developmental psych chp 9

insecure-resistant attachment

-less likely than others to explore when mom is present -show greater distress when mom leaves room -show ambivalence when mom returns; run to mom in relief but then push her away when she attempts to comfort/pick them up

disorganized-disoriented attachment

-may seem dazed or detached when mom leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger -when mom returns they may seem fearful; may freeze their movements suddenly in odd postures -shown by toddlers with autism or down syndrome, & those that suffered severe abuse/neglect

secure attachment style

-mother as secure base from which to exlore -upon separation, usually will cry/vocalize in protest -will become especially distressed if unfamiliar person approaches -positive reunion behavior when mom returns (smiling, hugs, etc)

authoritative parents

-parents who are high in demandingness & high in responsiveness -set clear rules/expectations & consequences for their kids -they explain the reasons for their rules/expectations, & willingly engage in discussion with their kids over issues of discipline, sometimes leading to negotiation/compromise

authoritarian parents

-parents who are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness -require obedience from kids & punish disobedience without compromise -expect commands to be followed without dispute -shows little emotional attachment

disengaged parents

-parents who are low in both demandigness & responsiveness -goal is to minimize the amount of time & emotion they devote to parenting -require little of their children & rarely bother to correct them or place clear limits on what they can/can't do -express little in the way of love or concern for their children; little emotional attachment to them

permissive parents

-parents who are low in demandingness & high in responsiveness -have few clear expectations for kids & rarely discipline them; believe children need love that is truly "unconditional" -may see discipline as potentially damaging to kids health, creativity, & expression -provide love, warmth; give kids great deal of freedom

The involvement of grandparents in families takes different forms (Baker & Silverstein, 2012). Three roles are as:

1.) Child Savers: provide large amounts of care when parents are unavailable/incapable of providing care. 2.) Parent Savers: provide some care in order to free up time for parents to devote to their jobs or education. 3.) Cultural custodians: provide care in order to transmit key cultural values, ethnic heritage, and family traditions.

The family systems approach is based on two key principles

1.) each subsystem influences every other subsystem in the family 2.) a change in any family member or family subsystem results in a period of disequilibrium (or imbalance) until the family system adjusts to the change

critiques of attachment theory

1.) parent-child relationships are recirpcoal 2.) there are cultural variations

A gap of __________ between siblings is common worldwide.

2 to 4 years

In the latest U.S. census, over __________ of gay couples and one-third of lesbian couples were living with children.

20%

Which of the following statements about cultural variations of parental discipline is true?

All cultures require children to learn and follow cultural rules and expectations, and all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehavior.

attachment theory

Bowlby's theory of emotional & social development, focusing on the crucial importance of the infant's relationship with the primary caregiver

Which of the following statements about conflict between adolescents and their parents is true?

By mid-adolescence, conflict with parents tends to become somewhat less frequent but more intense before declining substantially in late adolescence.

In which of the following countries has the rate of divorce risen dramatically over the past half-century?

Canada

Which of the following statements about how children respond to their parents' divorce is true?

Children respond negatively in a variety of ways, especially boys and especially in the first 2 years following divorce.

internal working model

In attachment theory, the term for the cognitive framework, based on interactions in infancy with the primary caregiver, that shapes expectations & interactions in relationships to others throughout life.

In _______, shame and withdrawal of love is the core of discipline in early childhood.

Japan

How is Bowlby's theory similar to Erikson's?

Like Erikson's theory, Bowlby's attachment theory focuses on the crucial importance of the infant's relationship with the primary caregiver.

Where are extended families most commonly found?

South America

Which of the following statements describe a key difference in cultures that has been found through researching attachment theory?

U.S. and northern European toddlers were more likely than Japanese toddlers to be classified as insecure-avoidant.

Currently, over 40% of births are to single moms in which of the following countries?

United States

Amae

a Japanese concept that refers to an infant's feeling of total dependence on his or her mother and the presumption of mother's love and indulgence

sexual minority families

a family headed by parent(s) who self-identify as sexual or gender minorities

dual-earner families

a family in which both parents are employed

Tracy comes from a dysfunctional household but is smart and excels in school, despite the chaos she experiences at home. Being smart is considered to be an example of __________.

a protective factor

dyadic relationship

a relationship between 2 persons

family systems approach

an approach to understanding family functioning that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole

divorce mediation

arrangement in which a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable

four parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, disengaged

filial piety

belief that children should respect, obey, revere their parents throughout life; common in Asian cultures

protective factors

characteristics of young people & their context that are related to lower likelihood of problems despite experiencing high-risk circumstances

only child

child who has no siblings

Now that he has reached middle childhood, Samuel's parents are providing him with guidelines for expected behavior but letting him self-direct his own behavior. This is called __________.

corregulation

familismo

cultural belief among Latinos that emphasizes the love, closeness, & mutual obligations among family members

polygny

cultural tradition in which men have more than one wife; still common in sub-Saharan Africa

parental responsiveness

degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs & express love, warmth, & concern for them

parental demandingness

degree to which parents set rules & expectations for behavior & require their children to comply with them

time out

disciplinary strategy in which the child is required to sit still in a designated place for a brief period

Few substantial effects have been found on children from living in

dual-earner families.

physical abuse

entails causing physical harm to a child through hitting, kicking, biting, burning, or shaking the child

neglect

failure to meet children's basic needs (i.e., food, shelter, clothing, medical attention, & supervision)

stranger anxiety

fear in response to unfamiliar persons, usually evident in infants by age 6 months

Prior to Bowlby, the strong consensus in psychology was that human infants become attached to their mothers because mothers provide them with

food

foster care

for maltreated children, approach in which adults approved by a state agency take over the care of the child

resilience

good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development

Some of the most important protective factors identified in resilience research are

high intelligence, physical attractiveness, religiosity parenting that provides an effective balance of warmth and control, and a caring adult "mentor" outside the family

extended families

households that include not only parents & children, but also other adult relatives

reciprocal or bidirectional effects

in relations between two persons, the principle that each of them affects the other

disequilibrium

in the family systems approach, this term is used in reference to a change that requires adjustments from family members

sexual abuse

including ridicule & humiliation as well as behavior causing emotional trauma to children, such as locking them in a dark clost

institutionalized infants (Rene Spitz, 1945)

infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical & emotional development, even if they were fed well, because their emotional needs weren't fulfilled

Strange Situation (Ainsworth)

laboratory assessment of attachment entailing a series of introductions, separations, and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar person

Compared to their peers in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are at risk for

low school achievement

Sibling conflict peaks in ________________

middle childhood; one study recorded episodes of conflict between siblings, & the average frequency of conflict was once every 20 minutes they were together (Kramer et al., 1999)

substantial amount of research has focused on how toddlers and young children respond to the birth of a sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be

negative; often following the birth of a younger sibling, toddlers' attachment to the mother changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby

child maltreatment

neglect or abuse of children, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse

imprinting (Konrad Lorenz, 1965)

newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching; bond between mom & infant isn't nourishment but protection

psychological control

parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love to influence children's behavior

coercive cycle

pattern in relations between parents and children in which children's disobedient behavior evokes harsh responses from parents, which in turn makes children even more resistant to parental control, evoking even harsher responses

corporal punishment

physical punishment of children

rhesus monkeys (Harry Harlow, 1958)

placed baby monkeys inc age with 2 artificial mothers (cloth monkey->comfort; wire monkey->food); found baby monkeys only went to wire mom for food, & otherwise spent almost all their time with cloth mom

The main force leading children to become street children in the Latin America is

poverty

parenting styles

practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices

autonomy

quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one's self

family process

quality of the relationships between family members

coregulation

relationship between parents and children in which parents provide broad guidelines for behavior but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent, self-directed behavior

child welfare institutions

residential institutions that provide total care for children who are orphaned, abandoned, or otherwise separated from family

Many adolescents who run away report being

robbed, physically assaulted, sexually assaulted, and malnourished

secure base

role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise

Young children are more at risk for physical abuse if they are

temperamentally difficult

the authoritative parenting style is extremely uncommon in traditional cultures, but is extremely common in

the West

trust versus mistrust

the first stage in Erikson's theory where an infant requires a caregiver consistently to provide love & care in order to develop a lifelong sense of trust

primary attachment figure

the person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment

goal-corrected partnership

the stage of development of attachment from 18 months on, when toddlers create reciprocal relationships with their mothers; both persons use language to communicate about the child's needs & the primary attachment figure's responses

insecure-avoidant attachment

toddlers show little to no interaction with mother when she is present, & no response to the mother's departure or return; if picked up by mom after returning, may immediately seek to get down

paternal involvement in daily child care is quite rare in

traditional cultures

true or false: each stage of Erikson's theory builds on the previous stages, for better or worse

true

What is the name of Erikson's first stage?

trust versus mistrust

Ainsworth research indicated that about

two-thirds of toddlers had secure-attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure-avoidant or insecure-resisant