Development Psych

2 reasons why Piaget is wrong

1) Transitions between stages occur like changes of seasons and not like graduation of grades 2) Changes between stages occurs earlier

How many human chromosomes are common to both males and females? 22 23 45 46

45

What % of children are securely attatched

65%HINT

internal working model

a set of beliefs about the way relationships work

Primary sex characteristics are to ________ as secondary sex characteristics are to ________. male testes; adrenal glands female ovaries; deepened male voice female breasts; deepened male voice male testes; female ovaries adrenal glands; underarm hair

female ovaries; deepened male voice

Adolescence is characterized by Piaget's sensorimotor stage. formal operational stage. preoperational stage. concrete operational stage. postconventional level.

formal operational stage.

Adolescents' sense of what's fair is most likely to change from simple equality to what's proportional to merit when they achieve formal operations. menarche. preconventional morality. an identity.

formal operations.

During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________. brainstem; pituitary pituitary; brainstem limbic system; frontal lobes frontal lobes; limbic system

frontal lobes; limbic system

Kagan's temperament research found that about 10% of babies are "born" either of which two ways? happy or sad stable or unpredictable shy or bold easy or difficult noisy or quiet

shy or bold

Which of the following has been found to be less stable throughout life? social attitudes temperament personality mood

social attitudes

The effect of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by evolutionary psychology. cognitive neuroscience. Freudian psychology. social learning theory.

social learning theory.

Teratogen

something a mother consumes when the baby is in the womb which hurts/affects the child.

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of continuity and stages. stability and change. behavior and mental processes. nature and nurture.

stability and change.

Socioemotional processes development

relationships with others, emotions, personality

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called pruning process. critical period. rite of passage. delay of gratification.

rite of passage.

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing delay of gratification. stagnation. role confusion. generativity.

role confusion.

myelination

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

Who proposed the idea that children are young apprentices? Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Lev Vygotsky Erik Erikson

Lev Vygotsky

Tiffany field and Schanberg

Study where they exposed premature infants to an infant message condition and normal conditions The infants in the massage conditions gained 50% more weight, were more alert, and left the care 6 days earlier than the normal care.

Egocentrism:

The idea that children can not understand that other people see and experience the world differently. Children think they are invisible if they put a shirt over their head. A child will think you will know and see what they are looking at

Related cognitive theory

The idea that our perception is different from someone else's

Ambivalently (resistant) Attached:

The infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves the room, but when they return the infant responds negatively to them—either by rebuffing them or by refusing the caregiver's attempts at calming.

avoidant attachment

The infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room, and ignores the caregiver when they return.

Securely attached:

The infant may or may not be distressed when the caregiver leaves the room. When the caregiver returns, the distressed infant goes to them for calming, and the nondistressed infant acknowledges them with a glance or a smile. The majority of infants in all cultures have a secure attachment style.

Disorganized Attached:

The infant shows no consistent pattern of response to the caregiver's absence or return. Mothers ignore their children. There is no real bond there. Evidence that children had been abused by mother

Preoperational stage

Two years to six years They understand object permanence Children become more verbal and have rapid language development They understand that worlds and images symbolize objects. Egocentrism Conservation

A shift from realism to relativism

Young children do not think that there are any scenarios where a wrong thing can be right. As they grow older they learn that wrong things can be right. Like a police officer killing a school shooter

A shift from outcomes to intentions

Young children judge morality strictly based off of outcome. They think it is equally wrong for someone to accidentally break something then it is to purposely break something.

A shift from prescriptions to principles

Young children think of a rule in a very specific way. When they grow older they think of the concept, not the exact rule.

Vygotsky

Zones of Proximal Development. There is a difference between what a child can do, can do with help, and what it can not do.

Which of the following factors is not included as one of the basic factors that all stage theories have in common? All human beings go through these stages in unchanging order. All human beings go through all stages during a normal lifetime. All human beings move from one stage to another at specific ages. All human beings move through a series of stages.

All human beings go through all stages during a normal lifetime.

2 ways we take in new info according to Piaget

Assimilation and Accomodation

Formal operational (11 years and up)

Child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals the final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts

Concrete Operational Stage

Child understands conservation 7-11 years Begins when a child understands conservation. Understand logic They can not think abstractly They get if A=B and if A>C then B>C Protogese: Kids that get through this stage faster

Insecurely Attached

Children that were not upset when the mother left the room. When the stranger entered the room, children asked them to play.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding adolescent pubertal development? Puberty follows a surge of hormones. Puberty is related to an intensification of moods. Hormones released during puberty trigger bodily changes. The timing of puberty is predictable.

Correct! The timing of puberty is predictable.

Compared with boys, girls spend more time with friends. less time in clubs. more time in competitive sports. less time engaging in social relationships.

Correct! more time with friends.

