens in 490 bc. DEFEATED (P) in Battle Marathon. 4. King Xerxes of Persia launches 480 BC attakcs Athens which goes to other city states for help. Sparta is defeated at Thermopylae. Athens is burned to the ground. 5. Athenian navy defeats P at Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. P army defeated in the Asia Minor in 479 BC. 6. Greek think God protected; Delian League formed and Golden Age.
how many people did the holocaust kill
10-12 million people
when was the first crusade?
1095-1099
marriage for kids:
12-14
Thomas Aquinas
1225-1274 asked different questions and discusses every angle of them
How many people on a NY jury?
12; must be a unanimous decision
famine
1315-1317
when was the bubonic plague and how many people died?
1348 -killed 2/5 of Western Europe
date of the printing press
1455
Niccolo Machiavelli:
1469-1527 wrote the prince -valued free political understanding -lived in Florence
Copernicus
1473-1543, sun center of universe, 8 spheres including earth revolve around it
Ignatius Loyola
1491-1556 -creates the society of Jesus -stresses spiritual seriousness, evangelism, and education
Modernity
1500AD-now
Reformation
1500s
date for Martin Luther
1517 (reformation started)
Francis Bacon
1561-1626, English philosopher, advocate of inductive reasoning
Galileo
1564-1642 telescope, confirmed Copernicus's conclusion
Caravaggio
1571-1610 Italian, dramatic, emotional, black background
Reuben
1577-1640 naturalbody type, commom scenes
Descartes
1596-1650, French philosopher, "I think therefore I am"
Phillip III
1598-1621 Spain, bankrupt due to wars, lost world dominance
James I
1603-1625 England, 1603 Gunpowder Plot, beloved in absolute power, son of Mary Queen of Scots
Sassoferrato
1605-1685 Italian Catholic scenes, style similar to Raphael
Rembrandt
1606-1669 dutch, interior light
Jamestown, Va
1607
Milton
1608-1676, Paradise lost, despaired loss of common wealth
30 years war
1618-1648 religious war, Germanic/Prussia, Spain
Mayflower
1620
mayflower compact
1620 -covenant between God and man -movement to self-rule
Philip IV
1621-1665
Pascal
1623-1662, tried to unite Christianity and science
Charles I
1625- 1649 England executed 1649 by Cromwell
Locke
1633-1704, "Inalienable rights, life, liberty, and property"
English Civil War
1642-1648, Parliment vs Royalists
Newton
1642-1727, Principles of natural philosophy
Louis XIV
1643-1705 France, Court of Versailles, most powerful in Europe, sun king
Oliver Cromwell
1649-1658 lead Commonwealth, tyrant, puritan, destroyed churches
Charles II
1660-1685 wife Catherine of portugal, introduced tea to England
Montesquieu
1669-1755, French philosopher, influenced F.F., man fallen, separation of powers
Bach
1685-1750 well ordered music to honor God, organ music, thumbs
Handel
1685-1759 messiah, locked in room 3 days wrote handels messiah
Peter the Great
1689-1725 Russian, Modernized navy, built,naval ports, life to European standards.
Gnaeus Pompey Magnus
A brilliant general, won victories supporting Sulla, in 73 BCE he won battles against slave rebellions led by a gladiator named Spartacus, shattered tradition by being consul even though he wasn't 42 and had not been elected to any other lower post on the ladder of office. Was compared to Alexander the Great.
Roman Bath
A building containing a complex of rooms designed for bathing, relaxing, and socializing
Mission
A catholic based community in the wet of North America
F
T/F: The second French Revolution prompted rebellion in Spain and Belgium
government through subsidies, incentives, and direct development in Europe
A central difference in the development of industrialization in Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and continental Europe on the other was the involvement of
Polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
Caste System
A class structure that assigns social roles and is defined by birth
T
T/F: Tsar Nicholas sentenced five young members of the elite to be hanged...
First coined during the French Revolution, what did the term ideology come to mean during the nineteenth century?
A coherent set of beliefs about the way the social and political order should be organized
Rainforest
A dense stand of trees and other vegetation that receives a great deal of precipitation each year
expanding the franchise
A distinction may be drawn between liberals and republicans on the issue of
Serf
A farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with the land
Marc Anthony
A daring general in the army of Julius Caesar who rose to become one of Caesar's closest colleagues. After Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C., he jumped into the struggle for control of Rome. He finally lost to Octavian and committed suicide with Cleopatra.
Cash crops
A farm product grown for sale
T
T/F: Volk refers to the German people to whom Herder attributed a creative genius
National Assembly's declaration of war against Austria and Prussia
A declaration by some European states in 1791 that restoring the rights of the French monarchy was a matter of "common interest to all sovereigns of Europe" led to the
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
???
Napoleon Bonaparte
???
Crete
A Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Greece
Themistocles
A Greek military leader who convinced the Athenians to build a navy. This helped Athens win a major battle against Persia, the Battle of Salamis. He was ostracized around 471 BCE. aroused the hostility of Sparta by ordering Athens to be re-fortified, and his perceived arrogance began to alienate him from the Athenians. In 472 or 471 BC, he was ostracized, and went into exile in Argos.
Israel
A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.
diverse, and therefore subject to no natural laws
A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is
Conquistadors
A Spanish explorer of the early Americas
Aegean
A body of water by Mediterranean Sea that touches the borders of Greece & Asia Minor. It also has many islands in it, including Crete.
F
T/F: Wealth had the central role in forming a middle-class identity
Decolonization
After WWII, the exhaustive struggles of the war had destroyed the power of the European states. Most of the empire builders, such as Great Britain, no longer had the energy or the wealth to maintain their colonial empires. In a process known as ___________ virtually every colony achieved independence and attained statehood.
Draco
After an economic crisis in the late 7th century BCE that almost destroyed Athens's infant democracy, this man was appointed around 621 BCE in the first attempt to revise the laws.
T
After the defeat of Napoleon, the Bourbon family was restored to the throne, though briefly
The Great Fear
Agrarian revolts in the French countryside served as the backdrop to the _____________, a vast panic that spread like wildfire through France during the revolution
Akhenaten
Akhenaten, known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC
Philip II's son:
Alex the great
who comes in after the Pel. war?
Alexander the Great
All new cities in Persia named...
Alexandria --> Soliders and Merchants followed him crating this cities.
birth control
All of the following were used to limit family size in the late nineteenth century except
Pantheon
All of the gods of a people or religion as a group
Delian League
Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Persia into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age."
United Kingdom, France, Russia, U.S., Italy, Japan, etc.
Allies
Anatolia
Also known as Asia Minor, or the country of Turkey, it is a large peninsula that juts out into the Mediterranean Sea. The land is mostly made up of high, rocky plateaus which provide an abundant supply of timber and minerals. the Persian wars, between Greece and the Persian empire, began in Ionia on the cost of BLANK
Conscription
Also known as the "draft" in the U.S. during the Vietnam War, _____________ is the compulsory enlistment of young men into military service.
How did Napoleon's tactics for achieving order differ from those used during the French Revolution?
Although he strictly limited political expression, imposing surveillance and arbitrary imprisonment on his opponents, Napoleon never used mass executions to maintain control
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Although many nations participated in the Congress of Vienna, the guiding hand was attached to
first consul
Although the French gov't had been ruled by one committee or another since the revolution began in 1789, this came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the title of
frontier thesis/ turner thesis
American is based on the fact that it is a "new frontier"
Judea
An ancient region of southern Palestine comprising present-day southern Israel and southwest Jordan. In the time of Jesus it was a kingdom ruled by the Herods and part of the Roman province of Syria.
ostracism
An annual procedure where a man could be voted out of the city-state for 10 years; prevent tyranny.
Tropics
An area between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn that has generally warm temperatures because it receives the direct rays of the sun for much of the year.
Senate
An assembly or council of citizens with the supreme power of government
150
An average house in the United States today contains approximately 1,500 to 2,000 square feet. In Leeds, England, in the 1840s, an average house contained _____ square feet for an entire family
Codices
An early form of book that contains ancient scriptures
Galen
Among the following, the individual not associated with advances in medicine and chemistry is
Pericles
An Athenian leader who transformed Athens into a community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects and who was a big promoter of democracy.
Pericles
An Athenian leader who transformed Athens into a community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects and who was a big promoter of democracy. Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy (through imperial force) in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. -led from about 460 BC until his death in 429 BC-
Hellenistic
An adjective meaning "Greek-like" that is today used as a chronological term for the period 323-30 BCE.
Compromise
An agreement that is reached when both sides give up something
Quipu
An ancient Inca device made up of different colored threads and knots used to record information
date for beginning of civil war:
April 12, 1861
when was lincoln killed?
April 14, 1865
US declared war:
April 1917
what day is considered the end of the war?
April 9, 1865
Macedonia
Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great. A small empire north of Greece. -hellenism
Aristotle
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates.
Hubris
Arrogance
restrictions on the rights of public meetings
As a result of "Peterloo," Parliament passed the Six Acts, which included
class
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, people of the nineteenth century viewed one another through the lens of
Assyria
Assyria was a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant. It existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state
the allies dealt the French a resounding defeat
At the Battle of the Nations, fought near Leipzig
Thucycides
Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC.-evidence based, cause and affect
Solon
Athenian political reformer
Solon
Athenian political reformer; promoted early democracy.
Characterize Athenian politics over time?
Athenian politics changed over time due to a series of reform efforts from a variety of leaders. Middle-class participatory economics created a sense that people should have a voice in politics, too.
Solon
Athens Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt. He balances political groups, insist that reforms must be maintained for 10 years then he bails. Ranked male citizens into four classes based on income. He set the slaves free. ---hippeis in the 2nd class -Council of Four Hundred
Themistocles
Athens's leader during the Great Persian invasion of Greece.
Pericles
Athens's political leader during the Golden Age.
date for Hiroshima:
August 6, 1945
date for Nagasaki
August 9, 1945
Julio Claudian dynasty:
Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero
30. This warrior king defeated Darius, King of Persia, and assumes control of all western Asia from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River in Pakistan and India.
B. Alexander the Great
33. This Greek art form glorified the human body in sculpture was very precise and detailed.
BB. Realism
Old world
BC- 500AD
the impact of steamboats on a town located on the Mississippi.
The book's excerpt from Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi describes
American Revolution reflected ideas of
Baron de Montesquieu -classical antiquity -separation of powers -fixed human nature
Officers
Beat drums so rowers would row to the beat (direction and speed)
Factory
Became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines.
Haiti
Became the first independent state in Latin America on January 1, 1804 (western part of Hispaniola); before this, this area had revolted against French plantation owners
illustrate the difficulty of assigning a single definition to Romanticism
Beethoven and Goethe
Although cruelty abounded under imperialist rule, what European ruler was known for inflicting the worst atrocities?
Belgian king Leopold II
Alex's horse:
Bucephalus: he was a massive black horse which no one could ride: Alexander talked to Bucephalus and rode him and wasn't kicked off -this hinted at his divinity
Greek culture mixed with...
Buddhism -ex: Buddha in a toga with a bigger body
Italy's leader:
Benito Mussolini
were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848
Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy
after Edward VI
Bloody Mary
32. This new economy in the Greek age established a new aristocratic upper-class society.
C. Coinage
15. Much of what we know about the Philistines comes from the
CC. Hebrews
radical democracy
Extended direct political power and participation in the court system to all adult male citizens.
Heliocentric conception believed that the universe was divided into 8 spheres with the sun at the center and the stars in the 8th sphere. All of the planets moved around the sun, and the Earth rotated on an axis.
Briefly explain heliocentric conception.
The Civil War was caused by the rights of the states versus the national as a whole. The southern states depended on the use of slaves to work on the plantations that generated significant financial and economical dependence. This went against the Abolitionist Movement of the North which believed that all men are created equal.
Briefly explain one cause of the Civil War.
The Emancipation Proclamation was an Executive Order issued by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the ten southern states who were still in rebellion, but it did not include the areas that were not in rebellion.
Briefly explain the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Emancipation Proclamation was an Executive Order issued by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the ten southern states who were still in rebellion, but it did not include the areas that were not in rebellion.Briefly explain the Emancipation Proclamation.
Briefly explain the Emancipation Proclamation.
Capital
Britain had a ready supply of cash and assets for investment in the new industrial machines and factories needed to house them
Seven Years War
British and Prussians against the Austrians, Russians, and French; Europe-ended by Peter III's withdrawal of Russian troops from the Prussian lands they occupied and the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763; The French and Indian War in America; fought between the French and Indians and the British; ultimately the British defeated the French and Indians, and The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict
Seven Years War
British and Prussians against the Austrians, Russians, and French; Europe-ended by Peter III's withdrawal of Russian troops from the Prussian lands they occupied and the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763; The French and Indian War in America; found between the French and Indians and the British; ultimately the British defeated the French and Indians, and The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict
Weapons
Bronze to Iron
T
By order of the king, the Estates-General was replaced by the National Assembly, which asserted the right to remake gov't in the name of the people
Germany, Italy, and Switzerland
By the late nineteenth century, the core industrial countries of Europe included
those who produced manufactured goods and those who supplied the necessary raw materials
By the mid-nineteenth century, the world economy had divided into two major groups
Comte de Mirabeau
By the time of the French Revolution, the line between noble and non-noble was quite blurred due to many families purchasing their titles. A good example of this change in the aristocracy is the family of the maverick noble
Octavian Augustus
Caesar's adopted son who controlled the western half of the Roman Empire and fought a civil war against the eastern half which ended the Roman republic. He became the first Roman emperor
Erasmus
Calls for some kind of reform he wants to get rid of: Simony, Nepotism, and to get out of politics
Hippeis
Calvary
What was the worst disaster of the cold war?
Cambodia
In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France officially acknowledged its defeat overseas, ceding which of its territories to Great Britain?
Canada
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
Central Powers
Punic wars
Carthage and Rome: 2nd one is most important
Phoenicians=
Carthaginians
clergy school:
Cathedral schools---> best educated
schism:
Catholic v. Orthodox
who defeated the muslims when they invaded europe?
Charles Martel 732: battle of tour of poitiers
mines
Children commonly worked from a very young age; in Britain more than 50,000 worked in
Which of the following factors was essential to the emergence of a "white-collar" service sector in the late 1800s?
Compulsory primary school education, which allowed workers to acquire literacy and mathematical skills they could use in offices
Which of the following ideologies argued for the restoration of social and religious hierarchies in the years after the Napoleonic wars?
Conservatism
Heroes
Cincinnatus Cato the Elder Cato the Younger Cicero Virgil Plutarch Scipio
Alexandria
City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.
Athens' Political Unit
City-State
Sparta's Political Unit
City-State
France leader WWI:
Ckemenceau
Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC
Who was Cleisthenes?
Cleisthenes, attempted to introduce even more democratic reforms in 508 BCE huge support, beat back the Spartans (who had been asked by Cleisthenes' rivals to beat back his reforms) direct participation in Athenian democracy demes (local units, villages) council of 400 becomes council of 500 candidates for public office must be spread widely throughout the demes reforms succeeded because they were grounded in Athenian values e.g. Demes = small community life persuasion, not force
MA meets with Egypt:
Cleopatra seduced MA and they fall in love (C has a kid from JC), Romans saw this as a betrayal and O plays it up
Seven Years War
Clive in India, British gain Canada & western US, Spain got Florida
steam powered engine:
Coal 1769
What was the main difference between colonialism and imperialism?
Colonialism typically involved settlers dependent on slave labor, whereas imperialism involved more indirect forms of economic exploitation and political domination.
aretê
Competitive individual excellence.
The Sophists
Competitive intellectuals and teachers who offered expensive coursed in persuasive public speaking and new ways of philosophic and religious thinking
sophists
Competitive intellectuals and teachers who offered expensive coursed in persuasive public speaking and new ways of philosophic and religious thinking.
Homer
Composed "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey"
Gerousia
Council of Elders in Sparta, 60+ yrs of age, chosen for life by assembly, included 2 kings, 28 others -examined babies and determined if they could live or die
People who don't like JC
Crassus, Pompey, and Cato
3 guys in 1st triumvirate:
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar
James Watt
Created a steam engine that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. He later created a steam engine with a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery.
major battles in 100 yrs war:
Crecy Poitiers Agincourt
17. This Persian King united the Indo-Europeans of the Medes and Persians to form the Persian Empire.
F. Cyrus the Great
Saint-Domingue
The one slave revolt that succeeded in the years following the French Revolution occurred in
ruler cults
Cults that involved worship of a Hellenistic ruler as a savior god.
Pericles and Aspasia impact
Culture center of Greece is now Athens
22. Social reform by this Greek aristocrat divided the Greek population into four classes based on land ownership and gave each group political power and a voice in voting
FF. Solon
USA leader:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning
48. Believing that Jesus Christ was responsible for his victory, this Roman emperor initiated a series of laws which mandated religious tolerance throughout the empire
D. Constantine the Great
Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?
D. They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades.
34. This Greek art form represented the realities of everyday life in Greek society.
DD. Sentimentalism
Why was the English naturalist Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) so controversial?
Darwin challenged Judeo-Christian dogma, arguing that life had taken shape over millions of years through a process called evolution, not through God's miraculous creation of the universe in six days.
when was charlemagne crowned king
Dec 25, 800
Pearl Harbor date:
December 7, 1941
Crypteia
Declared war on the helot population so that any Spartan citizen could kill a helot without fear of punishment. --kryptes sent to the Laconian countryside with knives: kill helots and take any food/ kill the strongest --prevent rebellion; keep their population in check. -spied on helots--> kryptes who got caught was punished by whipping.
In the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Britain and France fought to achieve what geopolitical objective?
Defending the Ottoman Empire from dismemberment by Russia
Which of the following refers to eighteenth-century believers who believed in God but gave him no active role in earthly affairs?
Deists
Describe the development of Athenian government?
Democracy - greatest number of rights to the greatest number of people financed fantastic temples and public buildings militarily strong enough to build a naval empire all males could participate in making laws and administering justice early development of a middle class good farmland and trade led to rapid population growth Herodotus - people rallied "from the fields in a body" to block an attempt at tyranny (632 BCE) all freeborn adult males could vote in assembly archons - ran the judicial system received no pay, so only wealthy held these positions - (not quite democracy, then)
George III
King of England during American independence, believed in absolutism
Which of the following did the most to stimulate the new consumer culture in the late nineteenth century?
Department stores and mail order catalogs
the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.
Descartes believed that the world could be understood by
Eurocentric
Description to someone or something values European ethics, ideas, religions, and linguistics
Athens' Government
Direct Democracy --citizens-male-had vote in Assembly, Council of 500 --People's Courts --women, slaves, foreigners aren't citizens (made majority) --all offices open to citizens Controlled large area of land in Attica
1865
Direct communication between the United States and Europe was not possible until
Who was Draco?
Draco (Draconian) - harsh economic crisis made worse through tyrannical decisions, Athens coming unglued
.Reign of Terror
During the ___________________, thousands of French citizens were executed with the guillotine on suspicion of treason
Reign of Terror
During the ___________________, thousands of French citizens were executed with the guillotine on suspicion of treason
was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.
During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention
Friedrich List
During the nineteenth century, many European economists such as _____ sought to develop national economies...
Holocaust
During the___________________, Germany executed approximately 5.7 million Jews.
20. A notable Greek philosopher
EE. Socrates
after King Henry VIII
Edward VI
The 1842 Treaty of Nanking forced China to permit a continuation of which of the following?
The opium trade
after Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I
Why was Alex the Great able to capture the Persians?
Emperor Darius III was weak and satraps rebellious.
Japan's leader:
Emperor Hirohito
Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of England as the first site of the Industrial Revolution?
England had a good supply of private investment capital, ready access to raw cotton from its overseas plantations, and the necessary natural resources at home.
Luddites
English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs `
Scientific Method
Englishman Francis Bacon put forth a new, proper method to examine and understand the physical realm. This development of a ______________ was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world. He urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general and believed that from carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations, correct generalization could be developed
What label have historians given to eighteenth-century rulers who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their absolutist powers?
Enlightened despots
Epicureanism
Epicurus thought that the goal of life was to secure pleasure and avoid pain
dictator for 6 months:
Fabius: decided to just outlast Hannibal
1848
Europe reached a point of political crisis in
Marshall Plan:
European Recovery Program
Why did western Europeans support the Greek independence movement?
Europeans identified with the Greeks because Greece was viewed as the birthplace of Western civilization.
steam and speed
Even with the interconnectedness of industry, wherein an improvement in one area led to improvements in other areas, there was one dual foundation on which the rest was built; that foundation was
Arête
Excellence
Sappho
Famous women poet; native of Lesbos.
What new texts did abolitionists use in their petitions and campaigns to end the slave trade and slavery in the New World?
Firsthand accounts of slavery written by freed slaves
ephors
Five wealthy landowners that handled day-to-day governing. --There were 5 of them, they were chosen by the assembly for one year terms, they are also known as overseers, they monitored the kings and the citizens, they had unlimited power to rule the people.
Stipends
Fixed salary for those working in government (time consuming, no other way to get $$$)
reparations
Following WWI, Germany was forced to pay ______________ for all the damage that the Allied governments and their people suffered as a result of the war.
storming of the Bastille
For many people, the event that is the epitome of the French Revolution, which occurred on July 14, 1789, was
which fort started the war?
Fort Sumter
Gaius Julius Caesar
Founder of the First Triumvirate whose victories in Gallia Comata and against the Pompeys gave him sole power in Rome until his assassination in 44 BCE.
Cyrus
Founder of the Persian Empire.
Which Enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, "I am the first servant of the state"?
Frederick the Great of Prussia
King Darius
King of Persia (521 to 486 BCE) who expanded the empire, organized a highly efficient administrative system, and invaded Greece. Only to be defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE.
Crimean war:
France and England cooperated
What became the first modern state?
France:
the Father of Humanism
Francisco Petrarch
Sorel
French political theorist, combined Bergson's and Nietzsche's ideas on the limits of rational thinking with his own passionate interest in revolutionary socialism; he thought to destroy capitalist society the use of the general strike was key, envisioning it as a mythic image that had the power to inspire workers to take violent, heroic action against capitalistic order
Pascal
French scientist who sought to keep science and religion united
officeholders, professionals, merchants, and the aristocracy
French society in the eighteenth century was influenced by a new, emerging group composed of
F
French society was legally divided into the Three Estates: an upper (First Estate), middle (Second Estate), and lower (Third Estate)
Helois's uncle:
Fulbert
agricultural
Fully one and a half centuries after industrialization began in Great Britain, the largest single occupational category was the of _____ workers
37. The founder of a philosophy of cynicism, self-control, virtue, the rejection of all personal possessions and social status.
G. Diogenes
Wars of Coalition
GB v. France: invented food boiled in cans
3. This Mesopotamian civilization developed the concept of time, 12-hour workday and holidays
GG. Sumerians
who shook the British Empire
Gandhi
George Washington
General, 1st President
last colony to join:
Georgia
Hitler
German leader of the Nazis, tried to seize power in southern Germany in conscious imitation of Mussolini's march on Rome in 1922; although the attempt failed Hitler and the Nazis achieved sudden national prominence, and within ten years they had taken over complete power
Why did Otto von Bismarck grant Germans universal male suffrage despite his conservative principles?
He trusted that "ordinary" Germans would be more conservative and loyal to the monarchy than the liberals in the Prussian parliament.
How did Napoleon rebuild the French army, which had been in shambles when he came to power in 1799?
He united all the armies and generals into one Grand Army under his personal command, and he fought alongside his soldiers on the battlefield, inspiring almost fanatical loyalty.
Greeks called themselves:
Hellenes or Hellas -we call the Greeks because the Romans called them Graeci
when was the printing press developed?
Germany 1450
Which of the following two countries came to rival Britain in industrial strength?
Germany and the United States
Spanish civil war:
Gerneralissimo Francisco Franco formed a fascist state
Kepler
He used Brahe's detailed astronomical data, arrived at his three laws of planetary motion which confirmed his interest in the "music of the spheres, and confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory while modifying it in some ways
Reformers
Helped pass the Factory Act of 1833 which eliminated the employment of boys under ten and all women n mines Eventually men also benefited from the move to restrict factory hours.
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature, and in earlier Sumerian poems
Alexander II's Great Reforms were intended to do what?
Give greater democracy to the people and thus avoid any upheaval
Antonine
Good Emperors
7 liberal arts
Grammar Rhetoric Logic Math Geometry Music Astronomy
chemical processes and energy
Great Britain began to lose its lead in the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century due to new industries being developed by other countries, such as
encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market
Great Britain's small size in the early states of industrialization
War
Great fighters. All men required.
Standard Currency
Helped with trade and communication in all facets of society
Greek
Greece The Hellenistic Jews spoke this language The ancient or modern language of Greece, the only representative of the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family.
Greek Eurocentric View
Greece- Europe and "freedom"Persia= Asia and "Depotism"-Concept that Euro and Asia are diff. continents forms.
trireme
Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.
Olympics
Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries. -fought naked; basically no protection and little rules
Gods (Greek vs Roman)
Greek myths reflected the world it was originated in, and it was local; meant to be instructive and taught geography. --> Athens : Athenian --> Sparta : Ares Origin : Romulus & Remus Rome : Mars
Aristotle
Greek philosopher famous for his scientific investigations, development of logical argument, and practical ethics.
chiton
Greek tunic, the essential (and often only) garment of men and women, the other being the himation or mantle
Plutarch:
Greek who became a Roman citizen first biographer wrote Plutarch's lives
triremes
Greek wooden warships rowed by 170 oarsmen sitting on 3 level and equipped with a battering ram at the bow.
Hubris:
Greeks warn you about hubris: an overloading arrogance and pride
who was Hildebrand?
Gregory VII (pope)
11. Hatshepsut was regularly portrayed as masculine in Egyptian statuary because:
H. like male pharaohs, she ruled in her own right
7. A deadly innovation introduced by the Hittites.
HH. Horse-drawn chariot
King of Germany:
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Hammurabi
Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC, invented the "Code of Hammurabi"
after S in C:
Hannibal has to go back to Carthage to rescue them: he tries to make peace but S says no, H wanted this. S conquers H and Carthage
Cannae:
Hannibal killed 70,000 Romans in one day 4,000 of Hannibal's men died in a few years, Hannibal had killed 1/4 of every Roman man of military age
Why did Kaiser William II dismiss Otto von Bismarck from the German government in 1890?
He became convinced that Bismarck not only hindered his nationalistic plans but also might prove to be a rival for power.
Why did Napoleon sign a concordat with the pope in 1801?
He believed that religion was a powerful component for maintaining social order.
Which of the following actions did Napoleon undertake in 1804 with the pope's blessing?
He crowned himself emperor.
What measures did Napoleon impose on the colonized populations in the annexed territories and satellite kingdoms of France?
He forcibly introduced French-style reforms, including the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of the Napoleonic Code, as well as conscripting and taxing local populations.
Copernicus
He hoped that his heliocentric or sun-centered conception would offer a simpler and more accurate solution; conservative and did not reject Aristotle's principle of the existence of heavenly spheres moving in circular orbits
Napoleon attempted to undermine British power in which of the following ways?
He instituted the Continental System in 1806.
How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help derail Napoleon III's plan to prevent Italian unification?
He liberated Sicily and southern Italy with the assistance of his red-shirted volunteers and then threw his support behind King Victor Emmanuel.
In 1812, Napoleon made what disastrous military error?
He opened a second front by invading Russia.
Brahe
He rejected the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system, but was unable to accept Copernicus's suggestion that the earth actually moved
Hippias
He succeeded Pisistratus in 527 BC. Following his brother's murder (It is believed they shared power) he sought revenge, executing many aristocrats and commoners. He was a cruel tyrant. Hippias was a Greek sophist, and a contemporary of Socrates. With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists, he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects, and lectured on poetry, grammar, history, politics, mathematics, and much else. -was forced to give up Athens by King Cleomenes the First after his family was taken captive
Why did Louis XVI restore the parlements in 1774, despite the fact that they had been abolished by his predecessor, Louis XV?
He succumbed to the demands of the aristocrats, who viewed the dissolution of the parlements as an attack on privilege
Herodotus
Herodotus was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire and lived in the fifth century BC, a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides. He was the first historian to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent, and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.
Germany leader:
Hitler
Barbarossa:
Hitler leads and betrays the SU by invading russia, SU sides with Allies
using "lightning war" tactics and with active support from Joseph Stalin.
Hitler took Poland in 1939
seizing leadership of the League of Nations in 1933.
Hitler's "Diplomatic Revolution" between 1933 and 1936 included all of the following except
the extermination of all European Jews.
Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem called for
Homer
Homer is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature
Austro
Hungarian Empire- a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire - Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies (Austria and Hungary), and one autonomous region: the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement (Nagodba) in 1868. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Irish potato famine
In 1845, this fungus struck the crop and turned the produce black resulting in more than 1 million of the population died from starvation and disease
when French voters overwhelmingly voted for the restoration of the empire
In 1852 the Second Empire in France was created
Hyksos
Hyksos, dynasty of Palestinian origin that ruled northern Egypt as the 15th dynasty (c. 1630-1523 bce). The name Hyksos was used by the Egyptian historian Manetho who translated the word as "king-shepherds" or "captive shepherds."
8. This civilization developed along the Nile River.
I. Egyptian Empire
18. Of all the early Near Eastern civilizations, this ancient culture influenced Western Civilization the most.
II. The ancient Hebrews
the degeneration of social controls present in villages but missing in urban centers.
Illegitimacy in preindustrial Europe was in the very low single digits but rose significantly - to 25 and 33 percent in some countries - following industrialization. A primary cause of this was
France and Britain declared war, but remained relatively inactive militarily.
Immediately following the fall of Poland
Octavian's full Roman name:
Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus (invincible, son of god, blessed one, messiah)
France faced severre economic hardship and financial chaos
In 1789, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General, which had not met since 1614, because
its Egyptian and Near Eastern colonies
In 1798, the French under Napoleon Bonaparte's command attempted to defeat the British by attacking
F
In 1799, Napoleon assumed the title Pater Patrice and governed in the name of the republic
Constantine
In 1830, the rules of Poland was Tsar Nicholas' younger brother _____
True
In 1946, former British prime minister, Winston Churchill, declared that "an iron curtain" had "descended across the continent" of Europe.
When did the A and S's go to war?
In 431 BC
True
In Asia, the turning point in World War II was the Battle of Midway.
Council of 400
In Athens, a group of 400 citizens chosen to form a council responsible for running the day-to-day business of government.
T
In December 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in Notre Dame in Paris
gave an empirical report describing the misery of British factory workers
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels
power is divided between the three branches of government
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where
6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.
In addition to examining everyday life, the literary Realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in
Helots
In ancient Sparta, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors
National Workshops
In early 1848, in response to unemployment and underemployment, the French government established public works...
a fervent disciple of Rousseau's concept of "the general will"
In general, it can be stated that Maximilien Robespierre was
the philosophes had elevated reason above emotion and spontaneity
In general, the Romantics would be likely to argue that
values
In nineteenth-century society, the "middle calss" was unified by similar or common
invaded Normandy in June 1944, carrying out the greatest naval invasion in history.
In order to open up a "second front" in Western Europe, the Allies
unconditional surrender.
In pursuing the war against the Axis powers, the Grand Alliance demanded of its opponents
What were Solon's reforms?
In response to Draconian rule . . . Solon's Reforms - another emergency appointment, Solon 594 BCE, attempt to avoid a civil war; cancelled private debts,did not redistribute lands, banned selling citizens into slavery/elimination of "debt slavery"; acknowledgement of human rights Solon balanced political power between the poor and the rich, eliminated aristocracy, replaced with status based on wealth higher status men could serve in higher offices, but were expected to contribute more (money and service) to Athens council of four hundred (assembly too large to move quickly); chosen annually by adult males any male could prosecute another; archon's decisions could be appealed Solon's reforms broke the pattern of government limited to the elite, established the rule of written law, not embraced by all Solon argued that community values ensured the law
Israel
In the 1948, the United Nations divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. Name the Jewish state.
primarily in daytime, precision bombing of German strategic targets.
In the Allied bombing strategy in Europe, Americans participated
birth of the republic
In the French revolutionary caldendar, September 22, 1792, marked the
Citizenship
In the Greek polis, citizenship describes the idea that all people (free males) had a responsibility to support the city-state. Citizenship also brought with it certain rights for free males, as well as responsibilities. Citizenship applies not only to democratic Athens, but also oligarchic Sparta... Rights/Responsibilities
Norway
In the Nazi New Order, the Germans established civil administrations in which of the following states?
proletarians
In the Roman republic, the mass of people so poor they owned no property.
Edmund Burke
In the book Reflections on the Revolution in France, the English author _____
D-Day
In the early morning of June 6, 1944, Allied forces landed tens of thousands of troops on the beaches of Normandy in an operation termed ___________________. This invasion allowed the Allies to retake France from German control.
False
In the late nineteenth century, urban populations grew faster than the general population, despite the dramatic worsening of health and living conditions in cities.
those that occurred were from the middle class itself, the sons of well-off farmers or professionals
In the nineteenth century, middle-class success stories were mostly a myth since
Primogeniture
In the practice of ___________, the eldest son received all or the largest share of the parents' estate and thus was treated as the favorite.
peasantry
In the second stage of the French Revolution, the Terror, the vast majority of those executed were members of the
Tsar Alexander I
In the years following the Napoleonic Wars, who fashioned himself as the "liberator" of Europe?
King Porus
King who used elephants in battle, defeated in Alexander's hardest fought battle and then made governor in Alexander's empire
Bactria
Indian state on Indus River, set up by Alexander present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. It was one of the ancient civilizations of Iranian peoples.
Marie and Pierre Curie on radium and radiation.
Inquiry into the disintegrative processes within atoms became a central theme in the new physics in part due to the experimental work of
Tanks, mobile artillery, mechanized infantry, and air power.
Integral to Germany's plans for blitzkrieg was
cultural patterns
Interrelated cultural traits that stay consistent over time
False
Marie and Pierre Curie formulated the relativity theory.
21. This ancient culture was a sea-trading people who migrated from Asia Minor to the Greek island of Crete and the southeastern portion of the Greek mainland
NN. The Minoans
Parliament imposed additional taxes and "no taxation without representation."
Name one of the causes of the American Revolution, which was discussed in this week's lectures.
mechanically separated the seeds from the cotton fibers
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the cotton gin
Hesiod
Iron Age poet whose works dealt with the issue of justice/divine justice
Threats to Christendom:
Islam
German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
Name one socialist party in Europe during the late 1800s and early 1900s mentioned in this week's lectures.
Abolition of Slavery
Issue brought up in France in 1791 but was soon put down by French planters; Friends of the Blacks advocated for this; Issue revisited and taken care of in 1794 guided by ideals of equality
Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?
It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life.
How did the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) set the parameters for future relations between European states?
It established a new framework for international relations based on periodic meetings, or congresses, between the major powers.
What features characterized the 1880s movement known as new unionism?
It featured nationwide unions with salaried managers who could organize a widespread general strike across the trades, focusing on common goals such as the eight-hour workday
. How did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?
It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously.
Why did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of "the social contract" pose a direct threat to the perceived legitimacy of eighteenth-century governments?
It implied that people would be most free and moral in republican or democratic societies.
ideas
It is said by some historians that Karl Marx turned G. W. F. Hegel...
The militarization of Prussian society in the late eighteenth century led to which of the following effects?
It kept the peasants enserfed to their lords and blocked the middle classes from access to estates or high government positions
What was the significance of the Factory Act of 1833 in Great Britain?
It outlawed the employment of children under nine years of age in most textile mills and limited the number of days and hours older children could work.
How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform?
It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems.
What effect did the French revolution of 1830 have on the rest of Europe?
It sparked revolts throughout Europe, especially among populations desiring independence or government reform.
Mussolini
Italian leader who laid the foundations for a new political movement that came to be called the fascists in 1919; marched on Rome in 1922 and became prime minister, established a Fascist dictatorship by 1926
Commedia del arte
Italian traveling troupe, Harlequin, Columbine. , slapstick
Unification of Italy
Italian unification, or the Risorgimento, was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century
the majority of its victims were peasants and laborers
Of the "Terror," it can be stated that
the industrial development of France
Of the following, under the Second Empire, Napoleon III was most interested in
writer of pamphlets advancing the rights of women
Olympe de Gouges is best known as the
what beach was most of the fighting at
Omaha beach
T
One of the most important discoveries made in Napoleon's excursion to Egypt was the Rosetta Stone
47. This emperor divided the empire into four major prefectures and ruled by four co-rulers, two in the East and two in the West of the Roman Empire.
K. Emperor Diocletian
44. This Roman Emperor became the first of the line of Caesars to rule the Roman Empire; Jesus was born during his reign.
J. Emperor Augustus
JC and Cato
JC catches up with Cato in N. Africa, allows him to submit, but he won't and he commits suicide
49BC:
JC is declared a dictator
Cicero:
JC lets him submit and he will as long as he retires from public life
6. This empire-sized control of Mesopotamia, northern lands near Turkey and down the coast of Palestine and established its capital at Nineveh.
JJ. The Assyrian Empire
FrenchRevolution reflected ideas of
JJRousseau -evil in humans= result of evils in society -human nature can be made better by political and social change -will of people is best
1607
Jamestown, VA is settled
49. This agreement shifted Christianity from being an illicit, persecuted sect to being a religion of the Roman Empire.
KK. The Edict of Milan
G. W. F. Hegel
Karl Marx developed a thoery of historical development that substituted...
"nation"
One of the most important legacies of the French Revolution was the new term
True
Japan's attack on Manchuria resulted in condemnation by the League of Nations and Japan's withdrawal from the League.
Father of Romanticism:
Jean Jacques Rousseau
2nd most powerful man in the FR:
Jean Paul Marat
The Friend of the People
Jean Paul Marat was an early leader of the revolution and editor of the popular news sheet
who was the president of the confederacy?
Jefferson Davis
fredericksburg
Joe hooker is destroyed in battle even though Lee's army is smaller
The Sorrows of Young Werther
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe influenced the Romantics greatly through his first popular novel
its great artists
Johann von Herder argued in opposition to the philosophes that the character of a nation's civilization derived from
empiricists leader:
John Locke
Soviet Union leader:
Joseph Stalin
his position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party.
Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party was aided by
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789
date of storming of bastille
July 14, 1789
Waterloo
June 18th, place where Napoleon suffered a bloody defeat to the English and the Duke of Wellington with Prussia
date for creation of UN:
June 26, 1945
most important day in 20th century:
June 6, 1944 d-day invasion
Brutus:
Junius Brutus--> from family line of Lucretia. Dedicated to not having a king. most likely JC's son
Voir Dire
Jury selection process of questioning prospective jurors, to ascertain their qualifications and determine any basis for a challenge. - speak the truth
Plato:
Justice Forms/ Ideals his big thing was the cave theory
following his institution of forced-labor camps in the Ukraine.
Khrushchev's unpopularity with the Communist Party reached its apex
Who established the kingdom of England?
King Alfred the Great (871-901)
First Merovingian king
King Clovis 841-511
Who formed Parliament?
King Edward I
king after John:
King Edward I
King after William the Conqueror:
King Henry II -pursued military domination -revised finances to pay for military -made jury
Treaty of Trayes:
King Henry V forced French to skip the next king because he was mentally unstable. Joan of Arc believed the saints told her to fight for him--> she went and fought and was burned at the stake
King after Richard the lionhearted
King John
who was involved in the 100 yrs war?
King Philip IV had no heir and King Edward II claimed the throne
Who formed the Estates General?
King Philip IV:the fair
next king after Henry II
King Richard the lionhearted
What well-educated nobleman took the lead in devising the settlement at the Congress of Vienna and shaping the post-Napoleonic European order?
Klemens von Metternich
45. This foreign language became the international language of business in the Roman Empire.
L. Greek
39. A highly developed culture existed before the arrival of the Romans around 800BCE.
LL. The Etruscan
who followed Lenin?
Leon Trovsky
leaders of renaissance art:
Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael daVinci
Cleomenes
Leonidas' son. He decided (as a stoic) land redistibution was a good idea. He defeated the Achaeans in 228BC and launched a coup, killing 4 of the 5 ephors and exiling the richest men. -went insane and killed himself -- refused to commit Spartan forces overseas against the Persians but readily intervened in the affairs of his Greek rival, Athens
In the early 1880s, what touched off a scramble among European countries for colonies in Africa?
Leopold of Belgium claimed a huge territory in the Congo region.
John Stuart Mill
Liberal; wrote on liberty
Sparta's founding father
Licurgus
Fort sumter story:
Lincoln gets south to shoot first, no one dies, but it starts the war
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain occurred due to the amount of capital the country had readily available, early industrial entrepreneurs, mineral resources, favorable role of government, and a supply of markets.
List one reason why the Industrial Revolution began in the country that it did.
Indigenous
Living or existing naturally in a particular place.
England leader WWI:
Lloyd George
France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
Louis Napoleon's Second Empire was brought to an end by
abolishing torture
Louis XVI wanted to better the lot of the French people by enacting reforms. Unfortunately, his plans were not completely successful. The improvements that he failed to enact included all of the following EXCEPT
T
Louis XVI was condemned to death not by a unanimous vote but by a very narrow margin in the convention
last Carolingian king:
Louis the pious
"bourgeois monarch."
Louis-Philippe became known as the
What was the term used for English workers who wrecked machinery and burned mills in order to protest industrialization?
Luddites
what was the name of the submarine that was targeted by Germany?
Lustania
Magisterial
Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican -embraced that the state and church should work together -belief in infant baptism
19. This ancient culture brought to the western world the concepts of democracy, history, philosophy, science, mathematics, art, drama, music, literature, and the Olympic Games.
M. Greek Culture
Commondus
MA's son -cruel -brings back political instability
empire divided by them:
MA: historic Greek (eastern half) L: takes Africa O: takes western half (closer to Rome= more influential)
31. Conquest of the East was the beginning of a New Greek Age.
MM. The Hellenistic Age
Shakespeare 1564-1616
Macbeth, deep insight into human condition, codified English language
Taken over by...
Macedonians
a commercialized system of agriculture
One of the most important preconditions of industrialization that was best established in Great Britain was
Artificial
Made by human being instead of occurring naturally, usually a copy of something natural
King John:
Magna Carta was established- limited royal authority
How does their democracy work?
Majority wins. So even 1 person's vote can make a difference. -part of why the "idiots" were shunned -imagine the bribery that would go on if a few people's minds needed to be made up
Industry
Manufacturing, making products to sell
Why were laws requiring the education of children difficult to enforce?
Many poorer parents needed their children's help with farmwork or domestic tasks.
Political map
Map designed to show governmental boundaries of countries, states, and counties, the location of major cities.
2nd Triumvirate:
Marc Antony Lepidus Octavian (Caesar Augustus)
Ides of March
March 15, 44bc
Hapsburgs
Maria Theresa-curtailed the role of the diets or provincial assemblies in taxation and local administration; Joseph II-determined to make changes and also carry on his mother's chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe; abolished serfdom, abrogated the death penalty, introduced complete religious toleration and restrictions the Catholic Church
Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King Jr. was one leader of the ___________________ in the 1960s.
The Second International (1889) was an organization that sought
Marxist revolution.
New England:
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut
Secondary source
Materials created later by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events
Primary source
Materials directly related to a topic by time or participation.
Victory in Europe day:
May 8, 1945
Demo
Means "people"
Crete
Mediterranean island that was home to the Minoan civilization
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of the great powers of the time (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia); goal was to contain the revolution dat he revolutionary forces by restoring much of the old order
Citizenship
Membership in a community. -This idea came from the Greek; special rights were granted to citizens. NOTE the folllowing: 1. You must be an Athenian. No foreigners, no system for them to every be allowed to become citizens. 2. No women 3. No slaves 4. Must attend the ceremonies, or else
Citizenship
Membership in a state or community which gives a person civil and political rights and obligations
In the early nineteenth century, in what way did peasant households fail to conform to notions of traditional family life?
Men frequently migrated seasonally to earn money in factories, leaving women at home to tend crops and animals.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was a historic region situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system
Persian Empire
Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.
Aztecs
Mexico conquered by Cortez
hard work, character, and financial independence
Middle-class "respectability" required
False
Mikhail Gorbachev became the head of the Soviet state immediately following the retirement of Nikita Khrushchev in 1964
Melians v. Athenians:
Milos (don't hurt us, just leave us alone- we'd rather die than submit) Athenians (might makes right, if you have the power, use it. We have power, so we will use it.) Athenians kill the Melians
what 4 middles states does Lincoln hold?
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware
Sparta's Government
Monarchy/military dictorship with democratic elements --Two-King Monarchy --5 ephors elected by citizens to report on private citizens -citizens oversee lots of land
Moral Autonomy
Moral autonomy, usually traced back to Kant, is the capacity to deliberate and to give oneself the moral law, rather than merely heeding the injunctions of others
Moses
Moses is a prophet in the Abrahamic religions. According to the Hebrew Bible, he was adopted by an Egyptian princess, and later in life became the leader of the Israelites and lawgiver
False
Most of the Holocaust death camps were in the Sudetenland.
serfs
Most of the labor force in Russia was made up of _____, who remained bound to the land and did not profit from their labor until 1861
F
Most victims of the "Reign of Terror" were aristocrats, nobility, or wealthy merchants and artisans
Earth works
Mounds of dirt used for a building or defensive purpose
who comes out of FR:
Napoleon Bonaparte
lycees
Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the establishment of _____ in every major town to train gov't officials
Waterloo
Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated for the last time in Belgium at the battle of
T
Napoleon was interested in rebuilding and beautifying his own country, and ordered work to be undertaken to restore the ruins of Rome and to make the Prado Palace in Madrid into a museum
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
Napoleon's foreign minister who continued to serve the monarchy after the restoration was
The battle of Salamis:
Naval battle: trireme ships Themistocles corners Xerxes into passing each ship one by one into a narrow canal and that gives the Greeks enough time to ram into each boat Xerxes just sits on the beach and watches
What made the nineteenth-century Victorian culture such a unique social phenomenon?
Never before had a British monarch influenced popular mores and manners to such a degree.
Jeremy Bentham
One of the most influential British liberals and author of The Principles of Morals and Legislation was
What was the target of Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf in the 1870s?
Organized religion
plight of the agricultural laborers
Nineteenth-century liberals were least concerned with the
Is there universal agreement on the term "civilization?"
No, largely because historians cannot always agree on what 'progress' in a civilization looks like
What were the most frequent destinations for international migrants who left Europe seeking economic opportunity?
North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand
ww1 ended:
Nov 11, 1918 at 11 am with 11 million dead
Bolshevik Revolution
November 6, 1917 the Bolsheviks took control of Pentograd under the immensely popular slogan "All power to the soviets."
13. The Egyptians writing system
O. Hieroglyphics
25. Greek civil war between the city-states of Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies
OO. The Peloponnesian War
Why was Egypt an early and attractive target for European takeover in the age of imperialism?
Occupying Egypt gave Europeans easy access to the interior of central Africa, especially down the Nile corridor and through the Sudan.
O takes C:
Octavian comes and takes C- she kills herself with a snake and she was the last of the ptolemaic lineage
Wall street crash
October 24, 1929-
broke w/ the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism
On August 4, 1789, the French National Assembly
False
One advantage that the Nazis had in the Battle of Britain was their radar system, which gave them early warning of British attacks on Germany.
Charles Dickens
One consequence of the industralization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment. This was first noted in its...
the pursuit of wealth was perceived as a worthy goal in life
One explanation for Britain's lead in the Industrial Revolution was that
Mary Shelley
One of the best-known examples of Romantic fiction, Frankenstein, was written by
Eugene Delacroix
One of the best-known images of the revolutions of 1830 is Liberty Leading the People by
Thomas Newcomen
One of the developments that hastened the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine, originally developed to remove water from mines by
the continued effects of serfdom
One of the greatest obstacles to freely buying and selling land and the commercialization of agriculture in nineteenth-century Europe was
Italy leader WWI:
Orlando
Dissatisfied minority ethnic groups in the Austrian Empire began turning to which transnational movement in protest of their lack of opportunities for self-rule?
Pan-Slavism
British Parliament
Parliament had the power to make laws , levy taxes, pass the budget, and indirectly influence the king's ministers
salt
Peasants in prerevolutionary France paid a disproportionate share of the taxes, such as the corvee and the tithe to the Church, but the most onerous of these was the tax on
Pisistratus
Peisistratos, Latinized Pisistratus, the son of Hippocrates, was a ruler of ancient Athens during most of the period between 561 and 527 BC
Who was Peisistratus
Peisistratus established a tyranny in 546 BCE, frustrated with Solon's reforms his son Hippias was expelled with the help of the Spartans in 510 BCE
rationalism
People justify their claims by logic and reason, not myth.
Marxist
People who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political system This theory believes that power and control in the media lie within the ruling class (the bourgeoisie)
Aspasia
People: the most famous metic woman; known for her intelligence and personal charm; gave advice to other women; attempted to gain more education and personal freedoms to Athenian wome -disliked by (male) population; took over Pericles
Pericles
Pericles was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars
The battle of Thermopylae:
Persians win and Leonidas dies
Peloponnesian war
Philip II comes to power
What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?
Philosophes
metaphysics
Philosophical ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach if human senses.
reasons for the recovery of Greek civilization
Phoenician alphabet, adoption of iron making
The Museum
Place in Alexandria, Egypt where great minds met
Plato
Plato was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world
The Forms
Plato's concept that there are ideal essences (the Forms) of objects or things
the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.
Prussian leadership of German unification meant that
cult
Publicly funded religious activities; overseen by priests and priestesses.
Warsaw Pact:
Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states
Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed.
After JC takes power in Rome:
Pompey tries to run to Egypt, but Egypt doesn't want to be on JC's bad side, so they kill Pompey
Pompey and Caesar:
Pompey's army out numbers Caesar's, but P gets scared and decides he wants even more so he goes back to Asia Minor to get the rest of his army-- but this just gives JC the opportunity to walk right into Rome and claim power
2nd Vatican council:
Pope John Paul II Pope Francis I
embracing Marxist socialism.
Pope Leo III responded to modern ideas in all of the following ways except
4. Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because of he
X. subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley.
William I appointed Otto von Bismarck chancellor in 1862 in the hope that Bismarck would do which of the following?
Put down the growing power of the liberals in the Prussian parliament
Which country led the way for exploration?
Portugal (also Spain a bit)
What theory led many Europeans to believe that they could solve all social problems through the scientific analysis of facts?
Positivism
Photorealism.
Postmodernism in art could include all of the following except
they became convinced that American troops would suffer heavy casualties in an invasion of Japan.
President Truman and his advisers chose to use the atomic bombs against Japan because
Austen 1775-1817
Pride and Prejudice, 1st true novelistdialogue driven 6 novels
Jefferson 1776
Primary author of Declaration of Independence
Intervention
Principle of _____________ meant that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.
What is legal in Athens?
Prostitution
Mountains
Protective barrier
2. What is a major characteristic of civilization?
Y. Organized government
43. A member of the Patrician class who changed the Roman state from a republic to an empire.
Q. Julius Caesar
24. The Greeks fought this ancient empire for 30 years and defeated its king, Darius the Great.
QQ. The Persian Wars
embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call Victorian
Queen Victoria of England ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs, in no small measure because she
The discovery of which medicine removed a roadblock to European conquest of Africa?
Quinine
29. This Greek King transformed his country economically, developed metallurgy, built new cities, modernized his capital city and hired the Greek philosopher Aristotle to educate his son Alexander.
R. King Philip II
Herodotus ENCOURAGED
REASEARCH
41. The Romans fought three major wars with the Carthaginians.
RR. The Punic Wars.
What new mentality spread throughout Europe after 1848 and rejected idealism in favor of tough-minded realism aimed at strengthening the state and tightening social order?
Realpolitik
The Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, connected the
Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.
the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies.
Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward
mystery cult
Religious worship that provided initiation into secret knowledge and divine protection; a hope for a better afterlife.
Female midwives during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy.
plebiscites
Resolutions passed by the Plebeian Assembly; such resolutions gained the force of law in 287 BCE.
Nineteenth-century poets and writers who collected old legends and folktales that expressed a shared cultural and linguistic heritage stretching back to the Middle Ages embraced what ideology?
Romantic nationalism
Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism.
Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by
J. M. W. Turner
Romanticism was exhibited in the paintings of the British artist
How Rome treated Carthage after winning:
Rome made Carthage a client state of Rome: they can't fight outside Africa and they owe Rome money
Republics came from...
Rome.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Romes most famous orator an author of the doctrine of humanitas.
First English Settlement:
Roanoke Island, VA -Sir Walter Raleigh
1517
Roman Catholic v. Protestant
The Trans-Siberian Railroad played a key role in the expansion of what country into northern Asia?
Russia
Which of the following European countries was the slowest to industrialize?
Russia
The Crimean War began as a war between which states?
Russia and the Ottoman Empire
Tsar Nicholas II
Russian tsar who issued the October Manifesto, in which he granted civil liberties and agreed to create a legislative assembly known as the Duma, elected directly by a broad franchise in order to end The Revolution of 1905, in 1911 he curtailed the power of the Duma and fell back on the army and bureaucracy in Russia; was brutally murdered with his family
Babushkas:
Russian women who protested food rationing, troops sent to stop them, but then the troops joined them
Berlin Blockade:
Russians shut down border crossing in violation of treaties and agreements
After uprisings by minority nationalist groups, Tsar Alexander II insisted that minorities in the Russian Empire adopt the Russian language and culture, a policy known as
Russification
28. Greek city-states weaken by war, were soon to be subjugated by small Greek kingdom
S. Macedonia
26. They were popular teachers, for a fee, they would educate the sons of wealthy Greek aristocrats.
SS. The Sophists
who was allies at beginning of war?
SU and Germany
Great Britain
Seven Years' War was fought between two coalitions, one led by France, the other by
pederasty.
Sex between an older man and a younger man, or a boy; sometimes called boy love. -forbidden
self-help
Samuel Smiles is best known for advancing the middle-class ethic of
In 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for?
Sapere aude ("Dare to know")
Saul and David
Saul was anointed by the prophet Samuel and reigned from Gibeah. He fell on his sword (committing suicide) to avoid capture in the battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa; David was his son-in-law who took the throne after him and killed Goliath
SUGARWE
Social Structure, Urban Setting, Government, Art and Architecture, Religion, Writing, Economics
Peloponnesian war was at the same time as:
Socrates
battle of Antietam date
Sept 1, 1862
Beginning of WWII date:
Sept. 1, 1939 (Germany and SU invade Poland)
epigrams
Short poems written by women in the Hellenistic Age; many were about other women and the writers personal feelings.
Idiots
Shunned; citizens who did not attempt the Assembly. -acception would be sickness, great tragedy, fighting in war
ostracized
Shunned; excluded; left out
commoners.
Sieyès wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the
peasant and laboring classes.
Sixty percent of the victims of the Reign of Terror were
Brazil
Slavery was abolished last in
The wealthy elites of nineteenth-century Europe often quoted principles from which of the following theories to justify their success and assert their natural superiority over the poor?
Social Darwinism
What ideology helped enable the expansion of European imperialism by using racist ideas of European superiority to justify the conversion of trade with Africans into conquest of their lands?
Social Darwinism
Abelard compared to ___:
Socrates A- is more hubristic S- hubristic, but more likeable
Solon
Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in archaic Athens
Austria, Russia, and Prussia
Some members of the Concert of Europe which allied themselves in the Holy Alliance were
Puppet king
Somebody who occupies a position of power but is being controlled by an outside force.
Pagan
Someone who believes in more then one god or someone who has little or no religious belief
Acquisition
Something that has been gained
Xerxes
Son of Darius 1, he assembled an immense force to avenge his fathers defeat by invading Greece and adding the mainland city-states to the many lands paying him taxes.
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip 2, conquest of all the lands from Turkey to Egypt to Uzbekistan while still in his twenties, leading to his troops calling him this...
T
T/F: The Industrial Revolution led to the development of a great many capital-intensive enterprises, new ways of organizing people's labor, and the rapid growth of cities
Incas
South America conquered by Pizarro
first state to secede:
South Carolina
Major world power 16/17th century:
Spain -set up government in Mexico and Peru
F
T/F: The Romantics were a conservative force who looked back to religion and history for inspiration
T
T/F: The aims of Tsar Alexander's "Holy Alliance" were to establish justice, Christian charity, and peace
True
T/F: The eighteenth-century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution.
Why did slavery and the slave trade continue for several decades after Britain and France abolished its practice in their empires in the 1830s and 1840s?
Spanish and Portuguese traders continued to trade slaves to Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, where the practice of slavery continued unabated.
who wins the Pel. war?
Sparta
Helot
Spartan slave; responsible for all farming
Sparta and Olympics
Spartan women joined 2!
The battle of Plataea:
Spartans wipe out leftover Persians: Pausamis is later put to death
Many European advocates of imperialism believed that whites had a "civilizing mission"; what did this mission entail?
Spreading superior European knowledge and culture to colonial subjects through education or even violence, if necessary
first satellite:
Sputnik 1957
F
T/F: The first modern railway connected Stockton to Manchester to transport coal from the mines
oldest city in USA
St. Augustine, FL
who followed after Leon Trovsky?
Stalin
coal
Steam engines were powered by
Athens' Military
Strong navy, trireme fleet
Westerlies
Strong winds that blow from the west to the east in Europe
T
T/F: Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment and classicism
True
T/F: Seventeenth century treatment of disease was highly influenced by Galen's doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile.
T
T/F: Talleyrand survived the French Revolution by fleeing to the United States
False
T/F: The American Revolution was greatly admired by most Europeans in the 1770s and 1780s because it established a republican form of government rather than a monarchy.
False
T/F: The Crimean War was caused primarily by the Ottoman Empire's attempt to destroy the Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Palestine.
T
T/F: The Industrial Revolution intensified human labor much more often than it eased it
9. This Egyptian Pharaoh in 3150BCE unified Egypt and made the city of Memphis his capital.
T. Narmer
T
T/F: After the Congress of Vienna, a ruler was made legitimate not just by a claim to divine right, but also by international treaties and support
F
T/F: After the fall of Napoleon, France still remained the most powerful continental state...
True
T/F: At the Tennis Court Oath, a pivotal moment in the early stages of the French Revolution, members of the Third Estate declared themselves to be a National Assembly, though they had no legal right to constitute themselves as such.
T
T/F: Balzac believed the changes of the French Revolution and industrialization had merely replaced an old aristocracy with a new one: a materialistic middle class
T
T/F: Britain's cotton industry was a direct result of the tariffs protecting the British wool industry, which prohibited imports of Indian cottons
True
T/F: During the era of the Directory, the economic regulations and controls adopted by the Committee of Public Safety were dropped in favor of more laissez-faire policies.
F
T/F: England was the most densely populated country in Europe by the close of the eighteenth century
T
T/F: In 1860, the largest single occupational category in Great Britain was the agricultural laborer
True
T/F: In 1861 the new kingdom of Italy was subordinated to the control of Piedmont and Victor Emmanuel II.
True
T/F: In her Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment was based on the ideal that reason is innate in all human beings, including women.
T
T/F: Ironically, and organized movement to abolish the international slave trade emerged first in Britain, the country that profited most from it
T
T/F: Isaac Newton's studies of light played an important part in the Romantic painters' new uses of light
False
T/F: Jacques-Louis David painted in the Rococo style.
F
T/F: Liberalism required democracy
T
T/F: Middle-class leisure included concerts, parks, bathing spots, museums, and even department stores
T
T/F: Most prostitutes were women who were trying to manage during a period of unemployment, rather than professional sex workers
False
T/F: Napoleon Bonaparte was an Enlightened leader.
T
T/F: Of all the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, perhaps the most revolutionary was in the new forms of energy that were discovered
F
T/F: On the Italian peninsula, the Carbonari, the term given to the feared secret police, ruthlessly repressed political opposition...
F
T/F: Only after a series of factory acts was the employment of children in mines and mills under the age of eighteen made illegal
False
T/F: President Abraham Lincoln formally declared an end to the Civil War on August 20, 1866
T
T/F: Railways were constructed almost entirely without aid of machinery
False
T/F: Romanticism as an ideology and a mood embraced emotionality but avoided individualism, emphasizing notions of collectivity instead.
Moliere 1622-1673
Tartuffe, influenced by commedis del arte, Shakespeare
Sparta's Role
Teams up with Persia to take down Athens and suceed in 404 BC
próxenoi
Technique of imperial administration by Athens (460s-420s) -citizen (chosen by the city) hosted foreign ambassadors at his own expense, in return for honorary titles from the state
What concerns drove middle-class social reformers to form temperance societies throughout Europe and the United States?
Temperance advocates saw drunkenness as a sign of moral weakness and a threat to social order.
US introduced what plan to recapitalize Germany?
The Dawes Plan
initiated by an elite corps of Russian army officers
The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was
What main critique of organized Christianity did Voltaire include in his influential Philosophical Dictionary (1764)?
That Christianity had been the prime source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
Although the issue remained controversial, what argument did nation-building reformers use to push for women's access to higher education in the nineteenth century?
That a good education would make women more interesting wives and better mothers of future citizens
In his 1755 book The Natural History of Religion, the Scottish philosopher David Hume made what argument about religion?
That belief in God was rooted in fear and superstition
The British political theorist Edmund Burke (1729-1799) was known for what influential belief?
That government should be rooted in experience and that all change should be gradual and respect tradition
The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790) made what contention about individual self-interest?
That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society
What was the reasoning behind the 1834 passage of a new poor law in Great Britain, dubbed by its critics the "Starvation Act"?
That the distress caused by the separation of family members from one another in workhouses would encourage the poor to move to areas of higher employment
was another name for the alliance signed by Austria, Prussia, BRITAIN, and Russia
The "Concert of Europe"
a continuing economic crisis sparked by the price of bread
The "October Days" of 1789 were caused by
middle-class women of Victorian England
The "angel in the house" referred to
Koine
The "common" or "shared" form of the Greek language that became the international language in the Hellenistic period.
proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.
The American Revolution affected Europeans by
Lyndon Johnson
The American president who made the decision to bomb North Vietnam and who significantly increased the number of American troops in the Second Vietnam War was
Edgar Allan Poe
The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was
Why did the 1848 revolution in Hungary ultimately fail to achieve political autonomy?
The Austrian government took advantage of ethnic and social divisions within the revolutionary movement to suppress the nationalist revolt.
False
The Berlin Air Lift was initiated by the Soviet Union to provide provisions to East Berlin after a blockade by the United States, Great Britain, and France.
freedom of religion
The Bill of Rights ratified by the new United States guaranteed
False
The Boxers in China were successful in limiting the influence of the European nations and Japan.
the construction workers who built the railways
The British "navvies" were
wheat
The British Anti-Corn Law League sought the repeal of laws regulating what commodity
realized the controversial nature of any move to regulate labor, but nevertheless passed several pieces of legislation to prohibit hiring children under the age of nine and to limit the hours worked by those under the age of eighteen
The British gov't, concerned with working conditions in the early 1800s, held a series...
T
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy demanded the clergy serve France rather than Rome
In terms of their impact, what set Marx and Engels apart from other socialist and communist intellectuals?
The Communist Manifesto became the foundation document for communist revolutions around the world.
Warsaw Pact
The Communist military response to the formation of NATO was the
did not revoke the principle of religious freedom established by the revolution
The Concordat of 1801
the French Revolution of 1830
The Congress of Vienna joined the Netherlands and Belgium together as a buffer against France, but...
one of the first join-stock investment banks
The Credit Mobilier, founded in 1852, was
Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. When Sparta declared war, it announced that it wanted to liberate Greece from Athenian oppression. And with some justification, because Athens had converted the Delian League, which had once been meant as a defensive alliance against the Persian Empire, into an Athenian empire
Persia
The Persian Empire is one of a series of imperial dynasties centered in Iran. Persia was in power from 550 B.C. until 330 B.C.
passed because the governing class feared a union of the working and middle classes
The Reform Bill of 1832
humanitas
The Roman orator Cicero's ideal of "humaneness", meaning generous and honest treatment of others based on natural law.
optimates
The Roman political faction supporting the "best" or highest, social class; established during the late republic.
populares
The Roman political faction supporting the common people; established during the late republic.
Securitate.
The Romanian secret police force was called the
Borodino
The Russian campaign of 1812 was marked by minor fighting until the Russians made a stand just outside Moscow at
the end of Germany's final, futile effort to win the war
The Second Battle of the Marne was
Steel
The Second Industrial Revolution saw the advent of what new product?
F
The September Massacres only killed seven prisoners, five of whom were petty criminals and two who were mentally incompetent
Agoge
The Spartan military school that boys began attending at the age of seven. -- -normally means "Rearing" but in this context it means "guidance or training"
millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps.
The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed
The lower aristocrats
The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except
in suppressing revolution
The Troppau Memorandum, which was signed by...
Alfred, Lor Tennyson
The Victorian attitude toward gender roles is best summarize by the lines...
Civil War
The ________ was fought between the Union states of the North and the Confederate forces of the South. What began as a war to save the Union became a war against slavery.
Manhattan
The ___________ Project was a research and development project located in Los Alamos and produced the first atomic bomb during WWII.
Industrial Revolution
The ___________'s effect on the standard of living especially benefited the middle classes; led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society; eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes
Immunity
The ability to resist infection by a particular disease
Sacrifice
The act of killing and animal, or person or giving up a possession as an offering to a god
Chartism
The aim of the group was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. It got its name from the formal petition, or People's Charter, that listed the six main aims of the movement.
After the revolutions of 1848, political power across most of Europe belonged to which of the following?
The aristocracy
Betty Friedan.
The author of The Feminine Mystique and who was a founder of the National Organization of Women was
play a critical role in articulating grievances by the French people
The authors state that "ideas did not cause the revolution," but they did
Population density
The average number of people living within a square mile
Climate
The average weather in an area over a long period of time
monarchy
The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability which the conservatives thought would be guaranteed by the
Trafalgar
The battle that broke French naval power in the Mediterranean was fought at
materialism
The belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideas was simply a result of physical forces is known as
Émile Zola.
The best example of Naturalism in literature can be found in the novels of
First Triumvirate
The coalition formed in 60 BCE by Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. "Group of three"
widespread famine.
The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by
generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.
The colonists won their war for independence due to
Overpopulation
The condition of having to many people and straining resources
Railroad locomotives
The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world. _____ was one of its many applications
diaspora
The dispersal of the Jewish population from their homeland.
détente
The doctrine that eased Cold War tensions in the 1970s is known as
Austria.
The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
the use of military force and financial agreements
The domination of the world by European industry was, in general, a result of
Continental System
The economic system created by Napoleon Bonaparte to starve British trade was known as the
Which of the following was the most dramatic of Alexander II's Great Reforms?
The emancipation of almost fifty million serfs
Armenians
The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the
Oath of the Tennis Court
The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution was the
Cultural Diffusion
The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.
reflected the depth of discontent on the part of the French people in 1789
The fall of the Bastille, the "Great Fear," and the "October Days" were all important because they
lower Egypt
The fan-shaped delta region at the mouth of the Nile River was part of
William Blake
The fiercest critic of British industrial society was the poet
Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.
The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when
torah
The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible; early Jewish law
Eastern Europe
The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was
Teaching
The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was
cotton textile industry.
The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its
Twelve Tables
The first written Roman law code, entitled between 451 and 449 BCE.
Karl Marx
The founder of modern socialism was
Alexander the Great
The fourth-century Macedonian kind whose conquest of the Persian Empire led to the greatly increased cultural interactions of Greece and the Near East in the Hellenistic Age
Stagflation
The period from 1973 to the mid 1980s was one of economic stagnation, which came to be known as _____________. It is a combination of high inflation and high unemployment.
What issue took precedence over social reform and constitutional changes in the German states in 1848?
The goal of German unification
popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I.
The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by
Agricultural revolution
The increase of food production because agriculture with new advances could feed more people at lower prices with less labor.
canals, roads, and bridges; not internal customs posts.
The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following:
patron-client system
The interlocking network of mutual obligations between Roman patrons (social superiors) and clients (social inferiors).
Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler
The internal combustion engine was developed by
Which of the following technological developments was key to the acceleration of Western penetration of Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century?
The invention of the machine gun
What reforms did the revolution of 1830 achieve in France?
The king extended political liberties and doubled the number of voting men, though that number remained miniscule, and the king's reforms did little to improve the situation of the poor and working classes.
Philip of Macedon
The king who United Greece through military control and the father of Alexander he was assassinated though
Toussaint L Ouverture
The leader of the Haitian Revolution, who did not live to see independence, was
Empire William II of Germany.
The leader who remarked, "In questions of honor and vital interests, you don't consult others" was
Germany.
The leading industrial power in Europe after 1870 was
Joseph Swan.
The light bulb was invented independently by Thomas Edison and
Cahiers de Doleances
The lists of grievances drawn up by the delegates of the three Estates were called the
diminishing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
The many environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT
parthenon
The massive temple to Athena as a warrior goddess built a top the Athenian acropolis in the Golden Age of Greece.
Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes
The meeting of the Estates-General was radicalized from the beginning because of the positions taken by the members of the Third Estate and also because of the published popular views of _____, a member of the First Estate
In the eighteenth century, the ranks of what social class grew steadily in western Europe as the result of economic expansion?
The middle class
coal
The mining industry in England expanded rapidly with industrialization due to the increased demand for
conciliarism
The modern ideologies that were first articulated in the nineteenth century following the defeat of Napoleon included all of the following EXCEPT
the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was
a deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of German war plans.
The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was
march on Versailles by the women of Paris
The most notable action of the "October Days" in 1789 was the
The World Cup
The most watched event on television is
Parliament
The national legislature of England, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons
Delian League
The naval alliance led by Athens in the Golden Age that became the basis for the Athenian Empire.
Admiral Horatio Nelson
The naval battle in 1805 between the French and British naval forces was won by
Serbia
The new state of Yugoslavia had as its nucleus
Credit Mobilier
The nineteenth-century banking revolution was accompanied by scandal; the greatest of the banks involved was the Pereire brothers' banks, the
Unification of Germany
The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War.
Syncretism
The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.
the professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, an engineers.
The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all of the following except
Acropolis
The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city
New Lanark, Scotland
The utopian socialist Robert Owen put his beliefs into practice in his cotton factory in
demes
The villages and city neighborhoods that formed the constituent political units of Athenian democracy in the late Archaic Age.
indicated that Napoleon could be defeated on the battlefield
The war fought in Spain was significant because it
Why did the Seven Years' War have such a significant impact on American-British relations?
The war removed the threat of French invasion from the north, which made the colonists less dependent on British naval might and thus more willing to act on their grievances.
as an example of the idea of "total war"
The wars Napoleon waged to build his empire may be viewed
Trade winds
The winds that blow regularly in the tropics
moral dualism
The world is an ongoing battle between the good and evil.
Sumer
The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.
liberals
The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher, John Locke, formed the basis for English
Maria Theresa.
The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was
John Kay
There were many inventions that improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s, but the first of these was the "flying shuttle," which was invented by
How did British religious reformers attempt to combat religious indifference among the working classes?
They banned popular recreations on Sundays.
What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society?
They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance.
What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas?
They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas.
Output
They had little farming land, however, in the mountains they could grow olives (cooking and lighting oil) and grapes (Wine) which became their major exports that they exchanged for other goods.
Carthage
This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.
Athens
This city was the seat of Greek art, science, and philosophy. Paul visited this city during his second missionary journey and spoke to the citizens about their altar to the unknown god. -also known as the birthplace of Western civilization; the ancient capital of present-day Greece.
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
This group of people were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.
Arabic number system
This is the system we use today. Invented by the Indians and the Muslims. Much easier to use than the Roman Number System. This was significant because more people could understand numbers/math/science, which lead to more inventions and more mathematical and scientific advances.
The English Poor Law Act of 1834
This law established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification
This leader practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy
Patronage
This term allowed wealthy landed aristocrats to gain support in the House of Commons elections.
The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels
This writing was based all historical development on class struggle.
physiocrats
Those who urged the French gov't to reform its economic policies were known as the
Ephebos
Though the word can simply refer to the adolescent age of young men of training age, its main use is for the members, exclusively from that age group, of an official institution that saw to building them into citizens, but especially training them as soldiers, sometimes already sent into the field; the Greek city state mainly depended on its militia of citizens for defense. -18-2
Adapt
To change a trait in order to survive
Convert
To change from one thing to another
. What was the goal of the Japanese reformers who enacted the Meiji Restoration in 1868?
To combine the innovations of Western science with a restoration of Eastern values as a way of "making new"
What was one of the main purposes of the Dual Alliance forged by Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879
To defend against Russian aggression, particularly in the Balkans
Unify
To join together
During the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and beyond, British prime minister Robert Castlereagh (1769-1822) had which of the following goals?
To make Great Britain the chief arbiter of European affairs
Isolate
To make separate from others
Migrate
To move to an area to settle
Mummification
To preserve a boy by embalming it an wrapping it in cloth
What was the aim of the Chartist movement, which organized in Britain in the 1830s?
To transform Britain into a democracy
Overuse
To use something too much or too often
Reformed Theology Acrostic
Total depravity of man Unconditional election Limited atonement Irresistible grace Perseverance of the saints
What treaty established France, Germany, and Lorraine?
Treaty of Verdun 843
what treaty ended WWI:
Treaty of Versailles
who decided to drop the bombs?
Truman
Bolshiviks
Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown by the ___________________, a political party dedicated to violent revolution that would destroy the capitalist system.
Interdependence
Two or more parties depending on each other
George Sand
Two well-known female French writers of the Romantic Age were Germaine de Stael and
WWI allies:
US, England, France, Italy
who formed the UN?
US, Russia, France, England, and China
42. Between 133 and 31BCE, the Republic was in turmoil by foreign wars, foreign governments in revolt, slave rebellions, and poor Roman citizens rioting.
UU. The Roman Civil War
Father of reformed:
Ulrich Zwingli
the protection of human rights globally.
Under the U.S. presidency of Jimmy Carter, a major goal of American foreign policy was
King Narmer (Menes)
United the previously separated territories of the Upper(southern) and Lower(Northern) Egypt
What differentiated Karl Marx's views about the possibilities for social change from those of utopian socialists?
Unlike utopian socialists, who believed in cooperation, Marx was a realist whose views were based on scientific analysis and who saw class struggle as the basis for social change.
12. The Egyptians were polytheistic and believed in an afterlife, they preserved the body at death through this unique process.
V. Mummification
38. This ancient civilization united Western Europe, North Africa, and the Near East under a single military government.
VV. The Roman Empire
Caesar v. Vercingetorix
Vercingetorix united Gaul and tried to defeat Caesar but Caesar strategically retreated and then trapped V. V had to surrender and JC conquered Gaul
novels sympathetic to the plight of the common person
Victor Hugo wrote
9-10th centuries:
Vikings got as far as Greenland and possibly to Americas
Norman Conquest:
Vikings seized parts of France
hubris
Violent; arrogance
The First Colony
Virginia 1619
Southern Colonies
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland
religious intolerance.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
35. The rise of Greek science and foreign religions cast doubt on the traditional gods of the Greeks gave rise to ritualism, hidden truths, and initiations
W. Mystery Cults
50. This is the Latin translation of the Scriptures from Greek manuscripts.
WW. The Vulgate
Iron Curtain fell and Cold War:
WWII ends with Germany divided into 4 places (West and east) Communist east Germany (SU) builds the Berlin Wall
Communism
War ____________ included the nationalization of banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Bolshevik control.
Peloponnesian War
War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.
Germany launched a surprise attack on Russia.
War broke out between Russia and Germany in 1941 when
Cold war 2 sides:
Warsaw and NATO
The French Revolution was caused by multiple things including long-term problems and short-term crises. Among the reasons were classes among the estates or classes of French citizens, ideas of Enlightenment, strong opposition by the third class citizens to their duties to the church and also their landlords, poor harvests, and high unemployment particularly among those who lived in urban areas.
Was the French Revolution caused by long-term problems, short-term crises, or both?
European civilization is the same thing as...
Western civilization
skills, wages, and gender
What determined the division of the working class into subgroups?
textile mills
What did the British poet William Blake describe as "these dark satanic mills?"
The Library of Alexandria
What was the most significant part of Greek science? -people came from all over the world to get an education here
F
When fighting the Russians in Moscow, Napoleon torched the city, leaving no place for the Russians to shelter
Directory
When the Committee of Public Safety fell from power in 1794, it was replaced by a more moderate group known as the
Oath of the Tennis Court
When the Third Estate renamed itself the National Assembly and was locked out of the Estates-General meeting hall at Versailles, it ...
Ionia
Where did the Persian Wars begin?
Versailles
Where the Estates-General opened at on May 5???
Compulsory education from ages five to eight meant that could follow written instructions from factory supervisors; not-The small size of children facilitated their movement around machines, Children represented a cheap supply of labor, Children made up an abundant supply of labor.
Which of the following is not a reason owners of cotton factories employed children?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Which of the following philosophers is often considered to be a precursor to the Romantic Movement?
His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.
Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?
The Conservative party in the 1950s and 1960s revoked nearly all of the welfare legislation passed by the Labour party in the 1940s.
Which of the following statements concerning postwar Great Britain is false?
U.S. determination to be more involved in European affairs.
Which one of the following did not characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?
Italy praised Germany and counseled more such behavior in the future.
Which one of the following did not occur after Hitler's unilateral 1935 announcement of German rearmament?
Richard Arkwright - water frame
Which pairing is correct?
It was unplanned and affected different industries in different countries at different rates of speed
Which statement best describes the Industrial Revolution?
Georges Danton
Who was a member of the French Committee of Public Safery?
the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood
William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of
Abelard's teacher
William of Champeaux
GB leader:
Winston Churchill
largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers.
Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy were
an act of Parliament.
Women were given the right to take qualifying exams for medical school in Britain in 1876 by
According to the ideology that historians call domesticity, what role were women expected to play in society?
Women were to devote themselves to their family and their home, living their lives entirely within the domestic sphere.
US leader WWI:
Woodrow Wilson
What does the "putting-out" system of the nineteenth century refer to?
Workers producing goods at home with raw materials supplied by outside contractors
William Pitt
Younger Secretary of state during American revolution, George's madness
46. From 31BCE to 180CE was a time of peace in the Roman Empire.
Z. Pax Romana
36. The founder of the philosophy of Stoicism
ZZ. Zeno
Revolution of 1848
a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history. The revolutions were essentially democratic in nature, with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating independent national states.
Hippocratic Oath
a set of promises about patient care that new doctors make when they start practicing medicine
similarly: the Romans:
loved the Iliad, but hated Odysseus -The Iliad is about honor and duty in the face of death, but Odysseus is just a trickster and a liar
American Revolution v. the French Revolution
american rev: religious event french rev: is an anti-religious event
. Following Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, Francis Joseph reluctantly agreed to the establishment of a "dual monarchy," which granted Magyars
a restored Hungarian parliament with control over domestic matters in Hungary.
Revolution of 1830
a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.
Trade route
a route, often covering a long distance, that people buying and selling goods
Pharaoh
a ruler in ancient Egypt
Thomas Jefferson
an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809
Pantheism
____________ identifies the great force in nature with God. The Romantics would have nothing to do with the deist God of the Enlightenment, the remote creator of the world-machine.
citizen
a 'stakeholder' in the civilization, rather than a 'subject' (as people were in the time of Myceneae and Minoa
Romanticism
a 19th century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
Martin Luther King, Jr.
a Baptist minister who became the leader of a growing movement for racial equality, and by the early 1960's, a number of groups, including King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), were organizing sit-ins and demonstrations across the South to end racial segregation, In August 1963 he led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to dramatize African Americans' desire for equal rights and opportunities
Phalanxes
a Macedonian battle formation of infantry standing in close ranks with their shields and long spears overlapping each other.
Karl Marx
a Prussian-born philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. As an adult, he became stateless and spent much of his life in London, England, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works, the most well-known being the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto.
Marathon
a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians Site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. Athens was victorious and a messenger was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news.
Temple
a building devoted to the worship, or seen as the dwelling place, of a god or gods or other objects of religious importance
Polis
a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes
Otto von Bismarck
a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe
Carl Jung
a disciple of Freud, came to believe that Freud's theories were too narrow and reflected Freud's owl personal biases; viewed the unconscious as twofold: a "personal unconscious" and at a deeper level, a "collective unconscious"
Cato the Younger or Marcus Porcius Cato
a famous politician and author, described this clout: "all mankind rule their wives, we [Roman men] rule all mankind, and our wives rule us."
Patriarchy
a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.
Alliance
a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific reasons.
personality=
a gift
Grand Army
a group of more than 600,000 men under Napoleon that entered to try and take over Russia
Empire
a group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful ruler or government.
Macedonians
a group of people who lived in Macedonia and were grouped into tribes. They were referred to as barbarians by the Greeks. Led by Alexander the Great he invaded the Persian Empire spreading the Greek culture, Hellenism -People who conquered Greece and brought democracy to an end.
PA:
a holy experiment for Quakers but was tolerant of all Christians
Epic poem
a long, narrative poem that is usually about heroic deeds and events that are significant to the culture
Crusade
a medieval military expedition made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
. The Confederation of the Rhine, established in 1806, resulted from
a mere rumor disseminated by Metternich, who sought to sway Napoleon into negotiating a truce by feigning the establishment of a pan-German military alliance.
Crimean War
a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church
secondary source
a secondary source is an historical source that is indirectly connected to the period being studied - it has been interpreted; example - textbook
Nationalism
a sense of national consciousness baed on awareness of being part of a community - a "nation" - that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs, and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty
Impressionism
a movement that originated in France in the 1870's when a group of artists rejected the studios and museums and went out to the countryside to paint nature directly
Hellene
a native or inhabitant of Greece "helen of troy"
Perspective
a particular attitude toward or way of looking at something; a point of view.
Olympe de Gouges
a playwright and pamphleteer who refused to accept the exclusion of women from political groups; penned a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
Republic
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
primary source
a primary source is an historical source that is directly connected to the period being studied - has not been interpreted; example - journal, pottery, ruins
provinces
a principal administrative division of certain countries or empires -satrap governed
Hostage
a prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms
source
a source is any record or artifact that can be used for the study of history
in-text citation
a specific reference to a source in a bibliography; is used to support a paraphrase, quote, statistic, or directly borrowed fact or idea
Despotism
a system of government where the ruler has unlimited power
Infanticide
abandoning children at foundling homes during times of economic crises when children proved a burden on families
13th amendment
abolish slavery
Cartesian dualism
absolute duality between mind and body
stalinism:
absolute personal dictatorship
what is the final cause for humans?
according to Aristotle, its happiness
Boshevism under Stalin:
adapted to nationalism and imperialism
Bill of Rights
added to the constitution as the new governments first piece of business; 10 amendments that guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, the press, arms, property
Tiberius
adopted by Augustus, became cruel and dedicated to pleasure
Constitution:
adopted in 1788
bill of rights and 10 amendments
adopted in 1791
populares:
advocated democracy (Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus)
Theodor Herzl, the leader of the Zionist movement,
advocated the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.
By urging Austria to join Prussia in a war to save the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Danish territorial ambitions, Bismarck shrewdly
affected Austria's political and military overextension and set the stage for an Austro-Prussian confrontation.
Declaration of Independence
affirmed the Enlightenment's natural rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" and declared the colonies to be "free and independent states absolved from all allegiance to the British crown"
polyculture
agriculture based on a diverse collection of crops; promotes health
what was the most addictive drug
alcohol
pan germanism:
all Germans unite and dominate
Greek Phalanx formation:
all Greeks fight in a phalanx-like tactical formation consisting of heavily armed soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder, with their shields interlocked
bibliography
all of the sources used in a research project
Pro forma
allowed Spartans to kill Helots
Tacitus:
always wants to argue about why they make Greeks educators: won't they just give you back a greek?
Andrew Jackson
an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, he served in Congress and gained fame as a general in the United States Army. As president, he sought to advance the rights of the "common man" against what he saw as a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union.
Alexander hamilton
an American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard, and The New York Post newspaper. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, he was the main author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration
Thucydides:
an Athenian: he loses to Sparta in the war and is kicked out, so he's bitter towards the Athenians. "we used to be great, but now we're not"
The Tragedians
an actor who specializes in tragic roles
Realism
an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. these artists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century.It revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement.
redistributive economy
an economic system where all agricultural products are collected by the central government and then distributed by that government; helps to maintain political control
Liberalism
an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible
Conservatism
an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change
Socialism
an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods
Individualism
an interest in the unique traits of each person
Artifact
an objectcharacteristic of an earlier time or cultural stage, especially one found at an archaeological excavation.
Olympics
athletic competitions in early 8th Century BCE Greece; competed as individuals; war halted for the games; way to demonstrate arete
who got rid of the balanced representative cabinet
andrew jackson
Council of Whitby:
anglo-saxon kingdoms accepted unity with Rome
Mohammed or Mennet II:
attacked Constantinople -Byzantium forgot to close a door and so they snuck in
Montesquieu
attempted to apply the scientific method to social and political arena to ascertain "natural laws" governing the social relationships of human beings; distinguished three basic kinds of governments: republics-suitable for small states and based on citizen involvement, monarchy-appropriate for middle-small states and grounded in the ruling class's adherence to law, and despotism-apt for large empires and dependent on fear to inspire obedience; also stressed the importance of checks and balances and a separation of powers
what day did Japan surrender?
aug 15- cease fire sept 1- surrendered
Luddites:
anyone who is suspicious of, or hostile to technology
Thomas Cranmer:
archbishop of Cantebury -recognizes divorce and reforms England
Trade Unions
associations formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries including the cotton spinners, ironworkers, coal miners, and shipwrights; serve two purposes 1)preserve their own workers' position by limiting entry into their trade, 2) gain benefits from employers
metic
athen resident alien/not citizen -these metic women could rep themselves in court
Aristotle wanted education to:
be integrated: body, mind, and soul
Truman
became president after Roosevelt died; he and his advisors became convinced that American troops might suffer heavy casualties in the invasion of the Japanese homeland, they made the decision to drop the newly developed atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Winston Churchill
became prime minister of England on May 10, 1940 after Chamberlain resigned; a longtime advocate of a hard-line policy toward Nazi Germany
Mass leisure
became the opposite of work and what people did for fun when not on the job, created by the industrial system in the hours after work, weekends, and later a week or two in summer; sports and tourism became more popular mass leisure activities by 1920; Italy and Germany had organized mass leisure which coordinated activities for their citizens
Peloponnesian War:
because Athens wanted an empire, but Sparta wouldn't join the empire -Athens built an empire anyway
why did Lincoln say they couldn't secede?
because the north had forts in southern states
Stoicism:
believed in eternal life, and that the spirit is important but the body is not -God controls your mind and thoughts but you can control your inner freedom/ reactions
Rousseau
believed that liberty was achieved through being forced to follow what was best for all people, because what was best for all was best for each individual; believed that education should foster rather than restrict children's natural instincts; precursor of Romanticism by his belief in a balance between heart and mind and sentiment and reason
Locke on state v. church
believed the state was more likely to impact the church
Locke
believes all you can have is knowledge -"tabula rosa": you're a blank slate -not good/bad: just neutral -state more likely to influence the church
Massachusetts
biggest and first
what invention dramatically changes society?
birth control pill
Gothic Literature
bizarre and unusual literature which marked the Romantics
Anti-Semitism
blamed Jews for the corruption of German culture; based on race, in medieval times Jews could convert to Christianity to escape from their religion, to the modern racial anti-Semites Jews were racially stained and could not be altered by conversion; believed that one could not be both a German and a Jew
Gorbachev
elected general secretary of the Party and became the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1985; perestroika or "restructuring: was the cornerstone of his radical reforms, instituted the beginning of a market economy, used glasnost or "openness", Soviet Union dissolved under his rule into many countries
Catherine the Great
expanded Russia's territory westward into Poland and southward to the Black Sea; initially advocated equality of all people in the eyes of the law, and after a rebellion collapsed, she responded with even greater repression of the peasantry
Trajan
expands empire to biggest point
Institutional Church
experienced change because of new state policies but did not sustain any dramatic internal changes
Archimedies
experimented with science
Balboa
explores the Issmus of Panama to find a natural cut-across
Spartan women often...
controlled husbands
Paracelsus
came to be known as the father of modern medicine through his concepts of disease and his recognition of "new drugs" for medicine
Rococo
extravagant ornate, florid, asymmetrical patterns, late Baroque
right wing
facist
Margaret Thatcher
came to power in Britain under the Conservative party; became the first woman to serve as prime minister in British history; called the "Iron Lady" and did break the power of the labor unions; "Thatcherism" as her economic policy was termed improved the British economic situation, but at a price
15th amendment
can't discriminate on voting based on race
King Henry VIII
can't have kids, wants to divorce his wife but the church won't let him so he breaks off from the Catholic Church in Rome
Versalius
corrected Galen's assertion that the great blood vessels originated from the liver and through his observations made it apparent they came from the heart; did cling to a number of Galen's erroneous assertions
mercantile
country's economy driven by commerce not agriculture
Marius and Sulla:
both used the army as a way to ensure their political power- fighting Romans with Romans
In Athens...
boys were fed better than girls. Not in Spartan society.
Patronage
bribery used to enable wealthy landed aristocrats to gain support
Charlemagne did what:
broke power of the Lombards and restored papal dignity
Nicholas I
brother of Alexander; succeeded him; became a strict reactionary after a military revolt at the beginning of his reign in Russia; He would not allow revolts
Scientific Revolution
brought about a dissolution of the medieval worldview
Carolingian Renaissance:
brought back classical texts and medieval schooling -grammar and structure -largely unsuccessful though
Agricultural Revolution
brought changes in the methods of farming and stock breeding that characterized an agricultural transformation that led to a significant increase in food production
Black Death:
brought on by expansion and stuff
Domitian
brutal ruler to Christians and declared himself as God
Hadrian
builds a wall around the empire (a lot different from common emperors who only want to expand)
Bloody Mary:
burns Cranmer at the stake
Between 1800 and 1840, many European countries began to close the industrial gap with Great Britain,
but by 1850, continental Europe was still almost twenty years behind Great Britain in industrialization.
Stalin
by 1929 he had succeeded in eliminating the Old Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era from the Politburo and established a powerful dictatorship; launched his first five year plan in which he transformed the country from an agricultural country into an industrial state virtually overnight
The abolition of man
by C.S. Lewis: talked about the spirit and animal natures of humans and how we need to be inbetween to be human: we need to be the chest--> helps us to choose between the animal and spirit
how did he die?
by a fever when he was 33
Erastosthenes
calculated the circumference of the world
Descartes
called the father of modern rationalism; deduced the separation of of mind and matter; Cartesian dualism came about which stated that "the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different"; also proposed a different approach in scientific methodology by emphasizing deduction and mathematical logic
Rubicon River:
cato and crassus want to reign in on JC's power and JC knows that if he crosses the Rubicon river back into Italy, he will start a civil war he crosses anyway and marches toward Rome
Knossos
central palace of the Minoan civilization
Carolingians:
charles martel pippin the short charlemagne Louis the Pious
Louis XII
child-ruler with a Cardinal they had cabinet meetings instead of allowing the child to rule
Education: for the elite
chivalry
estates general
church nobles commoners
Cincinnatus
citizen soldier: asked to fight-> left plowing field and just went right back to plowing afterwards
Roman agoge
citizen tribe organized -males between the ages of 14 to 19
Galileo
earth spun on axis and traveled around the sun
Athens is known as the...
city-state that saved greece
Soviet Union
civil war in Russia had come to an end by the beginning of 1921; Lenin pulled Russia back from the abyss by establishing his New Economic Policy (NEP), which modified the old capitalist system; in 1922 Lenin and the Communists formally created a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
War of the roses:
civil wars in France: -restricted rights to maintain private armies -bonded English monarch and middle class
Peace of God:
classified women, children, and clergy as noncombatants
Cuban Missile Crisis:
closest to WWIII
reformation and renaissance:
coincide and make the beliefs/ thoughts on traditional authority very hard
life=
comfort and distraction
republica:
common wealth/ belonged to the people
Third Estate
commoners of societies; constituted overwhelming majority of French population
left wing
communist
Revolutions of 1905
conflict between Japan and Russia in Asia, Japanese defeated the new Japanese navy at Tushima Straight off the coast of Japan; Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, in which he granted civil liberties and agreed to create a legislative assembly knows as Duma, elected directly by a broad franchise
Tories
conservatives
First Estate
consisted of clergy
Publius Cornelius Scipio
consul of Rome fought against hannibal
Marc Antony:
consul- ran for his life but then came back and convinced him to let them live- proposed funeral and read JC's will which made the people angry that he was killed--> allowed MA to take control and set up the 2nd triumvirate
Dardanelles
contemporary name for Hellespont
New England most influenced:
education
Napoleon's founding of the Legion of Honor in 1802 was part of his campaign to
create a new nobility by establishing a social hierarchy based on merit.
Separation of Powers
created out of the importance of checks and balances
Truman Doctrine:
created the CIA
Diderot
created the twenty eight volume Encyclopedia
Scientific Method
crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world; established the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm
Spanish Reconquista:
crusades inspired more people to explore/ trade
Cholera
deadly disease that ravaged Europe in the early 1830's and late 1840's and were especially rampant in overcrowded cities
Ethical
dealing with right and wrong in conduct.
Charles Martel "the Hammer"
defeated the Muslims in the battle of tours or Pointiers
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Genocide
deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
William Harvey
demonstrated that the heart and not the liver was the beginning point of circulation of blood in the body, that the same blood flows in both veins and arteries, and most important, that the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body
John Locke
denied Descartes's belief in innate ideas and argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa; our knowledge is derived from our environment not from heredity, from reason, not faith
Pericles
describes Athenians he is more hubristic
Development of Greek democracy
developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica; It was a system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills
Aristarchus
developed the Heliocentric theory that the sun is the center of the universe
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
dictator of Rome from 82-79 BCE, returned the power back to the optimates, enlarged and enriched the senate, increased the number of optimates.
detente:
disagree on ideological issues, but work together to create order and stability
Euclid
discovered geometry
Amerigo Vespucci:
discovers its not India, but a whole new world
Athens gets..
diseased after allowing neighbors to seek refuge within the walls
Native Americans:
diseases like plague/ small pox spread and wiped out a lot
empire after Charlemagne:
divided by 3 grandsons
Roman philosophy:
do the right thing because it is right, you always know what is the right thing
federalism:
dominant national government with shared power and freedoms of the people
Skepticism (Descarte)
doubt unless it is tested by reason -new belief in deism: God, but also moral philosophy
Conscription
drafting or the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military
Lord Byron
dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero, author of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
Cartesian Dualism
dualism of mind and body, body doubted, look to mind/reason
when was Ghengis Khan?
during this time (estates general and parliament being formed)
Primogeniture
eldest son received all or the largest share of the parent's estate and thus was treated as the favorite
Salons
elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy were invited philosophes and guests gathered to engage in witty, sparkling conversations that often centered on the ideas of the philosophes; important in bringing together writers and artists with aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy bourgeoisie in France
Enlightenment
embrace reason, scientific method, reject Christianity/miracles
Post Impressionism
emerged in France and soon spread to other European countries by the 1880's; retained the Impressionist emphasis on light and color but revolutionized it even further by paying more attention to structure and form (Van Gogh)
Romanticism
emphasis on heart and sentiment
Rococo
emphasized grace and gentle action; rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves; it liked to follow the wandering lines of natural objects, such as seashells and flowers; made much use of interlaced deesigns colored in gold with delicate contours and graceful curves
Economic Liberalism
emphasizing the economic liberty of the individual; Adam Smith was a proponent
Enclosure Acts
end of open-field system that led to the demise of cooperative farming of village communities; was enacted through Parliament legislation; forced many small farmers to become wage laborers or tenant farmers
we need to have ______ before_____
equality before the law but need differences in knowledge for society
poet=
essential conveyor of truth
Maria Merian
established a reputation as an important entomologist
after the enlightenment: truth was based on:
evidence/ proof
Heinrich Schliemann
excavator of Troy and Mycenae His discovery of the ruins of Troy led people to believe that the Iliad is perhaps telling a true story of a real war desperately wanted to prove the Iliad true, and this led him to misinterpret many of his finds
Because the allied powers still feared Napoleon after his final defeat in 1815, they
exiled him to St. Helena, a tiny, remote island in the middle of the South Atlantic.
Second Vatican Council
finally some comfort between Protestants and Catholics -"separated brethren"
Galileo
first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of telescope
first battle
first manassas/ first bull run -south wins
Ferdinand Magellan
first to circumnavigate the world
Bartholomew Diaz
first to go around the cape of good hope
History behind FR:
fiscal crisis hit France because they spent too much money on the American Revolution -call together the estates general -commoners revolt -storm the bastille
subsistence agriculture
growing just enough food to survive
nominalists:
focus on the material world
Aristotle:
focused on the importance of happiness not a materialist but believed that humans are happiest when they are doing what they should be doing
Calvanism
focused on the predetermined will of God
The Treaty of Versailles
forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression.
surplus agriculture
growing more than enough food to survive; leads to trade
A major precondition of industrialization in Britain was its____________________, which Britain had developed far earlier and more fully than other countries.
growing supply of capital
Skepticism
growing toward religion at the end of the seventeenth century by portraying the churches as enemies of scientific progress
Socrates did what for Athens:
fought in the Pel. war
Islam:
founded by Muhammed and rises rapidly
Roman Republic date:
founded in 509bc
The Romans
founding story: Aeneas from Troy niece as vestil virgin has Romulus and Remus Romulus kills Remus Romulus establishes Rome take the Sabine women Rape of Lucretia fight Tarquin (king)- Horatius at the bridge Gaius Mucius sent to kill Lars Parsena--> puts hand in fire and LP gets scared and T is destroyed Romans hate kings ever since
Godfather of "science"
francis bacon -believed knowledge for power over nature
liberty-
freedom under the law
Agora
gathering place
Douglas MacArthur
general in charge of Japan
Louis Pasteur
germ theory of disease
theory of mercantilism:
get wealth from your own country favored government intervention
Abelard:
gives talks on Theology although not trained in theology -very hubristic -autobiography
European birth rate:
going down
Odyssey:
going home and your values
education and translation=
good
symbolism=
good
Napoleon Bonaparte:
good general, crowned emperor in 1804 general during French Revolution
eminent domain:
government can take property from you
Although eighteenth-century food riots were a direct response to the lack of available food, they were also a reaction to
government-mandated military service for lower-class men for years on end, which left their families without economic resources.
Satraps
governors (like kings) who rules in the 20 provinces that Darius created
Athens
grandest city-state in Greece during the Classical Age; renowned for art, politics, philosophy, democracy, trade and general openness to the world
Cato the Younger
great grandson of CtheE resisted Julius Caesar
Reformation:
great western schism divided papacy
Voltaire
greatest figure of the Enlightenment; criticized traditional religion and championed religious tolerance and deism
background to the Pelop. war:
greeks defeated Persia and now Athens wants to build an empire but Sparta doesn't and so they go to war
patronomos
guardians of law
middle class
guilds
In the early 1820s, rebellions against the monarchies in Spain and Russia were led by army officers because these men
had been influenced by French ideas about reform during the long campaigns against Napoleon.
Women in Sparta
had economic rights and owned 1/3 of land -not forced into having sex young -no BROTHEL
Minotaur
half-man, half-bull who devoured children in a labrynth beneat the palace at Knossos
British middle-class respectability required
hard work, character, and financial independence
who fought at the battle of hastings
harold godwinson (England) v. William the Conqueror (France)
Draco
harsh measures in response to economic troubles gives us the term "Draconian"
England's church
has church of England/ Anglican Church
Alexander the Great's military achievements:
he conquers Persian empire crosses Hellespont: cuts Gordian knot goes to Egypt and is crowned Pharaoh plans to conquer Carthage but dies first
Wa's cabinet
he creates a balanced representative cabinet
where did JC gain power?
he defeated Gaul and invaded GB -he became more and more loved by the Romans -he made Pompey and the others nervous because he was so popular
what happened with louis the pious?
he divided the kingdom by his sons- but then he had another son and they all fought and a civil war broke out
Scipio in Carthage:
he goes after Carthaginians and attacks new Carthage--> gets in because its marshy and he can sneak in--> he's a kind ruler though and doesn't let people loot and rape them -he gives on fiancee back to her man -shows the CArtahginians that he's ncie and they like him
When an adviser to Frederick William III of Prussia (r. 1797-1840) wrote, "We must do from above what the French have done from below," to what was he referring?
he institution of French-inspired reforms that included the abolition of serfdom and an overhaul of the army to open the way for the appointment of middle-class officers
How the Romans viewed Octavian/ Caesar Augustus:
he presents a religiously pious image: slows down and waits for them to give him honor
Pericles during the Peloponnesian War
he pushed for the war a lot more he was a statesman for democracy
Aristotle on poleis:
he thought that people naturally had to live in a poleis (it had to be small though)
plato's views on the family:
he wanted to abolish the family
Louis XIV
he wanted to rule: so he built Versailles and sunk France deep into debt
Hoplites
heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens
Francis Ferdinand
heir to the Austrian throne, was assassinated in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914; his assassination precipitated the confrontation between Austria and Serbia that lead to World War I
Prince Henry the NAvigator
helped Portugal explore down the coast of Africa
after Cannae:
hesitates to go after Rome right away- regrets that forever Scipio: goes after Carthaginians in New Carthage
Baroque
highly ornate, majestic, Versailles, Bach, Reuben
Freud
his major ideas were published in 1900 in The Interpretation of Dreams, which contained the basic foundation of what came to be known as psychoanalysis; he believed human behavior was strongly determined by the unconscious, by earlier experiences and inner forces of which people were largely oblivious; battleground between the Id, ego, and superego
Woodrow Wilson
his presidency witnessed the enactment of a graduated federal income tax and the establishment of the Federal Reserve System; on January 8, 1918 he submitted to the U.S. Congress an outline known as the "Fourteen Points" which included discouraging secret diplomacy, reduction of national armaments, and self determination of peoples
Iliad:
honor, militaristic
arete
honorable excellence; term that describes individual striving for excellence; helps to explain the 'western mind's' turn toward individualism demonstrated differently in different cultures; included bravery in battle, public speaking skills, commitment to the city, athletic skill, embrace of arts and literature
progress:
human condition ought to continually be improving:
Nietzche
human will's desire for power offers the only certain pain for the future
humanitarianism:
humans should treat each other decently: influenced strongly by Christians--> worked to abolish extreme cruelty
essence of piety:
humble view of man's power
New Heliose:
idea that two people will always get together if they are supposed to be together
study of humanities:
important because it is kicked off by the renaissance
Hasburg dynasty:
in Austria
As part of its program for modernization, the Meiji government in Japan
sent students, entrepreneurs, and government officials to the West to gain knowledge of technology and industry.
Ultra Loyalists
liberals who were eager to extend the revolutionary reforms; hoped to return to a monarchical system dominated by a privileged landed aristocracy and to restore the Catholic Church to its former position of influence
Blitzkrig:
lightning war
War communism
included the nationalisation of banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Bolshevik control
greatest invention in human history
indoor plumbing
Truce of God:
limited how often war could be conducted
Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire economics argued that
in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control
Proletariat
industrial working class; class of wage earners in a capitalist society whose only possession of significant material value is their labor power (their ability to work)
1900s
insane amount of inventions, but at what cost?
Gaius Marius
instituted important military reforms, created client armies, increased power of the individuals that eroded the power of aristocracy.
Weaver believes:
literacy isn't inherently good
iconoclastic controversy:
literal interpretation of the OT and graven images---> destroyed art in churches
technology advancements in this time:
longbow and pikes
despotes
lord, master -greek word
Skepticism
inclined to doubt accepted opinion, existence beyond experience
Odyssey
legendary story of the return from Troy of Odysseus, first written down by Homer
Nuremburg trials:
international courts for people who committed awful acts
Cistercian Reform:
interpreted the Benedictine Rule (rules of monks) as strictly as possible
DaVinci
introduced the ideal universally competent person
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin
Galileo Galilei
invented the telescope and the Copernican Theory was tortured as a heretic by the RCC
Militarism
involved more than just large armies; as armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war
Wrought Iron
iron of a high quality; malleable and able to withstand strain
unconditional surrender in military
is not good
Sparta
isolated militaristic city-state in Greece during the later Iron Age and Classical Age; known for hardscrabble culture, communitarian values, and militarisitic prowess
The impact of the Gracchi Brothers
it became a system of populares v optimates
chancellorsville
jackson lost his arm
Council of Trent:
justification of faith supported by good works
Why 7?
keep up with oral conversation: because its an oral society you're also held accountable for decision to follow Christ
Trench Warfare
kept both sides in virtually the same positions for four year; battlefields were hellish landscapes of barbed wire, shell holes, mud, and injured and dying men; poison gas was introduced in 1915
Spartan mothers...
kill cowardly sons?
Council of Bourges:
king claimed broad authority over the church in France
Leonidas
king of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC)
Western colonial imperialism:
kingdoms built empires based on oversees colonies
Nixon and Kruschev had:
kitchen debates
Political Parties;
know the chart in notes
Plato's cave and enlightenment:
knowing what's outside the cave
What are the problems of historians?
lack of records, gaps in the records, fragments, bias (both their own and in the sources)
FDR:
laissez-faire economics New Deal:
Trojan Horse
large and wooden; a "gift" from the Greeks to the Trojans; might be a metaphor for an earthquake that damaged the walls of Troy allowing the Greeks to enter the city
Atlantis
legendary vanished city, thought to be far more advanced than any other of its time; the island of Thera might be the source for this legeng
Francis Bacon
largely responsible for creating the scientific method, which was build on inductive principles
Cleopatra
last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy
private property=
last right that shouldn't have to justify itself
Lenin
leader of the Bolsheviks party; had faith in Marxism
Klemens von Metternich
leader of the Congress of Vienna; an Austrian foreign minister; thought it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs and preserve traditional institutions
Khrushchev
leader of the Soviet Union who attempted to take advantage of the American frenzy over missiles to solve the problem of West Berlin; also embarked on the dangerous venture of the Cuban Missile Crisis; extended the process of de-Stalinization by reducing the powers of the secret police and closing some of the Siberian prison camps; was taken out of power by a group of leaders but succeeded by Leonid Brezhnev
Marco Polo
led private expeditions
Alexander Kerensky
leftist socialist revolutionary
Homer
legendary Bard of Iron Age Greece whose books the Iliad and the Odyssey tell of Bronze and Iron Age Greece, as well as form the foundation of Western Literature; may have been a composite of several bards, may have been blind
Minos
legendary Minoan king, featured in the story of the Minotaur
Agamemnon
legendary Mycenaean king, featured in the story of the Iliad
Iliad
legendary story of the conquest of Troy by the Mycenaeans, first written down by Homer
Lucius Junius Brutus:
lucretia's husband--> related to Brutus who kills JC
Athenians....
lured the Persian into harbor where other triremes would attack the P's.
Urbanization:
machines allowed people to be further and further from their land
Mechanized society
made by machine not man, loss of dignity of man
14th amendment
made everyone a citizen of the united states
Sparta:
main control is the army focused on: -tradition, independence, no emperor, army, women were free, state slaves (Helots)
Trazememe:
major battle
Tribea:
major battle
bolshevik
majority (Russian Social democratic party)
Elizabeth I
makes combination of Protestant theology with Catholic polity and liturgy -tolerant of both Catholics and Puritans
Pan Tadeusz
many European countries experienced an increase in nationalistic feelings following the Napoleonic Wars: this feeling in Poland was expressed in the national epic
lack of sexual feeling, or passionlessness
many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women's supposed moral superiority to their
Hannibal:
marches across the Alps into Italy with elephants and ary
Maternal half-siblings in Sparta could...
marry
Spartan women could...
marry later @ 18-20 to a 25 yr old male. (close ages)
Historians attribute the massive population growth of European cities in the mid-nineteenth century to
massive rural emigration, as overpopulation on the land made agriculture an unsustainable way of life for many people.
High culture
means the literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes
balkanization:
meant small stated struggles with national identity
14 points:
meeting to discuss international cooperation -league of nation was established -treaty of versailles
Greece is a...
mess
Congress of Vienna:
met to restore peace to Europe after France's revolution
Ptolemy
name of all the Macedonian rulers of Egypt, a close friend and general of Alexander the Great, who took charge of Egypt after the latter's death and declared himself king in 304 bc. The dynasty ended with the death of Cleopatra in 30 bc.
Mycenae
name refers to both the region and specific city in the Bronze Age; built like a fortress
British Bobbies
named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force; primary goal was to prevent crime
Nobel savage
native man has nobility despite not part of society, not tainted by social ills
red scare
nativism: fear of foreigners and immigrants
reasons for the collapse of Bronze Age civilization
natural disasters, civil wars, Sea Peoples, drought
menshevik
minority
modernism: natural philosophy becomes:
modern science
Enlightened absolutism
monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria followed the advice of the philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles, establishing a path to modern nationhood
Delacroix
most famous French Romantic artist; rejoiced in combining theatricality and movement with a daring use of color
Maria Winkelmann
most famous of female astronomers in Germany; original contributions including an undiscovered comet
Socrates
most famous philosopher of the Golden Age, devoted his life to questioning people about their beliefs, insisted he wasn't a sophist because he took no pay, had huge tummy.
Alexander II
most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as "" the Liberator. The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment. Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland.
Women's suffrage
most vocal and active in Europe was in Britain
Greece
mountains and islands led to independent city-states (like Athens and Sparta) First nation to have democracy.
1378-1417
multiple popes claiming to be true heir of Peter
deterrence in the cold war:
mutually assured destruction if one starts a nuclear war
Beethoven
one of the few composers to singlehandedly transform the art of music; served as a bridge from the classical era to Romanticism
Nietzsche
one of the intellectuals who glorified the irrational; believed Western bourgeois society was decadent and incapable of any real cultural creativity and that reason played little role in human life because humans were at the mercy of irrational life forces; believed that Christianity should shoulder much of the blame for Western civilization's enfeeblement; 1) one must recognize that "God is dead" 2) superior intellectuals must free themselves from ordinary thinking of the masses, create their own values, and lead masses; rejected and condemned political democracy, social reform, and universal suffrage
Margaret Cavendish
one of the most prominent female scientists of the seventeenth century; participant in the crucial scientific debates of her time; did not hesitate to attack what she considered the defects of the rationalist and empiricist approaches to scientific knowledge especially of the growing belief that humans would be masters of nature
Agiad
one of the two royal families at Sparta -no agoge for the first born sons
Muslim means:
one who submits
the culture of ancient greece:
oral culture, memorized and recited most things
Communism
originated by Marx and Engels's Manifesto; in the Soviet Union emerged out of Marxist socialism, a radical leftist program; believed the emergence of a classless society would lead to progress in science, technology, and industry and to greater wealth for all; adopted by Russia in the 1920's as a totalitarian state government
Industrial Revolution
originated in Great Britain due to their supply of capital, early industrial entrepreneurs, mineral resources, favorable role of governmental support, and a supply of markets with a ready outlet for manufactured goods
bideioi
overseers
Liberalism
owed much to the Enlightenment era; began with the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible
Versailles
palace home Louis XIV, moved court out of Paris to have absolute power
Aegean Sea
part of the Mediterranean proximally located to the Pelopponese, Troy, Anatolia, Crete, and Egypt
The Great Fear
peasant rebellions that took place in five major areas of France; peasants forced their lay and ecclesiastical lords to renounce dues and tithes and burned charters listing their obligations
highest form of knowledge for medieval:
philosophy and theology
Natural law
physical laws of real world superior barometer for judging than emotions
Seperatists
pilgrims, separation from other believers, became Unitarian
Sea Peoples
pirates whose raids helped to hasten the fall of Mycenaean civilization
weaver like ____ more than Aristotle
plato
Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was known throughout the world for
playing a leading role in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal.
Feminism
pointed out two contractions in the views of women held by Enlightenment thinkers as Rousseau; to argue that women must obey men was contrary to the beliefs of the same individuals that a system based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects or slave owners over their slaves was wrong; if women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights that men have
Polis (poleis):
political, social, and cultural entity urban core and a rural zone
Greek dramas based on...
popular myth
Revolutions of 1848
popular revolts had initiated revolutionary upheavals that had led to the formation of liberal constitutions and liberal governments; followed by disaster-unity of the revolutionaries had made the revolutions possible, but divisions soon shattered their ranks
Plato
portrayed Socrates as a relentless questioner, Socrates most famous follower.
sohpists taught:
practical and vocational education of how to make a living: will teach what students NEED
dates of scientific revolution:
primarily in 16th and 17th century
Cotton Industry
produced by the "putting -out" or "domestic" system where merchant-capitalist entrepreneurs bought the raw materials and "put them out" to rural workers, who spun the raw material into yarn and then wove it into cloth on simple looms in eighteenth century Europe; capitalist entrepreneurs sold the finished product, made a profit, and used it to manufacture more
Pig Iron
product of smelting iron ore with coke to produce wrought iron
Pope Pius IX and his Syllabus of Errors (1864) put the Catholic church at odds with
progress, liberalism, and modern civilization.
Total War
prolongation of WWI that affected the lives of all citizens, however remote they might be from the battlefields
Isaac Newton:
properties of lights, planets, math, and calculus wrote: the Principia
Constitution
proposed creating a central government distinct from and superior to the governments of the individual states
Roosevelt
pursued active government intervention in the New Deal plan, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to provide funds and meet the needs of the destitute and homeless, and the Civilian Conservation Corps to employ people in reforestation projects and federal road and conservation projects; Second New Deal created welfare in the Social Security Act in old-age pensions and unemployment insurance and the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 that encouraged the rapid growth of labor unions; was president when the U.S. was brought into WWII
Jacobins
radical left led by Robespierre
Articles of Confederation
ratified in 1781, didn't do a lot to provide for a strong government; revised later after a movement for a new government started
Renaissance
re-birth, return to previous cultural high point
In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in
reading and books
Philosopher kings: military: providers:
reason ruled by the head will/honor codes are ruled by the heart appetites are ruled by the stomach
Neo Classical
recapture dignity/beauty of classical art and architecture
The Lateran Accords of 1929
recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy.
Charlemagne
reestablished a massive western Empire, was crowned HRE emperor by pope leo III in 800AD
Popular Culture
refers to written and unwritten lore of the masses, most of which is passed down orally
Jean Jacques Rousseau
rejected God/ man as most important -against reason/ for nature -not everything is about knowledge, your natural self is best -naturally good---> do what is natural
Romantic movement:
rejected the industrial revolution
Voltaire on religious tolerance:
religion is useful by private
we need ________
religion, we've tried to make the school replace the church
Whig Reform Bill:
removed the worst of the parliamentary election structures
Putin
replaced Yeltsin in 1999 as the president of Russia; centralized power in the hands of the federal government and vowed to return the breakaway state of Chechnya to Russian authority
Cliesthenes
responsible for expansion of Athenian democracy
Following Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig in 1813 and his abdication in 1814, the allies
restored Louis XVIII to the throne.
loss of belief=
results in form of bitterness
Copernican Revolution:
revolution was started because this view was different than what the church said. So if the church was wrong--> what else could they be wrong about?
Christopher Columbus
risks travelling to the Orient by sailing west across the Atlantic in 1492 -thinks they're Indians -still tries to get to the Orient
Socrates:
rooted Athenian; his goal was virtue Wisest man: the Delphic Oracle told him so he didn't write anything down- all that we have are his students' writings about him
Napoleon Bonaparte
rose quickly through the ranks of the military and became commander of the French army in Italy; was made consul for life in 1802 and returned France to a monarchy when he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804; worked on rationalizing the bureaucratic structure of France by making the tax collection systematic and efficient; made sweeping victories of other European countries to expand the French empire; was ultimately defeated by the power of Great Britain and the rise of Nationalism in the countries he conquered; was baited into Russia, and many of his forces were caught there during the winter and froze to death or near death; exiled to Elba but escaped; defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by Prussian and British forces and ultimately exiled to Saint Helena until his death
Medici Family:
rose to power in Florence because of the banking business
Philip of Macedon
rose to power in Northern Greece his son was Alexander the great
oars men
rowed the boat
Terrain was...
rugged.
Absolutism
rule by divine right, total power absolute
meritocracy:
ruled by those who merit it (philosopher kings)
Despot
ruler who lacks benevolence, tyrant
Protagoras:
said that man is the measure of all things
Raphael's most famous painting
school of Athens
Claudius:
school wimp, changed law so he could marry his niece, Agripinna Agripinna used him to get her other son (Nero) to be ruler, he changes law and she kills him
Bubonic Plague
serious, sometimes fatal, infection characterized by high fever, weakness, and the formation of buboes
How did Spartan culture create an obedient and militaristic mindset?
shave your mustache and obey the laws Apollo had given the Spartans their laws oral tradition to preserve the laws service to Sparta over everything else; community life was all they knew boys left home at 7 years old barracks life hunting, practicing with weapons underfed, expected to be resourceful to stay alive called all older men Father relationships with older warriors designed to create loyalty
oliganthropia
shortage of Spartiate males
In his 1869 work The Subjection of Women, John Stuart Mill
showed the family as a despotic institution, lacking modern values such as rights and freedom.
The Vietnam War
showed the limitations of American power, leading to improved Soviet-American relations.
Treaty of Paris
signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies and granted the Americans control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River
demes
smaller administrative units in Athenian democracy, devised by Cleisthenes
why did wall street crash:
some sold stock while high others bought out market fell too fast communism and socialism grew in popularity
Prophesy
something that is declared by a prophet, especially a divinely inspired prediction, or instruction
Surrealism
sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the world of the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, or nightmares
medieval mind:
sought knowledge, found humility
Newton
spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation; defined basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating three laws of motion; synthesized the scientific method into one single method by uniting Bacon's empiricism with Descartes's rationalism
Rationalism
split between mind and matter and between mind and body
Hellenization:
spreading of Greek culture
bolshevism
strict Marxism -belief that an elite party of revolutionaries would carry out a violent revolution
Sparta's Military
strong army
Alexander the Great
studied under Aristotle was the greatest general in history spread Greek civilization to India
Islam means:
submission
Vasco de Gama
succeeded in rounding the cape of good hope and getting to India: Portugese set up colonies along the way
new deal:
suggested revision to the long dominant theory of laissez-faire or classical liberal economics
Phonecian alphabet
system of writing based on letters, not symbols, adopted and adapted by Greek traders in the late Dark Ages; helped restore writing
Tariffs
taxes on imports
baogos
team leader in agoge(ROME)
Athenians decides to form..
the Delian League and is basically the undeclared leader. -use the $ for NAVY and MARBLE city (Rebuilt Athens) -Resented. Why? The other city-states don't want an empire and think A's are using the $ wrong.
Louis XVI
the French monarch who ruled during the French Revolution; was beheaded
Ptolemy
the Ptolemaic system believed that the earth was the center of the universe
Colonization
the acquiring of land and establishing your culture there, England - tea
Social Darwinism was
the application of the principle of organic evolution to the social order.
Architecture
the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.
Declaration of the Right of Man and the Citizen
the assembly provided the ideological foundation for its actions and an educational device for the nation; reflected the ideas of the major philosophes of the French Enlightenment and also owed much to the American Declaration of Independence and American state constitutions
John Marshall
the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801-1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, he had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.
population distribution
the geographic pattern of where people live
Principle of Intervention
the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their throne
the battle of marathon:
the greeks win: they attacked from all sides and cornered the persians up against the ocean (phalanx)
Latin
the language of ancient Rome and its empire, widely used historically as a language of learning and business
Mao
the leader of Communist China who built a strong base in North China, sent Chinese forces into the fray and forced MacArthur's troops back to South Korean during the Korean War; believed that only an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fever would enable the Chinese to overcome the past and achieve the final state of communism
Agriculture
the manner in which a civilization feeds itself; subsistence, surplus, polyculture
Government
the manner in which a civilization is ruled; can be a monarchy, democracy, oligarchy, etc. - also is concerned with the structures and practices of political institutions
Urban Setting
the manner in which a civilization settles; towns, villages, cities, palaces, etc.
Economics
the manner in which a society generates material wealth; agriculture, tool-making, trade, etc.
Social Structure
the way in which a society is structured and functions; includes hiearchy, family structure, gender roles, etc.
Napoleon III
the only President (1848-52) of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor (1852-70) of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote.
Cicero:
the orator always said that you need morals before you learn how to orate Wrote: De officiis: highly regarded
what takes over when the Byzantines fall?
the ottoman empire
iron making
the process of converting iron ore into iron, making much stronger and cheaper tools and weapons
De-Christianization
the word "saint" was removed from street names, churches were pillaged and closed by revolutionary armies, and priests were encouraged to marry; adoption of a republican calendar
Unlike conservatives, nineteenth-century liberals supported the Enlightenment ideals of personal liberty and free trade because
they believed that greater liberty in politics and economic matters would promote social improvement and economic growth.
Attica
the region where Athens was located A peninsula of Greece which was home to the Athenians
East Indian troops of the British army launched the Indian Rebellion of 1857 because they were angered by tightening British control and by
the rumor that Britain would force soldiers to use cartridges greased with cow and pig fat, which violated Hindu and Muslim religious rules, respectively.
Troy
the site of the legendary citadel of the Trojans describe by Homer in the Iliad; position commanded control of Hellespont
Serfdom
the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century
Mythology
the stories of a civilization that lend insight into values, culture, and history
history
the study and interpretation of the past; seeks to not describe events with factual precision, but also interpret the significance of those events
Philosophy
the study of the basic ideas about knowledge, truth, right and wrong, religion, and the nature and meaning of life
archaeology
the study of the physical objects of the past in order to build interpretations of civilizations; example, ruins or pottery
idealism v. nominalism:
the stuggle between what is real and what is not
University:
the system was different- you studied the trivium for 4 years for your bachelors, and then the quadrivium for your masters. After 20 some years, you would have your Philosophy doctorate (PHD)
Writing
the technical practice of written langauge, but also the existence of a tradition of literature
Estates
the traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing tinto the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (clergy), those who fight (nobility), those who work (all the rest)
The English social theorist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) argued that
the unfit should be allowed to perish so as not to block the path of progress.
Pandora
woman given to man by Zeus as a punishment; opened a box and let all evil out into the world
materialism
worked to embrace the limitations of matter and everything explained as matter in motion
key Roman values:
world full of deities and gods personal/family honor inclusion of outsiders
Lutheranism:
translated Bible to promote literacy
Sophists:
travelling educators
Thucydides WAS
trying to be UNBIASED
Battle of Lepanto
turning point for the Ottoman decline 1571
Describe the structure of Spartan government?
two hereditary, prestigious military leaders (kings) religious heads, generals of the army; council of 28 men over 60 years old (the elders); five overseers (ephors); legislation had to be approved by an assembly (Alike); if Alike made decisions that the elders disliked, they withdrew the proposal
The British made Canada a united, self-governing dominion in 1867, in part to
undercut a demand by the United States that it be allowed to annex Canada.
optimates:
united to preserve the oligarchy with few reforms
Good things JC does for Rome:
unites Rome solves financial, housing, tax, and employment crises solved calendar problem
Geocentric Conception
universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center
story of Antietam
worst day in American history -23000 casualties after, lincoln gives emancipation proclamation
Nero:
worst ruler since Hitler he killed his mom and his wife and persecuted Christians, eventually forced to commit suicide by his army
peasant:
would join the guild (3 levels- 7 years each) 1. apprentice: hired by master to work for them 2. journeyman: travel and hire yourself out 3. master: open up shop and take on apprentices
Cubism
used geometric designs as visual stimuli to re-create reality in the viewer's mind (Picasso)
Tithes
usually one-third of the peasants' crops; intended for parish priests, in France only 10 percent of the priests received them; usually ended up in the hands of towns and aristocratic landowners
Reign of Terror
victims were persons who opposed the radical activities of the sans-culottes (ordinary patriots without fine clothes); killed 16,000 people in nine months by guillotine
Mary Wollstoncraft
viewed by many as the founder of modern European feminism
Sparta is very fierce about freedom:
viewed the country as free and honor is the highest value
Men are the...
walls of Sparta as the city had no defensive wall after it was under attack by another city.
Plato's thoughts on school:
wanted a system where you would be put in the right system for you
Hobbes:
wanted as much power as possible in a dynastic prince
Puritans
wanted pure church, left England
Socialism
wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism
London Blitz:
war breaks out in England
Octavian
was 19 years old and adopted by JC: he was given wealth and claims inheritance and goes to Cicero to get his help with MA MA doesn't like this at first, but then they get along and decide to divide up the empire after killing each of their enemies
Pericles:
was a famous democracy leader of Athens: but then a plague hit and everyone wondered if it was because of Pericles' hubristic leadership
Plato's school:
was called the academy
Louis XVI
was married to Marie Antoinette
JC killed:
was warned by wife and a soothsayer, but the Senate was meeting and they said they were going to crown him as king (he obviously wanted to be king) so he went and they circled around him and stabbed him over and over and Brutus stabbed him too
Nicolaus Copernicus
went against the church and said that the heliocentric theory of the sun= the center of the universe.
The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe
were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality.
Ionian Revolt
when Aristagoras failed to invade Naxos with Persian money and could not pay Persia back, he leads the Ionians, the coastal Greeks, to a revolt against Persia; the Ionians had no chance; Greeks had issue with island warfare, so Aristagoras went to the Spartans, who sent them to Athens; Athens sent 20 warships, which prolongated the revolt longer than Persia had originally thought; Persia spent a lot of resources, but eventually won; this led the Ionians to be heavily overlooked by the Persians, which pushes Ionians to the mainland
how to become a spartan:
when you are a kid, if they don't throw you away when you are born, they turn to brotherhood training when you are 7 and then when you are 20 you have to kill a hellot and get away with it and then 20-30 you get married, but still live with your brotherhood/ military guys
head of union
winfield scott
Martin Luther:
wittenberg with his 95 theses -against indulgences
