Dev. Lifespan Exam 4 (Ch. 11-14)

Middle adulthood

- Ages 45-50 - Individual commits to newer tasks. - Choices must be made, a new life structure formed. person must commit to new tasks.

Preventative Options

- COMMUNICATION with family is very important. - Discuss reasons NOT to use drugs. - Consider media messages; they are teaching our kids that drinking and smoking is cool. - Have healthy relationship with friends. Be involved.

Identity Development Presentation -Refers to the stable defining characteristics of a person that makes them an individual

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Teen Sex Emotional Contagion- Social Referencing-

Emotional Contagion- Detect another's emotion. When you're parents get nervous, they are unsure. Social Referencing- We all seek emotional info in uncertain situation.

Prep Question Describe senescence and list the two theories of aging at the level of DNA.

Once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency senescence begins, it causes a decline in genetically influenced in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species. Two Theories: 1. Those that emphasize the programmed effects of specific genes 2. Those that emphasize the cumulative effects of random events that damage genetic and cellular material.

Teen Sexual Activity Presentation How do we avoid it?

- Abstinence - Parents have to talk. - Sex education.

Early Adult Transition

- Ages 17-22 - This is the Era of Greatest energy and abundance, contradiction and stress. - The years bring satisfaction, love, sexuality, family life, and realization of life's goals. - This is where young adults construct dreams of ourselves. - This era also involves serious decisions about work, marriage, values and what we believe.

Entering the adult world

- Ages 22-28 - Make initial choices in love, occupation, friendship, values, lifestyle

Age 30, Transition

- Ages 28-33 - Individual starts to slow down - Changes still occur - The individual starts to slow down. - Changes occur in life structure, either a moderate change or, more often, a severe and stressful crisis

Settling down

- Ages 33-40 - Establish a niche in society, progress on a timetable, in both family and career accomplishments; are expected to think and behave like a parent so they are facing more demanding roles and expectations .

Midlife transition

- Ages 40-45 - When life stressors starts to come into question. - Life structure comes into question, usually a time of crisis in the meaning, direction, and value of each person's life. neglected parts of the self (talents, desires, aspirations) seek expression. Men are seen more as parents than as "brothers" to other men who are somewhat younger than them and this message comes as an irritation at first. Also at this time, men becoming increasingly aware of death and they are reminded of how short life really is. They become involved in trying to leave a legacy and this usually forms the core of the second half of his life.

What's the MOST abused substance by teens?

- Alcohol

Teen Sexual Activity What to do - - - - -

- Answer what is asked; ONLY. Sometimes are too many steps ahead. - Ask context (where did you hear that word? In what context)- - Get comfortable - Tackle this issue BEFORE they hit puberty - Maintain open communication. - Use anatomically correct terms. - Stay positive. - THE KEY IS EYE CONTACT; if you don't kids think they did something wrong.

Psychological Benefits from College Experience as a whole.

- Belonging - Concern for human rights - Interpersonal skills and diversity - Appreciation for art, history, science. (note: Even though you took classes you didn't want to; you at least walked away with an appreciation for that field). These accomplishments can be achieved at any school.

Stats on TEEN SUBSTANCE ABUSE

- By the 10% grade 40% of U.S. young people have tried cigarette smoking, 53% drinking, and 38% have used at least one illegal drug. - 900,000 Americans die every year from substance abuse -#1 cause of teen substance abuse is usually family related, high with high income families.

What drugs are being used?

- Cannabinoids - Stimulants - Hallucinogens

What did Levinson say about dreaming?

- When we dream, that's when we have an image of ourselves of our future. - What we want to be like, what we see ourselves being. - Men: This dream emphasizes independent achievers and they're very individualistic and they usually view their significant other and their supporter. They very much dream about what their occupation will be. - Women: They call it split dream because they want relationship and career. They have career and family in mind. Women are very family oriented.

What did Levinson say about mentors in people's lives?

- someone helping you to figure out what you wanted to be. - Finding a mentor is easier for men than for women.

50+, late adulthood?

- the regrets....peace with themselves.

Prep Question What is bulimia nervosa and why is it easier to treat?

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which many people engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, most of the time followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives. Bulimics usually fell depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits and desperately want help. They realize that what they are doing is wrong and want help.

Prep Question What correlation do we find between parental interactions and anorexia?

Mothers of these girls have high expectations for physical appearance, achievement, and social acceptance and are also overprotective and controlling. The fathers are usually emotionally distant. These parental attributes may contribute to anorexic girls' persistent anxiety and fierce pursuit of perfection in achievement, respectable behavior, and thinness. These parents show a problem in child autonomy. There is a strong correlation between parent interactions and anorexia.

What's the Conventional Level? Stage 3 Stage 4

THE CONVENTIONAL LEVEL- Individual continue to regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. They believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. Stage 3: THE "GOOD BOY-GOOD GIRL" ORIENTATION, OR THE MORALITY OF INTERPERSONAL COOPERATION.The desire to obey rules because they promote social harmony first appears in the context of close personal ties. Stage 3 individuals want to maintain the the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person" - trustworthy, loyal, respectful, helpful, and nice. The capacity to view a two-person relationship from the vantage point of an impartial, outside observer supports this new approach to morality. At this stage, individuals understand IDEAL RECIPROCITY: They express the same concern for the welfare of another as they do for themselves--a standard of fairness summed up by the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." Stage 4: THE SOCIAL-ORDER-MAINTAINING ORIENTATION. At this stage, the individual takes into account a larger perspective-that of societal laws. Moral choices no longer depend on close ties to others. Instead, rules must be enforced in the same evenhanded fashion for everyone, and each member of society has a person duty to uphold them. The stage 4 individual believes that laws should never be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order and cooperative relations between individuals.

Choosing a Vocation The Fantasy Period?

THE FANTASY PERIOD- In early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them. This preferences, guided largely by familiarity, glamour, and excitement, bear little relation to the decisions they will eventually make.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CAREER CHOICE- PERSONALITY THE INVESTIGATIVE PERSON- THE SOCIAL PERSON- THE REALISTIC PERSON- THE ARTISTIC PERSON- THE CONVENTIONAL PERSON- THE ENTERPRISING PERSON-

THE INVESTIGATIVE PERSON- Who enjoys working with ideas, is likely to select a scientific occupation (for example, anthropologist, physicist, or engineer). THE SOCIAL PERSON- Who likes interacting with people, gravitates toward human services (counseling, social work, or teaching). THE REALISTIC PERSON- Who prefers real-world problems and working with objects, tends to choose a mechanical occupation (construction, plumbing, or surveying). THE ARTISTIC PERSON- Who is emotional and high in need for individual expression, looks toward an artistic field (writing, music, or the visual arts). THE CONVENTIONAL PERSON- Who likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions and social status has traits well-suited to certain business fields (accounting, banking, or quality control). THE ENTERPRISING PERSON- Who is adventurous, persuasive, and strong leader, is drawn to sales and supervisory positions or to politics.

Levinson's Seasons of Life Seeking an underlying order to the life course, Levinson interviewed men and women ages 35-45 from four occupational subgroups: hourly workers in industry, business executives, university biologists, and novelists. He found that there is a common path of change within men and women approach in different way. He had them look back on their lives to where they were at now. He came up with TWO main concepts...

- Stable Period- This is the time when a person makes crucial choices in life.. - Transition Period- This is the end of a person's stage and the beginning of a new one. Life during these transitions can be either rocky or smooth, but the quality and significance of one's life commitments often change between the beginning and end of a period..

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CAREER CHOICE- GENDER STEREOTYPES

- Changes in gender-role attitudes, along with a dramatic rise in numbers of employed mothers who serve as career-oriented models for their daughters, are common explanations for women's attraction to nontraditional careers. - Although the percentage of women engineers, lawyers, doctors, and business executives increased between 1983 and 2007 in the U.S, it still falls far short of equal representation. Women remain concentrated in less well-paid, traditionally feminine professions, such as writing, social work, education, and nursing. - Although girls earn higher grades than boys, they reach secondary school less confident of their abilities, more likely to underestimate their achievement, and less likely to express interest in math and science careers. In college, the career aspiration of many women decline further as they question their capacity and opportunities to succeed in male-dominated fields and worry about combining a highly demanding career with family responsibilities.

IDENTITY FORECLOSURE- What's an example?

- Committed themselves to values and goals WITHOUT exploring alternatives. - They accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures-usually parents but sometimes teachers, religious leaders, or romantic partners. When asked if she had ever reconsidered her political beliefs, Hillary answered, "No, not really, our family is pretty much in agreement on these things." (e.g., in church kids don't have testimony, they do what parents tell them)

What are the dangerous effects of drug use in teens?

- Drugs decrease your ability to pay attention. - The younger you start the more likely they are to develop substance abuse problems; relapse. - Juveniles who use drugs are more likely to have sex with a stronger as well to engage in sexual activity. - Substance - Anabolic - Depending

What kind of people in the church do we see with Identity Diffusion?

- Eternal investigator; they aren't committing. -

Teen Sexual Activity Presentation Some challenges for teen moms

- Having a baby young requires educational sacrifices - Babies don't come with instructions - Most teen mom still live with their parent and they treat baby as a sibling. - If mom was raped, Baby can remind them of tramatic experience.

IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT- What's an example?

- Having already explored alternatives - Are committed to a clearly formulated set of self-chosen values and goals. - They feel a sense of psychological well-being, of sameness through time, and of knowing where they are going. When asked how willing she would be to give up going into her chosen occupation if something better came along, Lauren responded, "Well, I might, but I doubt it. I've thought long and hard about law as a career. I'm pretty certain it's for me."

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CAREER CHOICE- TEACHERS

- High School teachers are huge. Teacher support help alot. Low SES students who have relationship with teachers help.

Teen Sexual Activity Presentation Statistics about teen pregnancy

- In 2012 there were 29.4 births for every 1,000 adolescent females; ages 15-19 High School age and nearly 89% of them were outside of marriage. - In 2012 - Birth rates are higher among Hispanics and Blacks adolescents. - Estimates

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CAREER CHOICE- FAMILY

- Individuals who grew up in higher-SES homes are more likely to select high-status, white collar occupations, such as doctor, lawyer, scientist, or engineer. In contrast, those with lower-SES backgrounds tend to choose less prestigious, blue-collar careers--for example, plumber, construction worker, food service employee, or secretary. - Higher-SES parents are more likely to give their children important information about the world of work and to have connections with people who can help the young person obtain a high-status position. - Parents can influence their children's choice, if they are a positive role model, kids see that and they want to be like their parents. When parents are a negative role model they aren't successful. - Your spouse can also help you alot.

What are life structure?

- Key concept in Levinson's theory. - The underlying design of a person's life - Shaped by people who are around us and our physical environment as well.

IDENTITY DIFUSSION- What's an example?

- Lack clear direction. - Neither committed to values and goals nor actively trying to reach them. - They may never have explored alternatives or may have found the task too threatening and overwhelming. When asked about his attitude toward nontraditional gender roles, Joel responded, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me. I can take it or leave it."

IDENTITY MORATORIUM- What's an example?

- Moratorium means "delay or holding pattern." - Have not yet made definite commitments. - Are in the process of exploring-gathering information and trying out activities, with the desire to find values and goals to guide their lives. When asked whether he had ever had doubts about his religious beliefs, Ramon said, "Yes, I guess I'm going through that right now. I just don't see how there can be a god and yet so much evil in the world."

Decision to have kids What issues do we consider? What are the Adv and Dis of having kids?

- Relationship - Money - Education - Extended family - Desire - Health - Genetic problems - Time married - VALUES/BELIEFS ARE HUGE. - Competence YOU NEVER WANT TO HAVE A KID TO KEEP A RELATIONSHIP, THEY MAKE IT HARDER. THEY WILL BREAK UP A FRAGILE MARRIAGE. AND STRENGTHEN A STRONG MARRIAGE. Adv- ALOT OF ADVANTAGES ACCORDING TO CLASS LIST. Disadvantages- MONEY, LESS TIME/FREEDOM (ALONE COUPLE)

Teen Sexual Activity Presentation STATISTICS - Has sexual activity increased or decreased? -

- Sexual activity has DECREASED; but the age has become lower. - 39% of females and 33% of males have only had ONE sexual partner. - The likelihood of sex increases with school age. 32% in the 9th grade, 62% in the 12th grade. - Boys tend to have sexual intercourse before girls, but in the 12th grade more girls are having sex because they are now more comfortable with their bodies. - Teenagers are more engaging in casual sex (friends with benefits). - Teens are more exploratory. About 51% of 15-24 yr olds have had oral or anal sex before they had sexual intercourse. - More than 1/3 of adolescents have sent pornographic text messages or instant messages.

Teen Sexual Activity Presentation Reasons younger kids have sex

- Weak sense of personal control - Early puberal timing - Parental divorce - Single parent family home. - Large family size; they don't feel like they are getting enough attention. - Sexual acts with friends - Weak parental monitoring. - Lower education aspirations - Girls get involved in drugs and sex when they don't have a father figure.

Sister Roberts said Identity Achievement and Identity Moritorum are considered healthy. Identity foreclosure and Identity Diffusion are considered unhealthy. Our goal is to reach Identity achievement but it's possible that we can apply the stages Identity Diffusion (1), Identity Foreclosure (2), Identity Moritorium (3), and Identity Achievement (4) in a development persession. It's very common for kids in identity foreclosure to think how their parents think. They are so good with that because they have a good relationship with their parents. Teen years are spent in Identity Achievement and Identity Moratorium. This whole theory can be seen as a evolving development theory instead of saying, "This is healthy and this is unhealthy." Once we reach Identity achievement it's healthy to go back and forth between Identity achievement and Identity Moritorium. Your testimony goes through this process.

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Sister Roberts said to review from Ch.13 Read about ALCOHOL p.445

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Sister Roberts said to review from Ch.13 Read about Expertise and Creativity p.453

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Sister Roberts said to review from Ch.13 Read about MOTOR PERFORMANCE p.436

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Sister Roberts,"The U.S. has much higher pregnancy and STD rates than canada, western europe, scandanavia; however, the rates of teen sexuality are about the same. We have the same number of teens here having the here as in scandavia, canada. Those countries are not dealing with STD, teen pregnancy, abortion like we are." YOU HAVE TO BE WILLING TO TALK TO YOUR KIDS ABOUT THESE THINGS, WE HAVE TO BE OPEN WITH OUR TEENS.

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Sister Roberts. It doesn't matter wheather you think he should or shouldn't steal the drugs. That's NOT valuable, what's valuable is this theory is the reason you got to thinking he should or shouldn't do it. THE REASONING BEHIND THE ANSWER IS WHAT'S IMPORTANT. Stage 1 Obedience and punishment Stage 2 Self Interest Stage 3 Conformity Stage 4 Law and Order Stage 5 Human Rights Stage 6 Universal Ethics Principle

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Student Presentation Kohlberg's Moral Development Moral Development - The process in which children distinguish between right and wrong and make their own decisions about issues. - Extension of Piaget's work

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Student Presentation by Jennifer Lazurtegui TEEN SUBSTANCE ABUSE What is substance abuse?

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Problems with Development 1. Depression

1. Depression- MOST COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF ADOLESCENCE. Depression increases sharply from ages 12 to 16 in industrialized nations, with many more girls and boys displaying adolescent onset. Teenage girls are TWICE as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood-a difference sustained throughout the lifespan. Kinship studies reveal that HEREDITY plays an important role. Genes can induce depression by affecting the balance of neurotransmitter in the brain. IN DEVELOPING countries rates of depression are similar for males and females and occasionally HIGHER in males. Early-maturing girls are especially prone to depression. Adolescents who identify strongly with "feminine" traits ruminate more and are more depressed, regardless of their sex. Girls who repeatedly feel overwhelmed develop an overly reactive physiological stress response and cope more poorly with future challenges. In this way, stressful experiences and stress reactivity feed on one another, sustaining depression. Profound depression can lead to suicidal thoughts, which all too often are translated into action.

Turbulent issues in Adolescence Puberty 1. Hormonal Changes

1. Hormonal Changes: A. Boys: Testosterone-> Gains in body size, muscle growth, body and facial hair. Boys are getting leaner. B. Girls: Estrogens-> Maturation of breasts, uterus, vagina, fat to accumulate (note: girls don't necessarily weigh more than boys, they just have a HIGHER percentage of fat). In this time period girls are gaining more fat. Regulate menstrual cycles. BOTH GENDERS HAVE BOTH HORMONES, JUST THAT EACH GENDER HAS A DIFFERENT AMOUNT IN EACH. Higher level of testosterone head to male physical and personality characteristics. Estrogen leads to physical characteristics in females and behavior and personality as well. NOTE THE SEQUENCE OF PUBERTY TAKES 3-4YRS TO COMPLETE.

Consequences of Abstract Thinking 1. Self-conscious & self-focused A. Imaginary Audience- B. Personable Fable- 2. Idealism --> Criticism 3. Decision making skills ↑

1. More Self-conscious & self-focused because our minds have expanded the on concrete measures and variables. We now can take another perspective. Piaget believed this happened because of Egocentrism but recent research has found it is because of perfectitive states. That as we think abstractly, then I can deduce/figure out what you're potentially opinions are. We know that others opinions of us are real consequences on our self esteem. If that's true, we are highly aware of how we are acting and what we are doing; we become really self conscious. A. Imaginary Audience- Belief you are the center of everyone else's attention. (e.g., Teen starts to believe that because they have this hightened awareness of persepitating, they start to think "Woww, everyone must be watching me.") The reality is that most of the time no one is paying attention to you because they are worried about themselves. IMAGINARY AUDIENCE LEADS TO PERSONAL FABLE. B. Personable Fable- Because we are now so intensely in tune with everyone else's perspective, it gives teen an inflated sense of self, so they start to believe they are very SPECIAL and UNIQUE. (e.g., "Oh, I'm so special and unique that no one can possibly identify with me.") Another part of this is that teens start to feel invincible, they start to believe that they are above rules and consequences. (e.g., teen don't use contraceptives because they don't think it will happen to them). PERSONAL FABLE IS THE IDEA THAT IT WILL NEVER HAPPEN TO YOU. (e.g., girl that rabbi wrote about, she got HIV from one of her past boyfriends, she thought it would never happen to her)

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE- Alternatives 1. Singlehood- Adv- Dis- 2. Cohabitation- Reasons: A. B.

1. Singlehood- Not living with a physically partner. Not sexually involved with anyone. Statistically we have more Americans that are stile for longer periods of their life today, part of that is divorce being high, another reason is that we are delaying first marriage. We are living in singlehood longer. WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO REMAIN SINGLE THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFE. MEN MARRY LATER THAN WOMEN DO, WE HAVE MORE ADULT WOMEN THAN MEN. (note: more boy babies are born; however, more females make it to adulthood. Somewhere along the way boys die) Adv:FREEDOM and spend money however you want to spend it, don't have to check in with anyone. Disadv: LONELINESS; THIS PEAKS IN THE YOUR LATE TEENS EARLY 20'S BECAUSE AT THIS POINT IN YOUR LIFE YOU ARE MOVING QUICKLY TO COLLEGE, MISSION, YOU ARE CONSTANTLY HAVING TO MAKE NEW RELATIONSHIPS. 2. Cohabitation- Living with but NOT married to a sexual partner. Divorce rate is 55% Reasons: A. As a preparation for marriage. They are going to try it out and see if it works. In the last couple of years we have more individuals who live together first. About 60% of couples live together before they are married; this is MORE COMMON than uncommon. Usually young couples are doing this. However the divorce rate is actually higher for those couples who cohabitate first. Because they have this open door policy. Also because of their characterisitcs: they tend to be less religious, more liberal, and religion is key, when they don't have a connection to religious value they don't see importance of marriage. B.Alternative for marriage- They plan to ever marry; they're just going to cohabitate forever; we see this more commonly in older couples who have been married and divorced or couples who never marriage and they decide to use this. Older couples go with this because they are getting money from the gov't and if they re-marry they will lose that source of income such as alimony.

Turbulent issues in Adolescence Puberty 2. Body Growth

2. Body Growth Girls go through puberty 1 1/2 earlier than boys. At age 10; girls breasts begin to bud and height spurts begin. Boys tests being to enlarge at 11.5, and pubic hair appears at 12. 10 inches is AVERAGE in the sequence of puberty. The bulk of the growth happens around 12 months; not the whole bulk but around 5-8 inches happen. 50(girls) - 75(boys) lbs gained in that 3-4yr period; obviously boys grow more than girls. (note: growth takes 25% of your caloric energy. If the child doing all these sports, the energy to grow is being used for sports energy so child won't grow that much)

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE 2. Getting Married D. TYPES of marriages- 1. Traditional 2.Egalitarian

2. Getting Married D. TYPES of marriages- 1. Traditional- Clear division of roles. He is the bread winner, she takes care of making food, cleaning, and taking care of kids. 2.Egalitarian- Power & authority shared. (both helping, both cleaning, both have jobs)

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE 2. Getting married A. Average age of WHEN we get married B. WHERE we meet potential partners C. Who we choose

2. Getting married. 30% of the population never marry once. A. Average age of WHEN we get married is increasing. In 1950 the average age of men 1st getting married was 23, today it's 29, in Utah it's 25. In 1950 for women it was 20, today for women it's 26.5, in Utah for women it's 23. B. WHERE we meet potential partners: The traditional/historical FOUR are work, school, church, through friends; these four are 20%. The fifth is Online. C. WHO we choose 1. Characteristics Women: #1 Attractive, #2 Domestic skills Men: #1 Financially viable, #2 Intelligence (There is very little support for opposites attract)

Consequences of Abstract Thinking 2. Idealism --> Criticism What's the PARENTAL TECHNIQUE?

2. Idealism --> Criticism. This abstract thinking teens minds are so open, they are seeing what the perfect job, home might be. This opens the door for criticism, they might say," My dad isn't doing the ideal thing. so and so it's doing the ideal thing." (e.g., Imagine from John Lennon). Beauty pageant answer as WORLD PEACE is an idealistic idea. The PARENTAL TECHNIQUE would be: Calmly remind your child that everyone is made of a blend of strength and weaknesses. What's realism and Idealism? Realism is what's actual happening. Idealism is like the perfect world.

Problems with Development 2. Suicide

2. Suicide - Boys. Before before adolescence is non existence because kids are more egocentric it doesn't occur to them to kill themselves. It's about 10-11 or 12 they would consider it. We are seeing kids earlier around 10 thinking about it because of movies and media. 14yr old boys are more likely to complete suicide than girl. The ratio is 3-4 to 1. Meaning that for every 1 girls who complete a suicide 3-4 boys complete the suicide.The ratio of attempts to completions is 100-300 to 1. It's more boys choose active methods like firearms or hanging. Girls choose pills (can get help when stomach is pumped)

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE- Alternatives 3. Childlessness A. Involuntary- B. Voluntary- 4. Divorce & Remarriage 5. Never Married parents

3. Childlessness; TWO TYPES- A. Involuntary- They want to have kids, but they can't. Might be fertility reasons.Single adults who always wanted to have a family, but because they didn't have a partner they also didn't have a child. B. Voluntary- They are choosing, usually woman have stronger say, or pull or final decision whether they are going to have kids or not. Female thinks she shouldn't have kids. 4. Divorce & Remarriage- Divorce rate in the U.S. is 45%. Majority of divorces occur in the 1st ten years of marriage. It appears to be a 2 yr cycle of recovery to get resituated (moving, getting another job, getting resettled with kids). Remarriage of divorce rates are between 66% - 70%. Reasons for remarriage divorces: A. Divorce is a VIABLE OPTION. Research finds that the 1st divorce is the hardest. Divorcing later on again is easier. B. Step Families.Parents favor their biological kids which causes resentment. C. Same problems from the first marriage. They didn't resolve them; they bring the same issues to the second and so forth marriage. 5. Never Married Parents- Individuals who have had a child outside of wedlock and do not get married. They remain single and keep the baby for themselves. 64% of the African American population; this is much of a way of life for black population. Part of it is because they get gov't funding. 28% of Caucasian Americans

Prep Question What is Basal Metabolic Rate and why does it decline in early adulthood?

Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy the body uses at complete rest. It gradually declines as the number of active muscle cells drops off. This is because of the decreased activity levels in early adulthood.

Consequences of Abstract Thinking 3. Decision making skills ↑ What are the THREE things they still aren't good at?

3. Decision making skills ↑ as we go through the teen years. Although they are improving there are things they STILL AREN'T GOOD AT: 1. Objectively evaluating pros & cons. (e.g., teens can make a prons and cons list but they typically have one option that they favor, so when they are making the prons and cons list, the action they favor has alot of PROS and "Gee, I just can't think of any cons."In other lists they an think of alot of cons and not many pros; at this point they can do it, there's just not very objective.) 2. Assessing the likelihood of various outcomes. Part of this is because of their idealism "Oh, well things should work out the way I want them to." (e.g., teen needs a summer job and they want to work at Red Robin, so they go and apply. The drop off their application and shake hands with the manager and then go home and sit and wait for Red Robin to call them. What's the likelihood one job you apply for you'll get. THEY THINK THAT BECAUSE THEY WANT IT, IT SHOULD WORK OUT THAT WAY) 3. Evaluating their choices in terms of weather goals met? Again they prefer a choice or option. Because they prefer or want that thing they tend to brush aside weather that choice is actually meeting their long term goals. (e.g., in class teen pick ISU over BYU-I (does have program) and USU (does have program) because all his friends go there even though they DON'T have an Interior Design program)

3. Gender Roles 4. Attachment Style -Secure -Avoidant -Resistant -Disorganized 5. Timing

3. Gender Roles: We have more dads that are helping out around the house. Men are more attracted to women who are nurturing. 4. Attachment Style - Secure relationship with your parents = positive relationship with spouse. They'll be trusting, friendly in their own relationship. - Avoidant with your parents- Men are more likely to be here. "Oh, we've been dating for 6yrs I don't know if we should get married." - Resistant (Anxious-Ambivalent)- Women are more likely to be clingy in relationships. - Disorganized- Those who are Abuse are in this category. Take abuse tendencies into their relationships. 5. Timing in terms of who we pick- We've all dating someone we could marry but because of timing (moving, mission etc). Timing plays a significant role in who we marry.

Turbulent issues in Adolescence Puberty 3. Motor Dev & Physical Activity

3. Motor Dev & Physical Activity By the age of 14 girls are no longer well matched with boys. In grade school years girls were well matched with boys. At 14 girls start to plateau unless they spend a lot of time in training. At age 14 boys will be substantially better than girls in sports. At this age boys increase their activity level. Girls are decreasing their activity level. Boys are more active because their skills are decreasing so much. Girls' activity level is because social contact; we don't see much encouragement for female sports. Gender intensification: girls want to talk, look, walk...be more feminine. Some girls think that being athletic is not that. age 14 - girls - plateau - ↓ Activity age 14 - boys - ↑ Activity

Consequences of Abstract Thinking 4. Learning from their mistakes and applying.

4. Learning from their mistakes and applying that knowledge. They do tend to learn from mistakes. Often times they don't know when and where to apply that new information in a constructive way.

Turbulent issues in Adolescence Puberty 4. Sexual Maturation A. Primary sexual characteristics- B. Secondary sexual characteristics-

4. Sexual Maturation A. Primary sexual characteristics- physical features involve reproductive organs DIRECTLY. For boys that would be: penis, scrotum, and testis. For girls that would be: ovaries, uterus, and vagina. BREASTS WOULD NOT BE A PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTIC. B. Secondary sexual characteristics- VISIBLE on the OUTSIDE of the body.They serve more as a sign that the teen has undergone puberty and they are now sexually mature. For boys that underarm, facial, voice change and pubic hair. For girls that is: bedding of breasts.

Teen Sexual Activity Presentation Culture, parents aren't talking to their kids. What's the best thing parents can do?

Answer their children's questions precisely, honestly and stick to what they are asking you DON'T GIVE MORE INFO THAN WHAT THEY ARE ASKING, but you want them to know what happens.

Psychological actions and Responses to Puberty Boys: What has research found about comparing both genders.

BOYS: Respond with mixed feelings; they get their info from reading materials. Boys usually do their own investigations and ask questions. When comparing both genders research has found that GIRLS RECEIVE MORE SUPPORT from their family and peers because girls are willing to talk about it, they want to talk about that stuff, they want the support. Girls will initiate the conversation. BOYS don't need that support from peers.

Turbulent issues in Adolescence Puberty 4. Sexual Maturation C. Menarche- FOUR REASONS -Menarche occurs AFTER peak of growth spurt for TWO reasons:

C. Menarche - 1st Menstrual cycle Range: 10-15yrs; Average is 12 (It's somewhat genetically determined. Girls sometimes start the same times their mothers did or earlier) 1. Obesity makes girls start their puberty earlier the reason is your body holds a protein called leptin, and once the energy storage in the female body is high enough then that stimulates the body to release this leptin and leptin communicates to the brain that her body is ready for menstrual cycle, so when girls hit that weight marker (100-115 lbs) then her body lets the brain know, "Oh, we are ready." 2. Stress can delay menarche or stop menstrual cycles for a period of time. 3. Eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia can either delay the onset or girls will have regular periods and once they start engaging in that behavior their periods will actually stop for a period of time. Long term damage isn't done unless she is bulimic for alot of years like 10. When energy storage is short the body will stop menstrual cycle. 4. Girls who work out a lot or are very thin will start later. 5. Menarche occurs AFTER peak of growth spurt for TWO reasons: 1. There's so much energy involved in menstrual cycles the body first needs to grow. 2. Girls have to be BIG enough to maintain a pregnancy. Nature does have a way of protecting girls in several ways: 1. Usually the 1st year to 1 1/2 the during menstrual cycle the girls DON'T ovulate (release of egg); which protects her from getting pregnant.

Prep Question Compare and contrast motor development in the sexes during adolescence.

Girls' motor development is slow and gradual; it levels off by age 14. Boys are very different from girls because they show an intense spurt in speed, strength, and endurance which continue through their teenage years. It's important to note that even by midadolescence; few girls perform as well as the average boy. Our society has put a lot of pressure on boys to compete in sports, so that may contribute to athletic competence.

Is binge drinking higher in High School or College?

High School

Review chart in binder of I. Achievement, I Moritorium, I. Forclosure, and I. Diffusion. What are they high and low in?

High- Identity Achievement and Identity Moritorium. Low- Identity Foreclosure and Identity Diffusion

Turbulent issues in Adolescence Puberty 4. Sexual Maturation D. Spermarche-

D. Spermarche - 1st ejaculation Average: 13 (note: typically occurs through nocturnal emission and wetdreams. Teen males and adult males regularly have nocturnal emission every two weeks to about two months until they become sexually active)

Sister Roberts said to review from Ch.13 What are Telomeres?

DNA at the ends of chromosomes, which safeguard the stability of your cells. Telomeres shorten with each cell duplication; when they drop below a critical length, the cell can no longer divide and becomes senescent. Although telomeres shorten with age, the rate at which they do so varies greatly. An enzyme called telomerase prevents shortening and can even reverse the trend, causing telomeres to lengthen and thus, protecting the aging cell. A well established finding is that chronic illnesses, such as cardivascular disease and cancer, hasten telomere shortening in white blood cells, which play a vital role in the immune response. Telomere shortening, in turn, predicts more rapid disease progression and earlier death

Prep Question Describe dualistic thinking. What is relativistic thinking?

Dualistic thinking is the dividing of information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they. An example of this is listening to conference and following what the prophet tell us. When President Monson instructs us with something there is no other path to follow. Relativistic thinking is the viewing that all knowledge is embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, individuals gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context. This is more common with older students, as students gain more knowledge they start to realize what is truth and what is the teacher's own perspective on the matter.

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE 2. Getting Married E. Components of Love-

E. Components of Love Sternberg Hierarchic Theory of Love (He proposed there were three basic elements to a loving committed relationship). Ideally in a marriage we would want all three of these; it's called constint of love. But as these three progress through the lifespan they develop in peaks at different times. 1. Intimacy- Emotional Comp (being a good listener); NOT sex; unless you say physical intimacy.YOU WANT GOOD SEX, GET MARRIED. Research has found that the intimacy (the emotional component), really plays into the sexual satisfaction.(description of graph: Rises more intensley in the relationship, as you're getting to know your partner, but as some point you pretty much know everything there is to know about your partner. So it levels off or has slight increases. It's just the ideas that after 20 or 40 years of marriage there isn't that much to learn about your partner anymore; that's normal) 2. Passion- Sex & Romance(description from graph:it peaks in the earlier part of the relationship, then it plateaus at some level that is ok with both parties; when it plateaus is NOT important or needs to be compared with other couples. The MAIN THING we want to get out of the plateuing is that it is comfortable for both couples. Most couples can't maintain the intensity you have at the beginning of a marriage; so the intensity take a dip and plateus; the plateue stays about level with just small decreases until middle or late adulthood. Research has found that however active they were in early adulthood they tend to maintain that level in their 40's and 50's.) This is just lust. It might be exciting, but for a short period of time. Long term sexual satisfaction comes from a committed relationship where there is the emotional component as well. That's why we see more married couples having sex because they have the emotional component. 3. Commitment (attention, respect, willingness to compromise and cooperate)- Maintenance of love (description of graph: it gradually increases through the lifespan.)

Family Life Cycle- 1. Leaving Home-

Family Life Cycle- Sequence of phases that characterizes the development of most families around the world. 1st step for most individuals after High School is LEAVING HOME- Those who leave home for college leave earlier than those who leave to marry or work. About 50% of those who move out return home. This is NOT sign of weakness; it's a sign of transition (e.g., those off track returning home). About 2/3 of H.S. grads --> Higher Education (two jr, University, trade school). 40% of the 2/3 end up dropping out typically in during or at the end of freshman yr. Drop out is higher for two jr college and lower for Universities. Two jr schools have lower requirements, with Universities you have HIGHER requirements. Freshman year is high in dropout because transition is TOO OVERWHELMING, NO CAREER GOALS AND #1 STRESSOR IS THE FREEDOM.

Psychological actions and Responses to Puberty Girls: Boys:

GIRLS that are informed about what's going to happen before it happens typically respond with MIXED feelings. They are excited because it means they are maturing and it means they might one day get married and have kids. On the flip side periods are so fun, so there is mixed feelings. In 1950 only 50% of girls were informed BEFORE puberty or when they got their period. Today because we are more open due to media and school system about 90%-95% of girls are informed beforehand. WHEN GIRLS AREN'T GIVEN INFORMATION THEY ARE TRAMATIZED BECAUSE THEY THINK THEY'RE DYING.

Is better to be an early mature or a late mature in relation to your peers?

Generally speaking boys are better off being on the early side because it will help because they are already two years behind the girls in maturing and growth spurt hits them sooner; we tend to view people who are taller than us as independent, confident, and funnier. Boys have a better body image when they are mature. Girls that start early and gaining weight earlier on and developing breasts and are very self conscious and they have a harder time identifying with their peers, so they start identifying with girls who have the same body type as them and those older girls will introduce them to things they are not cognitively ready for. THE WORST GROUP; THE ONE THAT LAST LONGEST IMPLICATIONS ARE EARLY MATURING GIRLS HAVE THE GREATEST PROBLEM WITH MENTAL ILLNESS, DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE, DEPRESSION, SEXUAL PROMISCUITY, POOR SCHOOL PERFORMANCE ETC.Next worse is a late maturing boy.

Prep Question List and describe the 4 steps in the path to identity.

Identity achievement- This is when the individual has already explored various alternatives and are committed to a clearly formulated set of self-chosen values and goals. They know which direction they are going. Identity moratorium- These individuals have not yet made definite commitments. They are in the process of exploring; they are gathering information and trying out different activities in order to find values and goals to guide their lives. Identity foreclosure- These individuals have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives. They accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures; these figures are usually parents, but can be teachers, religious leaders, or romantic partners. Identity diffusion- These are the individuals that are lacking clear direction. These individuals are neither committed to values and goals nor actively trying to reach them. These individuals may finding themselves never exploring alternatives or may find the task too threatening and overwhelming.

Sister. Roberts by providing contraceptives are we giving teens a ticket to have sex?

If we want our kids to to be absinence, we need to talk to before about sex BEFORE the situation presents itself. If we allow teens to make the decision in the moment it's alot harder.

Prep Question Compare and contrast the two 'types' of marriages.

In traditional and egalitarian marriages the similarity they have is that all the responsibilities are being met; responsibilities such as house, children, economically wellbeing etc. It doesn't matter who does whatever responsibility as long as it's being done. The difference between traditional and egalitarian is that traditional states that the man is the head of the household and that his primary responsibility is the economic wellbeing of his family. The woman devotes herself to caring for her husband and children and to creating a nurturant, comfortable home.

Prep Question What are some of the factors related to depression and what are some gender differences?

Kinship studies reveal that heredity plays an important role. Genes can induce depression by affecting the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, the development of brain regions involved in inhibiting negative emotion, or the body's hormonal response to stress. If a person is already vulnerable to depression, numerous events can trigger depression such as: failing at something important, parental divorce, or the end of a close friendship or romantic partnership. Parents who engage in maladaptive parenting may cause their children to be impaired in self-regulation attachment and self-esteem. In developing countries, rates of depression are similar for males and females and occasionally higher in males. In industrialized nations, stressful life events and gender-typed coping styles-passivity, dependency, and rumination make adolescent girls more susceptible to depression than boys. Stressful life events and gender-typed coping styles seem to be responsible. Early-maturing girls are especially prone to depression.

Sister Roberts said to review from Ch.13 What are FREE RADICALS?

One probable cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the release of FREE RADICALS-naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form int he presence of oxygen. (Radiation and certain pollutants and drugs can trigger similar effects.) When oxygen molecules break down within the cell, the reaction strips away an electron, creating a free radical. As it seeks a replacement from its surroundings, it destroys nearby cellular material, including DNA, proteins, and fat essential for cell functioning. Free radicals are thought to be involved in more than 60 disorders of aging, including cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, cancer, cataracts, and arthritis. Although our bodies produce substances that neutralize free radicals, some harm occurs, and it accumulates over time. Animal species with longer life expectancies display slower rates of free-radical damage to DNA. Some researchers believe that genes for longevity work by defending against free radicals. In this way, a programmed genetic response may limit random DNA and cellular deterioration. Foods rich in vitamins C and E and beta-carotene also forestall free-radical damage-a reason that improved diet contributes to gains in life expectancy.

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE 3. Parenthood

Parenthood- In 1950, 78% of married couples had kids. Today, 70% of married couples have kids; it has declined. This tells us that 60+ years ago there were couples that were choosing not to have kids and 60+ years ago there were fertility issues as there are today. Yes, there's been a decline, but maybe not as severe as we would have expected. What this tells us is that 60+ years ago there were couples choosing not to have kids and 60+ years ago there were fertility issues as there are today; there are more fertility issues today, there are more couples choosing not to have kids today. The in the 1950's the average family was about 3.1, today it's just under 2.

Cognitive Dev - Formal Operations Around 11,12,13 child should start using ABSTRACT THOUGHT. Hypothetico- A. Pendulum problem B. What's the big component?

Piaget believed that at this point the child can now think abstractly and no longer need concrete variables in which to solve problems. He came up with HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Piaget is saying that at this point kids can develop a hypothesis, identify variables and systematically test those variables and deduce a solution. The problem he used was the PENDULUM PROBLEM. He gave teens two items: strings of different lengths and objects of different weights and asked,"What affects the speed at which the pendulum swings through its arc?" The answer is the LENGTH OF STRING.Recent research finds that 1/2 college students FAIL this basic pendulum problem. But Piaget believed this develops in adolescents. College students are beyond adolescents, so why are 1/2 of college students failing this problem? The KEY is EXPERIENCE; we think more creatively and problem solve in domains that we have had prior experience. We saw that with the liquid example; the little knew the answer because she was exposed to the problem before. The pendulum problem is a physics question, if you hadn't had a physics class you won't be exposed to stuff like that.

Prep Question How do self concept and self esteem change in adolescence?

Self-concept changes in the sense that from middle to late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers to combine their traits into an organized system. Late adolescents will use qualifiers indicating that psychological qualities can differ from one situation to another. Compared with school-age children, teenagers usually place more emphasis on social virtues such as: being friendly, considerate, kind and cooperative; teenagers will be more cooperative because they want to be viewed in a positive way. During teenage years although adolescents experience temporary or persisting declines after school transitions, self-esteem rises for most young people, who report feeling especially good about their peer relationship and athletic capabilities. This may contribute because teenagers at their stage view themselves as being more mature, capable and attractive than in the past. A child's self-esteem can be nurtured or destroyed by their parents. Authoritative parents predict high self-esteem; in contrast, teens whose parents are critical and insulting have unstable and generally low self-esteem.

Adolescence are: Defiant moody Onry Fun Confusing Constraint Egocentric Dramatic Busy Immature self-conscious There are alot of NEGATIVE things on our list, why?

Sister Roberts says that adolescence is a very turbulent time. But it also has a lot of positives.

What's the Postconventional or Principled Level? Stage 5 Stage 6 (note: girls progress through the levels faster than boys. Authoritative parenting helps to have higher moral development)

THE POSTCONVENTIONAL OR PRINCIPLED LEVEL- Individuals at the postconventional level move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws. They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. Stage 5: THE SOCIAL CONTRACT ORIENTATION. Individuals regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. They can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fir procedures for interpreting and changing the law. When laws are consistent with individual rights and the interests of the majority, each person follows them because of a social contract orientation-free and willing participation in the system because it brings about more god for people than if it did not exist. Stage 6: THE UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE ORIENTATION. At this highest stage, right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people, regardless of law and social agreement. These values are abstract, not concrete moral rules like the Ten Commandments. Stage 6 individuals typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.

There are two stages per level What's the Preconventional Level? Stage 1 Stage 2

THE PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL-Morality is externally controlled. Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behavior that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those that lead to rewards as good. Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation. Children at this stage find it difficult to consider two points of view in a moral dilemma. As a result, they overlook people's intentions. Instead, they focus on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation. Children become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma, but at first this understanding is concrete. They view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors: "You do this for me and I'll do that for you."

Choosing a Vocation The realistic period?

THE REALISTIC PERIOD- By the late teens and early twenties, with the economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further EXPLORATION (1st step)--gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their person characteristics. In the final phase, CRYSTALLIZATION (last step), they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation. As a college sophomore, Sharese pursued her interest in science, but she had not yet selected a major. Once she decided on chemistry, she considered whether to pursue teaching, medicine, or public health.

Choosing a Vocation The tentative period?

THE TENTATIVE PERIOD- Between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interest, and soon--as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations--in terms of their abilities and values. "I like science and the process of discovery," Sharese thought as she neared high school graduation. "But I'm also good with people, and I'd like to do something to hep others. So maybe teaching or medicine would suit my needs."

Prep Question List or describe the differences between cliques and crowds.

The differences between cliques and crowds are that cliques are groups that consist of five to seven members who are friends and usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes, and values. During midadolescence, mixed sex cliques are common. A crowd is a group of several cliques put together. Membership in a crowd is based on reputation and stereotype, granting the adolescent an identity within the larger social structure of the school. Prominent crowds in a typical high school might include: brains, jocks, populars, partyers, nonconformist, and burnouts.

Prep Question What is the social clock? Give an example of the social clock in the LDS culture and some of the benefits or problems with the social clock in your example.

The social clock refers to age-graded expectations for major life events, which can be beginning a first job, getting married, birth of the first child, buying a home, and retiring. An example of the social clock in the LDS culture can be going on a mission. There is an age range which we all know for boys is 18-25. The benefit of this is that you are serving the Lord young, you get to learn so much about the gospel is a short period of time, and you get to bring many souls unto our Heavenly Father. The problem with this is that everyone expects you to go when you're 18 or 19. If you don't go when you're 18 or 19 everyone thinks there is something wrong with you. People will start saying, "Hey, why aren't you going?" Another problem is that is creates labels. People can start labeling young people as being bad or immoral because they haven't gone on a mission yet. It's like you have their red flag or label right on your forehead that everyone can see.

Prep Question Describe the periods in selecting a vocation.

There are three periods in selecting a vocation: 1. The fantasy period: In early and middle childhood children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them. 2. The tentative period: This takes place between ages 11 and 16 , adolescents think about their careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interest and soon; as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations-in terms of their abilities and values. 3. The realistic period: By the late teens and early twenties, with the economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further exploration-gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics. In the final phase, crystallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation.

What did Sister say about the Research done by National Health and Social Life

They surveyed 3400 individuals between 18-59 and the objective of this study was to find out what real sexual behavior and frequency was like in the U.S. It was conducted because the media really distorts what sexual behavior is like. Findings: 1/3 of their Sample- Sex 2 times/week 1/3 of their Sample- Sex 2 times/Month 1/3 of their Sample- Sex 2 times/Year or less The TWO major elements of this is that: 1. It was a RANDOM sample of individuals of individuals 18-59. Those who were married are likely to be in the top category, those who were single were more likely to be in the bottom category. WHICH IS THE EXACT OPPOSITE OF WHAT WE SEE IN THE MEDIA. Most of what we see in tv and movies is that the single life is so fun, trading partner, one night stands etc. 2. As the number of sexual partners increases, sexual satisfaction decreased sharply. YOU WANT GOOD SEX, GET MARRIED. Research has found that the intimacy (the emotional component), really plays into the sexual satisfaction.

Prep Question Describe Erikson's theory, Intimacy versus Isolation.

This is Erikson's psychological conflict of early adulthood. Intimacy versus isolation refers to a young person's thoughts and feelings about making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner. Commitment to personally meaningful values and goals prepares young adults for interpersonal commitment, which increase as early adulthood progresses. I think this is a very important concept because it explains why some people don't want to marry; they don't want to lose their freedom. Well they feel like they're losing their freedom.

THE CHIEF CAUSE OF FAILURE AND UNHAPPINESS IS GIVING UP WHAT YOU WANT MOST FOR WHAT YOU WANT AT THE MOMENT.

What I want long term is to lose 20 lbs, what I want right now is to eat this brownie. What I want long term is to marry in the temple, what I want right now it to make out with my boyfriend in the back seat of his car. Teens need to make the decision first before the moment comes so it will be a little easier to make the decision. Often times teen go with the flow.

Sister. Roberts, "Teen substance abuse leads to the RULE OF THIRDS." What does this mean?

When a teen is addicted, -1/3 will go to Rehab and clean their lives and NEVER touch them again. -1/3 will be in and out of Rehab for the rest of their lives and use substances off and on, -1/3 will die in some way from drug use either drug abuse or suicide. TEENS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BINGE DRINK THAN ADULTS.

Prep Question How do peers influence an adolescent's moral reasoning? How do parents influence it?

When adolescents are faced with a viewpoint different from theirs they engage in negotiating and compromising with other in their age point; adolescents learn that social life can be based on cooperation. Teenagers who report more close friendships and who more often participate in conversations with their friends are advanced in moral reasoning. In order for moral understanding to be stronger, young people must be highly engaged, confronting, critiquing, and attempting to clarify one another's viewpoints. Parents can influence moral development by being warm, exchanging ideas, and provide appropriate demands for maturity. Adolescents who gain most in moral understanding have parents who engage in moral discussions, encourage prosocial behavior, and create a supportive atmosphere by listening sensitively, asking clarifying questions, and presenting higher-level reasoning.

WHAT THE CHURCH HAS TO SAY UNLESS YOU CAN PROMISE YOUR DAUGHTER..

Women are getting more Bachelors and Master's degrees than men -Pres. Hinckley. Women who are educated and are at home mom's help. Educated mom better filter the media, they know what is popular buzz. Another thing is that educated parents know what to make an issue of and things not to make an issue of. EDUCATION WILL ALWAYS BENEFIT YOU. - THAT SHE WILL MARRY - THAT HER HUSBAND WILL EARN ENOUGH MONEY TO SUPPORT HER - THAT HE WILL NEVER LEAVE HER - OR THAT HE WILL NEVER DIE - YOU MUST TELL HER THAT SHE MUST BE ABLE TO SUPPORT HERSELF.