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by Erikson's psychosocial development theory. Piaget's cognitive development theory. Kohlberg's moral development theory. Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

Sensorimotor stage

First 2 years of life We come to the world around us through sensory and motor behavior and experiences. Objects only exist for the moment or when we have direct contact with them In this stage we do not understand Object permanence Separation Anxiety: But, at 12 month they develop separation anxiety when their parents leave the room, they know they are still there.

Who would be more likely to provide an answer to a question, regardless of actual knowledge related to the topic? Mary, who is older than 60 years Brenda, who is a sophomore in college Mark, who is in his thirties Clarissa, who is the mother of three young children

Mark, who is in his thirties

Mary Ainsworth

Has a child sit in the room. Has the mother leave the room, has a stranger enter the room, and then have the mother come back into the room. She studied this and found 3 patterns of attachment.

theory of mind

Not every person can see what they see which is the understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior.

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by Erikson's psychosocial development theory. Piaget's cognitive development theory. Harlow's attachment theory. Vygotsky's social cognitive theory.

Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Coopersmith study

Problematic relationships with parents lead to greater rates of depression. There is a correlation between parenting and self-esteem

Who is most likely to change their views on same-sex marriage? Brandon, who is 11 years old Samantha, who is 17 years old Terrance, who is 24 years old Thomas, who is 34 years old

Samantha, who is 17 years old

Why does attachment matter?

Securely attached children grow up to be happier and attachment influences children's perception of the world.

Piaget's stages of development

Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

During the formal operational stage, thinking becomes egocentric. animistic. abstract. habituated. impulsive.

abstract.

People are especially likely to show flexibility in their career choices if they are bisexual. androgynous. asexual. gender-typed.

androgynous.

In Piaget's theory of development: the two processes that together control how someone deals with new experiences are proximal and distal. biology and experience. perception and cognition. assimilation and accommodation.

assimilation and accommodation.

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of: assimilation. egocentrism. conservation. accommodation. maturation.

assimilation.

According to Erik Erikson, a sense of _________ is formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. identity initiative basic trust object permanence

basic trust

In recent years, it has been found that if an object is placed _____ rather than _____, children will demonstrate object permanence at a much earlier age. behind something; under something under something; behind something behind something; on something under something; on something

behind something; under something

When two groups have been born at different times and have been exposed to contrasting cultural conditions, these experiences may create a _____, and create differences rather than age or developmental variables. contagion effect cohort effect dissonance effect generational effect

cohort effect

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of continuity and stages. nature and nurture. behavior and mental processes. stability and change.

continuity and stages.

Four-year-olds are not completely egocentric and 5-year-olds can exhibit some understanding of conservation. This indicates that Piaget may have underestimated the: importance of critical periods in early life. role of motivation in cognitive development. continuity of cognitive development. importance of early attachment experiences.

continuity of cognitive development.

Kohlberg's work has been criticized on the grounds that it is _____, in that it may be biased against groups different from the populations with which he worked. culture-free culture-bound culture-sensitive culture-consistent

culture-bound

Sex education during adolescence: increases sexual activity among teenagers. decreases the number of teenage pregnancies. increases the number of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers. substantially decreases sexual activity among teenagers.

decreases the number of teenage pregnancies.

For parents, marital satisfaction ________ during the toddler years and ________ during adolescence. decreases; increases increases; decreases increases; increases again decreases; decreases again

decreases; decreases again

Harry Harlow

did research with monkeys. Harlow saw a similarity between abandoned baby monkeys and orphans, which made him curious about the relationship between love and attachment. One machine "mother" gave the monkey food and one machine "mother" gave the monkey hugs that were soft and warm from cloth and a lightbulb. Harlow showed that the baby only stayed on the mother with warmth and cloth because it was nursed. When he frightened the baby monkey, the baby monkey sprinted away to the cloth mother. Once it was comforted it yelled to defend against the machine

Jean Piaget

different ages = different mistakes

Theories of human development have been most susceptible to criticism for overemphasizing: discrete age-linked stages. the interaction of nature and nurture. maturation during adolescent development. cognitive changes during adulthood development.

discrete age-linked stages.

Worldwide, the least common infant attachment style is: secure. avoidant. disorganized. ambivalent.

disorganized.

The heart begins to beat in the ________ stage of prenatal development. germinal embryonic uterine fetal

embryonic

The _____ is based on the idea that children develop a cognitive framework reflecting the beliefs of their society about the characteristics and roles of males and females, which in turn affects the processing of new social information. gender stability theory gender identification theory gender schema theory gender stereotype theory

gender schema theory

The concepts of masculinity and femininity that we use to organize our world are called gender types. gender schemas. gender roles. gender complexes.

gender schemas.

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called sexual orientation. androgyny. gender typing. a secondary sex characteristic.

gender typing.

A single ________ on the ________ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes. gene; X gender schema; X gene; Y gender schema; Y

gene; Y

Once a zygote has implanted itself on the uterine wall, this signifies the end of the ________ stage of development and the beginning of the ________ stage. germinal; embryonic germinal; fetal embryonic; fetal embryonic; germinal

germinal; embryonic

Which of the following is NOT a form of gender expression? language clothing height possessions

height

The fusion of a sperm cell and an egg into a single cell is called epigenetics. habituation. maturation interaction.

interaction.

