Dev. Psychology Final Dr. Heard

Social learning theory

Bandura, emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning as a powerful source of development

Trust vs. mistrust - what age and what is it?

Birth to 1 years-resolved on the positive side when there is a balance of care is sympathetic and loving, - the psychological conflict of the first year -Trust: warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or confidence, that the world is good. Mistrust: Occurs if infants are neglected or handled harshly

Correlational

Determine or establish relationship between two variables -Researcher trying to find the relationship of Sleep deprivation and test score

How much time do lions spend eating and sleeping? is an example of what research method?

Naturalistic Observation

what is operant conditioning?

a behavior followed by reinforcers, such as food, praise, or a friendly smile; -it can also be decreased through punishment, such as disapproval or withdrawal of privileges

generativity vs. stagnation - what age and what is it?

adulthood; continuing to build your life by contributing to the world; virtue achieved in this stage is care

Clinical Interview

flexible interviewing procedure in which the investigator obtains a complete account of the participants thoughts -how long has this symptoms been occuring -open ended questions

Cross-Sectional

groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time.

Depression

includes emotional (mood), cognitive (concentration, indecisiveness), and physical (sleep, appetite) symptoms in varying degrees

Positive Reinforcement

increase the chance of behavior by adding something desirable (earning money, attention)

Negative Reinforcement

increase the chance of behavior by taking away something aversive. -( Kid doesn't want to take math tests, acted sick but mom sent him to school anyway. Ended up getting suspended and did not take math test)

History-graded influences

influences on lifespan development that are unique to a particular historical era and explain why people born around the same time (cohort) tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times - As you are coming to age, you become more influenced by the world around you.

Research methods

the specific activities of participants, such as taking tests, answering questionnaires, responding to interviews, or being observed

Autism

involves impairment in social interactions, communication and behavior patterns; it is a spectrum disorder with varying degrees of functioning

ADHD

involves inattention, impulsivity, excessive motor activity; often the child has difficulty in school and sometimes socially; are not learning disabled, but sometimes the symptoms prevent them from focusing, completing tasks, resulting in poorer academic performance

Psychopathology

is the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes

id

(impulsive part) operates off of pleasure principle; - present at birth. -Basic desires are housed: hunger, sex, pain. -largest portion of the mind, is the source of basic biological needs and desires.

ego

(rational/mediator part) -rational principle, conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the id's impulses. - Defense mechanisms, regression: returning to a safe place; denial

formal operational stage

11+; abstract, systematic thinking

preoperational stage

2-7; development of language and make-believe play -young children not capable of operations( mental actions that obeys logical rules) - Their thinking is rigid, (Centration) limited to one aspect of a situation at a time, and strongly influenced by the way things appear at the moment.

industry vs. inferiority - what age and what is it?

5 to 11; sense of pride in accomplishments and abilities; competence and belief in skills; children with no encouragement doubt their abilities to be successful; balance between the two leads to competence

concrete operational stage

7 years-11years; logical thinking; organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses; understand that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same even if the appearance changes -Compared with early childhood, thought is far more logical, flexible, and organized - Think in Reverse (Reversibility)

Experimental Design

- Cause and effect - only thing that can establish cause and effect

superego

-moral principle, conscience, develops as parents insists that children conform to the values of society. Morals, standards, rigidness.

Authoritative parenting style

-most successful approach - involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appriopriate autonomy granting -parents are warm, attentive, and sensitive to childs needs -establish a enjoyable, emotionally fulfilling parent- child relationship that draws the child into close connection - use disciplinary encounters as "teaching moments" to promot child self regulation

initiative vs. guilt - what age and what is it?

Initiative: young children have a new sense of purposefulness - eager to tackle tasks, Join in activities with peers, and discover what they can do with the help of adults -not concerned with it being right just wanna do it Guilt: overly strict superego that cause children to feel too much guilt because they have been criticized, and punished excessively by adults. when this happens, preschoolers exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down

Who does the theory of personality

Sigmund Freud (example on page 15) -id, ego, and superego?

sensorimotor stage

birth-2; by Piaget, carrying out task out in their mind, thinking through motor skills and senses. Start paying attention to sounds. ex: pulling a lever to hear the sound of a music box, finding hidden toys, and putting objects into and taking them out of containers

Case study

brings together a wide range of information on one person including interviews, observations, and test scores.

Dementia

characterized by numerous cognitive deficits - most notably memory deficit; may also progress to include personality and behavioral changes; the onset and progression are gradual

preconventional level Moral Reasoning

children accept rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences; behaviors that result in punishment are bad, those that lead to rewards are good

piaget's stages of?

cognitive development; pg. 19

conventional level Moral Reasoning

conformity to social rules but not for self-interest; they want to maintain societal order

intimacy vs. isolation - what age and what is it?

early adulthood; exploring personal relationships; close and secure relationships are vital; successful resolution of this stage results in love

autonomy vs. shame and doubt - what age and what is it?

early childhood; kids need a little independence (ex: potty training, food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection); doing things by themselves; developing a balance between autonomy. arents can foster autonomy by permitting reasonable free choice and not forcing or shaming the child

age graded influence

events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how they last. -Example: walking shortly after their first birthday, puberty around age 12 to 14

what is classical conditioning?

learning to associate a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response (dogs that salivate when seeing the trainer who usually feeds them, without even tasting the food first, pg. 17) -a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

uninvolved

low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issue of autonomy -parents are emotionally detached and depressed and so overwhelmed by life stress that they have little time and energy for children

Authoritarian

low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy (independence) granting - "Do it because i said so!"

postconventional level Moral Reasoning

move beyond unquestioning society's rules and laws; define morality in terms of abstract principles and values

clinical observation

observation of behavior in a laboratory, where conditions are the same for all participants. - Environment is manipulated - Structured environment

Naturalistic Observation

observations of behaviors in natural setting

integrity vs. despair - what age and what is it?

old age; look back on life events and determine if they are satisfied or regretful; this phase brings wisdom, even when confronting death

Longitudinal

participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. -Studying same group of people for a long period of time - Over their teenage years -ages 20 to 40 Cross-

Structured Interview

self-report instruments in which each participants is asked the same questions in the same way

identity vs. confusion - what age and what is it?

teenage years; develop sense of self; completing this stage leads to fidelity (ability to live by society's standards and expectations

What are the four assumptions of the lifespan perspective?

that development is: 1) lifelong 2) multidimensional (affected by biological, psychological, and social forces) and multidirectional (in at least two ways) 3) highly plastic (able to change) 4) affected by multiple, interacting forces (biological, historical, social, and cultural)

Permissive

warm and accepting but uninvolved -parents are either overindulgent or inattentive and, thus, engage in little control -instead og gradually granting autonomy, they allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they not yet capable of doing so