One reason why the information processing perspective on development is an important one today is that it emphasizes the importance of classical conditioning. is supported by a growing body of scientific evidence. is quite different from other modern theories. makes specific predictions about brain processes.

is supported by a growing body of scientific evidence.

Social referencing

is the ability to use another person's reactions as information about how to think

Imitation

is the tendency to do what another person does

Ralph took money from his dad's wallet to pay off a bully who was threatening his little sister. Was this right or wrong? An individual at the postconventional level of morality would most likely say that it was right, because his sister will be extra nice to him. it was wrong, because his dad will punish him if he finds out. it was right, because it will make his sister happy. it was wrong, because it encourages bullying and aggression.

it was wrong, because it encourages bullying and aggression.

Ralph took money from his dad's wallet to pay off a bully who was threatening his little sister. Was this right or wrong? A child at the conventional level of morality would most likely say that it was wrong: because the teacher would not approve. it was right: because his sister will be extra nice to him. it was wrong: because his dad will punish him if he finds out. it was right: because we have a commitment to our family.

it was wrong: because the teacher would not approve.

All of the following are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome except: a thin upper lip. large eye openings. a flat midface. an underdeveloped jaw.

large eye openings.

Research on teen social relationships indicates that most adolescents like their parents. frequently include their parents in their Facebook postings. want to avoid emotionally close relationships with peers. experience positive relationships with peers and negative relationships with pare

like their parents.

Which of the following designs allows for assessing developmental changes and cohort effects by comparing persons born in different years with one another when they have reached the same age? cross-sectional longitudinal-sequential longitudinal post-hoc

longitudinal-sequential

A major cognitive advance made during the sensorimotor stage is the ability to think abstractly and creatively. solve simple problems using mental representation. understand that the self is distinct from other people and objects. make mental representations of objects that are not physically present. know that changes in appearance do not mean that the object itself changes.

make mental representations of objects that are not physically present.

The sequence in which babies master the skills of rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking is the same around the world. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in motor development. temperament maturation imprinting object permanence

maturation

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of gender identity. menarche. androgyny. gender typing.

menarche.

Assimilation occurs when people believe that objects exist even if we can't see them at that moment. add increasingly more symbolic representations of outer reality. update or change existing schemes as a result of new information. modify new information to fit into what is already known. forget information that has not been accessed recently.

modify new information to fit into what is already known.

Compared with the children of authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

Throughout adolescence, people spend ________ time with opposite-sex peers and ________ time is spent with same-sex peers. more; more less; an equal amount of more; less more; an equal amount of

more; an equal amount of

In the final stage of moral development, Piaget suggests that children shift their thinking from ________ to ________. intentions; drives outcomes; intentions principles; prescriptions prescriptions; outcomes

outcomes; intentions

Recent research findings indicate that adolescents' high-risk behaviors are least likely to be due to social norms. high reward value of the behaviors. Nope perceived invulnerability. peer pressure.

perceived invulnerability.

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage. preoperational; sensorimotor concrete operational; preoperational sensorimotor; preoperational concrete operational; formal operational preoperational; concrete operational

preoperational; concrete operational

In research dealing with imaginary moral dilemmas, which involve completing courses of action, Kohlberg assessed level of moral development on the basis of subjects' selected course of action only. subjects' selected course of action and explanations for their selected course of action. subjects' explanation for their selected course of action only. neither subjects' course of action nor explanation for their selected course of action.

subjects' explanation for their selected course of action only.

Joint attention

the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

Erikson defined intimacy as our sense of self. a period of sexual maturation. the ability to form emotionally close relationships. a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

the ability to form emotionally close relationships.

Assimilation

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations fitting new information into existing schemas

Accommodation

the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information. You can not pull a cat to come closer to you because it will run away

Adolescence

the transitional period from childhood to early adulthood, puberty. Independence develops. Struggles with issues and identity emerge.

Conservation:

the understanding that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant, despite changes in the object's appearance. You can change the physical appearance of an object but not the object itself. Children do not understand this. You fill up 2 beakers with the same amount of water, you pour one beaker into a different shaped container and the child thinks they have two different water levels.

Which of the following was not one of the important issues on which developmental psychologists suggested revisions of Piaget's developmental theory? the discreteness of stages of cognitive development the cognitive abilities of infants and preschoolers the use of more sophisticated methods for measuring cognitive development the importance of social interactions between children and caregivers in a child's cognitive development

the use of more sophisticated methods for measuring cognitive development

Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice to their father's voice because their reflexes are naturally triggered by higher-pitched sounds. they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male voices. they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born. they form an emotional attachment to their mother during breast feeding.

they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born.

During prenatal development, the placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo. can damage an embryo or fetus as a result of exposure to viruses or drugs. represents decreased responding to stimuli. leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off.

transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo.

temperament

which is a biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity