Developmental Psychology

X-linked inhertiance

A pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome, so that males are more likely than females to be affected

genomic imprinting

A pattern of inheritance in which alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, in such a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup

incomplete dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two

polygenic inheritance

A pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a characteristic

dominant recessive inheritance

A pattern of inheritance in which, under heterozygous conditions, the influence of only one allele is apparent

VI

A reinforcement schedule in which the interval varies from trial to trial. For example, when an employer requires periodic health checks.

Today, children in the United States are taller, on average, than their grandparents were as children. This is an example of

A secular trend

gene

A segment of a DNA molecule that contains instructions for production of various proteins that contribute to growth and functioning of the body

Of the following, which child would most likely display sympathetic behavior toward a classmate who had fallen from a playground slide?

A sociable child who is good at regulating emotion

Heritability estimates

A statistic that measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits, such as intelligence or personality, in a specific population are due to genetic factors

Of the following, which would be within a child's zone of proximal development?

A task that a child cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of an adult

niche-picking

A type of genetic-environmental correlation in which individuals actively choose environments that complement their heredity

Your 7-year-old nephew is having problems with bedwetting at night. If his parents ask you to suggest an effective treatment, you will let them know that _____ is the most effective way of dealing with this problem.

A urine alarm

VR

A variable ratio schedule is a type of schedule of reinforcement for operant conditioning. During this schedule of reinforcement, the response is reinforced after an indeterminate number of actions. The lottery is an example of a variable ratio schedule because an individual is rewarded after an unknown number of lottery tickets.

*Match each of the following parenting styles with the appropriate description: A. high expectations for child expressed coldly & through criticism or belittling B. low expectations for the child expressed through warm overindulgence C. high expectations for child expressed warmly & sensitively D. low expectations for the child made clear through emotional detachment

A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. uninvolved

In class we discussed Gottman's four horsemen of the apocalyse. Below match each with it's description: A. being mean, treating the partner with disrespect by using sarcasm, ridicule, name-calling, and/or body language such as eye-rolling. B. attacking the partner's personality traits with the implication that they are flawed as a person (this is distinguished from complaining about a specific behavior or situation) C. meeting the partner's complaint, or criticism with a complaint of your own, ignoring what the partner said D. Withdrawing from the discussion/ partner as a way to avoid conflict. Partners may think they are trying to be "neutral" but this acutally comes off as disapproval, disconnection, and/or smugness:

A. contempt B. criticism C. defensiveness D. stonewalling

alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

ARND, in which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed, is less pervasive than in FAS.

The four self-esteems that have typically developed by age 7 or 8 in Western cultures are:

Academic, social, physical/athletic, physical appearance

Conduct Disorder (CD) *Gender Differences in Behavior

Acting out that is more serious than just pranks, behavior violates the rights of others. Predictive of ASPD. 1-10% of children, more males. Males: more aggressive/confrontational behaviors. Females: more substance, truancy, prostitution, running away

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Adapted from Freud (first 5 points parallel Freud, 3 added past adolescence) Basic trust vs. mistrust: birth-1, can infants trust their caretakers in providing warm, food, and care? Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 1-3, children want to choose and decide for themselves. Can parents provide or doubt children by permitting free choice? Initiative vs. guilt: 3-6, can children develop their own sense of initiative or are parents too overbearing (causing guilt)? Industry vs. inferiority: 6-11, can children be confident in working and cooperating with others, or do negative home experiences cause incompetence? Identity vs. identity confusion: adolescence, who am i and what is my place in society? Intimacy vs. isolation: young adulthood: can I have a relationship with someone else? Generativity vs. stagnation: middle adulthood, can I extend myself to my children, family, and society? Integrity vs. despair: old age, am I happy with my life accomplishments?

Babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world who ________ are 6 to 14 times more likely to survive the first year of life

Are breastfed

dizgotic twins

Are no more like an ordinary siblings

Mothers who ____ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors

Are supported by a trained companion during childbirth

Basic emotions

Are universal in humans

While attending his best friend's birthday party, Sikes, age 8, accidentally knocks the cake off the table. Sikes is likely to feel

Ashamed

Which of the following is NOT important to the superior academic performance of Asian compared to American children?

Asian students are genetically superior in scientific reasoning

When 1-year-old James is given peas for the first time, he picks one up, throws it off the high chair tray, and says, "Ball." According to Piaget's theory, James is most likely _____ the pea into his ball scheme.

Assimilating

When 1-year-old James is given peas for the first time, he picks one up, throws it off the high chair try, and says, "Ball." According to Piaget's theory, James is most likely _____ the pea into his ball scheme.

Assimilating

Vgotsky's approach to education emphasizes:

Assisted Discovery Learning

Jason digs a tunnel at one end of the sand table, while Jennifer makes cupcakes at the other. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in _____ play.

Associative

Jason digs a tunnel at one end of the sand table, while Jennifer makes cupcakes at the other. They talk to each other and pass tools back and forth. They are displaying:

Associative Play

Babie's earliest emotional life consists of the two following arousal states:

Attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli

High expectations for child expressed coldly & through criticism or belittling

Authoritarian

High expectations for child expressed warmly & sensitively

Authoritative

Which of the following child-rearing styles is associated with superior school performance in adolescence?

Authoritative

The top two causes of adolescent death (in order) are

Automobile accidents and firearms

According to Erikson, during toddlerhood, parents who provide appropriate guidance and reasonable choices are fostering their child's sense of

Autonomy

In the Strange Situation, Zachary ignores his mother and does not get upset when she leaves. When his mother returns, Zachary does not seek contact with her. Zachary is displaying characteristics of _____ attachment.

Avoidant

Pediatricians usually test newborn reflexes carefully because weak, absent, or exaggerated reflexes in an infant may indicate

Brain damage

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

Brings psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine together to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior problems

An eating disorder in which eating binges are followed by purging is called

Bulimia nervosa

Children consistently use memory strategies

By the mid-elementary years

Which of the following statements about home birth is true? A)most home births in north america are attended by doctors B)home births are always safe as long as fetal monitors are used C)when home-birth attendants are not properly trained, the infant death rate is high

C

Dynamic systems perspective

Child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system and guides mastery of new skills, constantly moving Acknowledges that a common human genetic heritage and basic regularities in children's physical and social worlds yield certain universal, broad outlines of development

Of the following, which is true concerning childhood immunizations?

Childhood immunizations rates in the United States lag behind those in Canada, Great Britain, and Sweden

Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Piaget)

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world Sensorimotor: birth-2, infants think by acting on world with senses, act upon world with motor skills Pre-operational: 2-7, use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries, development of language and make-believe play take place, logical thinking isn't visible Concrete operational: 7-11, logical/better organized thinking, not abstract thinkers Formal operational: 11+, abstract/systematic thinking, evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances

In a historic experiment with another Little Albert John Watson demonstrated that

Children can be conditioned to fear formally neutral stimulus.

Puritans believed..?

Children were born evil, and had to be civilized.

Concrete operational stage

Children's reasoning becomes logical and better organized. 7-11

"parents may appear less warm than Western parents because they withhold praise, which they believe results in self-satisfied and poorly motivated children" (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Chinese

People define themselves as part of a group. Stress group goals over individual goals.

Collectivist

Child development has grown from?

Combined fields of study

A genotype is a

Complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics

One reason that children's language comprehension is ahead of production is because

Comprehension requires recognition, whereas production demands recall

Ethology

Concerned with the adaptive/survival value of behavior and its evolutionary Imprinting: takes place during an early, restricted period of development. If primary caregiver is absent during this time but an object resembling her in important features is present, youngsters may imprint on it instead

Ivan Pavlov (woof)

Conditioned dogs to salivate when they heard a bell through connecting the conditioned stimulus (tone) to the unconditioned stimulus (food) and thus the unconditioned response (salivation). He was extremely successful in this conditioning, and even conditioned the dogs to salivate after seeing a black square because he conducted second order conditioning to correlate the square and the tone. Pavlov proposed distinction between unconditioned and conditioned reflexes to explain his findings and that every unconditioned reflex is based on a hardwired connection between an US and an UR.

Seven-year-old Renu pours water from a tall, thin glass into a short, thick glass and understands that the amount of water remains unchanged. Renu is capable of understanding

Conservation

Being mean, treating the partner with disrespect by using sarcasm, ridicule, name-calling, and/or body language such as eye-rolling.

Contempt

Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins are uncomfortable talking about sex and contraception with their teenage daughters. They should known that

Continued avoidance on their part could lead to increased sexual risk taking for their daughters

The ________ view of development regards the difference between the immature and mature being as one of amount or complexity of behavior. This view stands in contrast to views that see maturity as reflecting distinctly different behaviors that are simply not possible in the less mature being.

Continuous

Contributions and Limitations of Piaget

Contributions: explores reasoning of social world, encouraged the development of educational philosophies and programs and that emphasize children's discovery learning and direct contact with the environment Limitations: underestimates competencies of infants and preschoolers, understanding appears closer to that of the older child and adult than Piaget assumed

Cross-cultural research shows that

Cosleeping is the norm for approximately 90% of the world's population

________ is an example of emotional self-regulation.

Covering one's eyes during a scary movie

Of the following, which of these is the best example of gross motor skill?

Crawling

Attacking the partner's personality traits with the implication that they are flawed as a person (this is distinguished from complaining about a specific behavior or situation)

Criticism

In a study examining the development of pretend play, Professor Tomy observed two-, three-, four-, and five-year-olds on one occasion in a specially designed playroom. The design of this study is

Cross-sectional

________ occurs when the vaginal opening is stretched around the baby's entire head

Crowning

____typically increases during the early weeks, peaks at six weeks, then declines

Crying

epigenesis

Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.

Many infant test scores are conservatively labeled _____ because _____.

Developmental Quotients; They tap different skills than those measured at later ages

are no more alike than ordinary siblings

Dizygotic twins

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages

Of the following, which demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend?

During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body

An approach to testing that is consistent with Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is known as

Dynamic Assessment

Among the following, which adolescents are most likely to have positive self-images in adolescence?

Early-maturing boys and Late-maturing girls

The idea that children may adopt teachers' positive or negative attitudes towards them is known as

Educational self-fulfilling prophecy

Edward Thorndike (meow)

Edward L. Thorndike was an American psychologist from Lowell, Massachusetts in the late 19th century. His most popular discoveries consisted of studies on animals at Columbia University. One of his most well known studies in 1898 was one in which cats were put into "puzzle boxes" without food and could only get out if they triggered a lever which would open a door and let them out.This study led to great contributions in the area of learning: while the cats did not know they had to push a lever they were able to learn which area of the box to stand in so that they would be let out. This operant conditioning resulted in the law of effect which states that a response that is followed by a reward will be strengthened. Overall, it became clear that the environment was directly effecting the cats learning skills. This evaluation led Thorndike to conclude that animals learn by trial and error, and reward and punishment. Thorndike continued to study animals and wrote his famous Animal Intelligence. His other accomplishments later in life included being elected President of American Psychological Association, one of the first psychologist admitted to the National Academy of Sciences, ranked #1 as an American Men of Science, and being elected President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Thorndike was a vital character who played a huge role in the understanding of learning and operant conditioning.

Which of the following sounds is the BEST example of babbling?

"dadadadada"

Moro

"embracing" reflex that helped infants cling to their mothers when carried all day

Senior citizens in the United States today are more likely than any other group to be among the

"near poor."

hearing

- although sound conduction at birth is inefficient, newborns can hear a variety - at birth, infants prefer complex sounds, such as noises and voices, to pure tones - can tell the diff. between ascending & descending, happy sounding & negative speech, distinguish diff. languages - infants as young as 3 days turn their eyes and head in the general direction of a sound

newborn baby's appearance

- average: 2o inches and 7.5 pounds - large head means that human infants learn quickly in the first few months of life

4. quiet alertness

- body is relatively inactive - eyes open and attentive - breathing is even

stage 3: birth of the placenta

- brings labor to an end - final contractions cause placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus & be delivered in 5-10 min. - approx. 1.5 pounds

oxytocin

- causes the breasts to "let down" milk - induces a calm, relaxed mood - heightens responsiveness to baby

baby's adaption to labor and delivery

- contractions expose baby's head to a lot of pressure - each time placenta and umbilical cord is squeezed, baby's oxygen supply is temporarily reduced - contractions intensifies baby's production of stress hormones, which help it withstand oxygen deprivation, prepare lungs to breathe, arouse into alertness

5 states of arousal

- degrees of sleep and wakefulness - sleep-wake cycles are more affected by fullness/hunger than by darkness/light - alternate frequently during the first month - newborns spend 16-18 hours sleeping 1. regular or NREM sleep 2. irregular or REM sleep 3. drowsiness 4. quiet alertness 5. waking activity and crying

symptoms in babies of depressed mothers

- delays in motor and mental development - irritable mood - attachment difficulties

3. drowsiness

- either falling asleep or waking up - body is less active than in irregular sleep but more active than regular sleep - eyes open and close - breathing is even

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

- evaluates the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions - researches have learned about individuals and cultural differences in newborn behavior and how child-rearing practices can maintain or change a baby's reactions - b/c newborn behavior and parenting styles combine to shape development, CHANGES IN SCORES over the 1st week or 2 of life provide the best estimate of the baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth

taste and smell

- facal expressions reveal that newborns can distinguish several basic tastes - relax facial muscles to sweetness, purse lips to sourness, and distinct archlike mouth opening to bitterness - certain odor preferences are present at birth - not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water --> accepting solid foods - mother influences newborns preferences bc of the amniotic fluid - smell helps moms and babies identify each other

signs that labor is near

- false labor/prelabor contractions near upper part of uterus - lightening: head drops low into uterus - bloody: sure sign that labor is hours/days away

pregnancy in the US

- federal government mandates only 12 weeks of unpaid leave for employees in companies w/ at least 50 workers, but many can't afford that - CA became the 1st state (in 2002) to guarantee a mother or father paid leave: up to 6 weeks at half salary, regardless of the size of the company, but 6 weeks isn't enough

5. waking activity and crying

- frequent burts of uncoordinated body activity - irregular breathing - face may be relaxed, tense, or wrinkled - crying may occur

2. irregular or REM sleep

- gentle limb movements - some facial grimacing and rapid eye movements - irregular breathing, heart rate, blood pressure - brain wave activity is similar to that of waking state - "sleeping like a baby" is not meant to describe this state - newborns spend most of sleeping time here (50%) b/c its associated with dreaming - stimulation during this stage is vital for growth of the central nervous system

reflex

- inborn, automatic response to a particular stimulation - most obvious organized patterns of behavior - can reveal the health of the baby's nervous system

rooming in

- infant stays in the mom's room all or most of the time - but if mom doesn't opt for this, there is no evidence that their competence as caregivers will be compromised or that the baby will suffer emotionally

stage 2: delivery of the baby

- lasts about 50 minutes - crowning: vaginal opening has stretched around the entire head

vision

- least-developed of the newborn's senses - cells in the retina are not as mature yet, optic nerve will not be adult-like for several years - thus, visual acuity (fineness of discrimination) is limited

abnormal crying

- like reflexes and sleep patterns, an infant's cry offers a clue to central nervous system distress - cries of brain damaged babies are shrill, piercing, and shorter in duration - colic: persistent crying, cause unknown, generally subsides 3-6 months

stage 1: dilation & effacement of cervix

- longest stage: 12-14 hrs - contractions become more frequent and powerful --> cervix opens (dilates) and thins (effaces) --> forming a clear channel from uterus into birth canal/vagina - contractions: 10/20 minutes apart and lasting 15/20 seconds --> every 2/3 minutes & lasting up to 60 sec - transition: climax of stage 1 where contractions are at the peak, cervix opens completely, and is the most uncomfortable but must relax

1. regular or NREM sleep

- non rapid eye movement - full rest with little to no body activity - relaxed face - slow and regular breathing, heart rate, and brain activity

Infant Health and Development Program

- preterm babies born into poverty receive comprehensive intervention - combined medical follow up, weekly home visits, & cognitively stimulating child care from 1-3 years old - moms were more affectionate - children showed better intellectual functioning, engaged in fewer risky behaviors (unprotected sex, alcohol, and drug use)

epidural analgesia

- regional pain-relieving drug delivered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine - limits pain reduction to the pelvic region so mom can still feel the pressure of contractions and keep pushing - however, it weakens the contractions --> longer labor & the chances of instrument delivery & C-sections increase - exposed newborns tend to have lower Apgar scores

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

- released by placenta and induce contractions - stimulates fetal production of cortisol, which promotes lung development

adaptive value of reflexes

- rooting reflex helps a breastfed baby find mom's nipple - the swimming reflex helps them stay afloat - ex: eye blink, sucking, palmar grasp (can support body's entire weight), stepping, etc

3 stages of labor

- stage 1: (a) dilation & effacement of cervix, (b) transition - stage 2: (c) pushing, (d): birth of baby - stage 3: (e): delivery of placenta

touch

- vital for emotional development and stimilates physical growth thus sensitivity to touch is well developed at birth - responds especially around the mouth, palms, and soles of feet, and genitals - can distinguish shape and texture by holding longer onto objects of unfamiliar shape and texture - highly sensitive to pain at birth (male circumcision) - physical touch releases endorphins (painkilling chemicals in brain)

fetal monitors

----- are electronic instruments that track the babys heart rate during labor. an abnormal heartbeat may indivcate that the baby is in distress due to anoxia and needs to be delivered immediately. most american births use continuous fetal monitoring. the monitor is strapped across the mothers abdomen throughout labor. there is also the threading of a recording device through the cervix and placing it directly under the babys scalp.

small for date

-------- babies have more serious problems than preterm babies. theyre more likely to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage. by middle childhood they have lower intelligence test scores, less attentive, achieve more poorly in school and are socially immature.

neurological weakness

-------- may prevent sids babies from acquiring behaviors that replace defensive reflexes. in result, when breathing difficulties occur during sleep, infants dont wake up, shift, or cry for help. they give in to oxygen deprivation and death.

six weeks, 12 weeks

-------- of childbirth leave in the us is not enough. this time period is linked to increased maternal anxiety, depression, marital dissatisfaction, sense of role overload, and negative interactions with the baby. a longer leave of ---------- or more predicts favorable maternal mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving.

small for date

--------- infants are below their expected weight considereing length of pregnancy. some are actually full term. others are preterm infnats who are especially underweight.

antiretroviral drug therapy

--------- reduces prenatal aids transmission by as much as 95 percent. but these arent widely available in impoverished regions of the world.

Continuous vs. discontinuous

-Continuous: a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with, ongoing development -Discontinuous: a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times (stages, steps), move through a series of developmental steps each with unique features until reaching the highest level of functioning, fairly sudden development

Historical Foundations of Development

-Medieval: evidence that children looked up to parents, played games, and that laws recognized treatment to children. Religious writings either say that children are possessed by devil and need purification OR that they are innocent and resemble angels -Reformation: time of Puritan encouraged obedient behavior and very strict child-rearing practices, wore uncomfortable and stiff clothes to resemble those of adults. Love and affection for children often stopped many of these harsh treatments. Tried to teach sons and daughters to use reason to tell right from wrong

Nature vs. nurture

-Nuture: environment controls development (related to early experiences shaping development) -Nature: biological/hereditary information controls development (related to stability, that children who are high or low in characteristics will remain so at later ages) -Majority of positions have softened between nature and nurture

Periods of development

-Prenatal development (conception-birth: most rapid time of change, one celled organism transformed into human body, can adjust to surrounding world) -Infancy/Toddlerhood (birth-2: dramatic changes in body and brain that allow for motor, perceptual, and intellectual changes, beginning of language, attachment begins, first independent steps, infancy=birth-1, toddlerhood=1-2) -Early childhood (2-6: body is longer and leaner, motor sills refined, children are more self-controlled and self-efficient, thought and language expand, ties with peers) -Middle childhood (6-11: learn about wider world and master new responsibilities, improved athletic abilities, participation in organized games with rules, more logical thought, mastery of basic literacy skills, understanding morality and friendship) -Adolescence (11-18: transition into adulthood, puberty and sexual maturity, thought is abstract and idealistic, schooling is directed toward prep for higher education/work world) **Emerging adolescence: 18-25, not accepting of adult-roles yet, exploring world, not yet enduring life commitments**

Behavioral modification

-Procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses -Used to relieve a wide range of serious developmental problems, as well as every-day difficulties

One course vs. many courses of development

-Whether or not development is the same or different for everyone -Contexts: unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

correlations

-correlation does not infer causation because there are so many different reasons; -negative: as x increases, y decreases -positive: as x increases, y increases as well r (correlation coefficient) -1.00<r<1.00 the closer it is to 1 the stronger the correlation

The United States has the most up-to-date health care technology in the world and is currently ranked

26th _ in international infant mortality.

he male produces an average of ________ sperm a day, yet only ________ reach the ovum.

300 million; 300 to 500

Today, ________ percent of North American married couples bear children.

70

Of the 10 million annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide, _____ are due to infectious disease.

70%

The hormonal changes that underlie puberty begin by age

8 or 9

Lynn, Canadian, and Sasha, a Russian, are probably about ___ percent genetically identical

99.1

what percent are we genetically identical to other people in the world

99.1

Hayden was born several weeks before his due date, but his weight was appropriate based on time spent in the uterus. Keegan was full-term but was below expected weight considering length of pregnancy. Which of the following statements about Hayden and Keegan is true? A)keegan will probably have more serious problems than hayden B)hayden will probably have more serious problems than keegan

A

Which of the following statements about AIDS in infancy is true? A)AIDS progresses rapidly in infants, causing weight loss, diarrhea, respiratory illness, and brain damage before death B)HIV infected mothers pass the virus to their babies 100% of the time C)no drug is currently available for safety reducing prenatal AIDS transmission

A

When Oliva says, "Daddy goed to work," her father replies, "Yes, I went to work." Oliva's father's response is an example of

A Recast

Two-year-old Haakem tells his babysitter that he is a "big boy." This statement demonstrates that Haakem is beginning to develop

A categorical Self

genetic counseling

A communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals

Usually, labor is induced by giving the mother _____.

A drug, Pitocin, to stimulate contractions

Which picture is newborn Bjorn most likely to look at?

A face-like drawing with simple features

FI

A fixed interval is reinforcement that is given following a certain amount of time. For example, getting a paycheck is an example of a fixed interval because the employee knows when they are scheduled to receive their pay (every month or every week).

instrumental/operant conditioning

A form of learning where reinforcement depends upon the proper response. "As an example of instrumental conditioning, consider the tricks people teach their pets. When your dog learns how to "shake hands" in order to get a dog biscuit, it has learned an instrumental response in that the response leads to a sought-after effect--in this case, getting the biscuit." In instrumental learning, the response is selected from a large number of alternative actions.

Researchers believe that most newborn reflexes disappear during the first six months due to

A gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops

carrier

A heterozygous individual who can pass a recessive trait to his or her offspring

Critical period

A limited time during which the child is biologically prepare to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment

socioeconomic status (SES)

A measure of an individual's or a family's social position and economic well-being that combines three related, but not completely overlapping, variables: years of education, the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, and income

fraternal, or dizygotic, twins

twins resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova. They are genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings. Distinguished from identical, or monozygotic, twins

identical, or monozygotic, twins

twins resulting when a zygote, during early cell duplication, separates into two clusters of cells with the same genetic makeup, which develop into two individuals. Distinguished from fraternal, or dizygotic, twins

testes

two glands located in the scrotum, sacs that lie just behind the penis.

"In Hispanic families, Asian Pacific Island families, and Carib- bean families of African and East Indian origin, firm insistence on respect for parental authority is paired with high parental" (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

warmth

"In sum, although many good reasons exist for limiting family size, the concern that additional births will reduce child-rearing effectiveness and, thus, children's intelligence and life chances is not " (Berk 585) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

warranted

second trimester

weeks 13-24

third trimester

weeks 25-30, the fetus has a good chance of survival if born during this time. size increases, lungs mature. rapid brain development causes sensory and behavioral capacities to expand. in the middle of this period, a layer of fat is added under the skin. antibodies are transmitted from mother to fetus to protect against disease. most fetuses rotate into an upside-down position in preparation for birth.

fetus

weeks 9-12, rapid increase in size begins. nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected, and new behavioral capacities like kicking, thumb sucking, mouth opening, and rehearsal of breathing appear. external genitals are well-formed, and the fetus's sex is evident.

Improvements in motor skills during the school years reflect gains in all of the following EXCEPT:

weight

theory

well established principle; established from repeated observation and testing (ex: Attachment Theory, Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, Freud's Theory)

heart rate, respiratory rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, color

what are the five things rated on the apgar scale?

dependent variable

what it is that the researchers are testing

continuous reinforcement

when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

Which of the following statements about extracurricular activities is true?

Extracurricular activities reduces antisocial behavior and help improve self-esteem

short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, brain injury

FAS is distinguished by a pattern of three facial abnormalities such as ---------, a ---------, a ------------, and a ------ which is evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning.

Down Syndrome

Failure on the 21st pair of chromosome

*True/False: The popular belief that 'opposites attract' for long term committed partnerships/marriage is dead on accurate.

False

About 25% of young adults who initially choose to live together in anticipation of possible marriage end up breaking.

False

According to Erikson, earlier stages of personality development have little to do with the positive resolution of identity versus identity confusion.

False

According to the textbook, successful marriage is marked by good communication and the recognition that the escalation of negative emotion is present in all marriages.

False

Childhood physical abuse accounts for the vast majority of reported cases of child maltreatment

False

Childhood physical abuse accounts for the vast majority of reported cases of child maltreatment.

False

Correlational studies provide information that allows a researcher to draw conclusions about causal relationships between variables under study:

False

Only males produce androgens.

False

The United States has the lowest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world.

False

The leading killer of adolescents is drug overdose.

False

Research indicates that the best treatment for childhood obesity is

Family-based interventions that focus on changing behaviors

Research indicates that the best treatment for childhood obesity is:

Family-based interventions that focus on changing behaviors

Determines boy vs. Girl

Father. if the sperm is x bearing or y bearing when it fertilizes the egg (ovum)

Which of the statements below is accurate?

Feelings of loneliness peak during emerging adulthood

Which child is most likely to receive the least favorable teacher feedback and, as a consequence, experience learned helplessness?

Felysha, a low-SES African-American female

is a major cause of the dramatic rise in multiple births in recent decades.

Fertility drugs

Caused by repeated heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):

Mr. and Mrs. Falk want to improve their teenagers' diets. One simple and proven way they can do this is to

Find a way to eat together as a family most nights of the week

Findings that ________ provide support for Vygotsky's ideas

Fine-tuned support from parents is related to advanced play, language, and problem solving during the second year

John Locke

First person who was opposed to physical punishment

schedules of reinforcement

Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval

FR

Fixed-Ratio is a form of partial reinforcement. In FR participants are given their reward after a certain amount of behaviors. The number of behaviors needed to receive the reward corresponds with the number that follows 'FR', "if two responses are required for each reinforcement, the schedule is FR:2, if three are required the schedule is FR:3" and so on and so forth (139). Since FR is a form of fixed scheduling, the behavior is learned quickly, however, once the reinforcement ceases the behavior is soon forgotten.

_____ supplementation around the time of conception greatly reduces abnormalities of the neural tube, such as spina bifida and anencephaly.

Folic acid

Which of the following is an example of age graded influence

Frank got his drivers license at age 16

are the most common type of multiple birth

Fraternal twins

two zygotes: or fertilized ova

Fraternal/Dizygotic

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Frequently and distinctively argumentative, irritable, defiantly negative, resentful, temper issues. Onset before age 8. Predictive of CD then ASPD. Before puberty: more males, After puberty: equal males/females

Which theorist viewed adolescence as a turbulent phase that resembles the period in which human beings evolved from savages into civilized beings?

G. Stanley Hall

Extreme emotional deprivation can interfere with the production of _____ and lead to _____.

GH; Psychosocial Dwarfism

Intermodal Perception

Helps infants make sense of simultaneous input from multiple modalities

According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

Helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks

Daniel makes A's in his classes and is master oriented. Daniel will most likely attribute his success to

His ability

Two-year-old Jonathan is a difficult child. What would be the probable outcome if Jonathan's parents responded with angry and punitive discipline?

His difficult behavior will be maintained and even increase over time

____________ is a type of aggression intended to harm another person.

Hostile

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, personality development is greatly influenced by

How children resolve conflicts between biological drive and social expectations

Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky)

How culture is transmitted to the next generation Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture As adults and more-expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities, the communication between them becomes part of children's thinking Unlike Piaget such that he believes that cooperative learning is important, cognitive development is a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from adults and more-expert peers as they tackle new challenges Stage-wide changes

Vygotsky's theory focuses on

How culture is transmitted to the next generation.

is an ambitious international research program aimed at deciphering the chemical makeup of human genetic material..

Human Genome Project

According to Skinner's conclusions on reinforcement, if you wanted to train your partner to bring you lots of chocolate, how could you reinforce the behavior?

In Skinner's experiment the pigeons learned that if they pressed a button, they would get a treat (cause and effect). Basically, Skinner created a distinction between classical and instrumental conditioning. Operant conditioning suggests that the pigeons operate "on the environment to bring about some change that leads to some consequence, and whether that consequence is positive or negative influences whether the operant is more or less likely to be emitted in the future." The pigeons received positive reinforcement so they were more likely to do it again. To train someone to bring you chocolate, you would need to reinforce them with something good or get rid of something bad.

Which of the following is supported by research on the transition to parenthood?

In dual earner marriages, the larger the difference in men's and women's responsibilities, the greater the decline in marital satisfaction after childbirth

By pursuing meaningful achievement and confidence in their abilities, elementary school children show evidence of ________ in the fourth stage of Erikson's theory.

Industry

Follow-up research on the sensorimotor period indicates that

Infants comprehend a great deal before they are capable of the motor behaviors Piaget assumed led to those understandings

Alcohol use during pregnancy adversely affects the prenatal organism by

Interfering with brain development and drawing away oxygen that the developing organism needs to metabolize the alcohol

According to Erikson, young adults who d not have a firm sense of self will have difficulty developing _____, the task of early adulthood.

Intimacy

Achieving _____ is the major personality task of early adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

Intimacy

According to the Gibsons' differentiation theory, infants actively search for _____ of the environment in a constantly changing world.

Invariant Features

One limitation of correlation studies is

Investigators cannot infer cause-and-effect

Tic Disorders

Involuntary, sudden, stereotyped motor movements, often associated with ADHD

Kangaroo care

Involves placing the infant in a vertical position on the parents chest, under the clothing, to the parents body operates as a human incubator

The rise in fear after 6 months of age

Is adaptive because it keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check

The cerebral cortex

Is genetically programmed for hemispheric specialization, but experience greatly influences its organization

During middle childhood, attention changes in which of the following ways?

It becomes more adaptable

What does Kohler say about learning in animals? Insight?

Kohler believed that rather than simply learning through just trial and error, some animals could in fact behave intelligently. He wanted to explore animals that were closer to human beings, such as chimpanzees. Kohler argued that in Thorndike's cat experiment, the only way for the cats to learn was through trial and error, since all of the springs that would open the box were hidden. Kohler wanted to place Chimpanzees in more optimal conditions (where the solution to the problem was clearly present). After testing on chimpanzees, Kohler realized that many of methods employed by the animal demonstrated genuine understanding of the situation and problem solving skills, thus going on to show that not all animals learn through trial and error.

Public policy

Laws and government programs aimed at improve current conditions

_______________ is a type of attributional style where children believe their successes are due to luck and their failures due to low levels of ability.

Learned Helplessness

Classical conditioning (Watson)

Little Albert study, Pavlov's dog Can a neutral stimulus be paired with a conditioned/unconditioned response? Corresponds with "tabula rasa"

'D' is the symbol for the dark-haired allele; 'd' is the symbol for the blond-haired allele. Three children have the following allele pairs: Lizzy has DD, Lena has Dd, Lyle has dD, and Laura has dd. Which is considered dominant homozygous and has dark hair?

Lizzy

Teenage mothers are at greater risk than older mothers for prenatal complications because

Many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care

Both Marisa and Ashley weighed 4 pounds at birth. Marisa was born two weeks before her due date, and Ashley was born two months before her due date. Which of the following would you predict about Marisa and Ashley?

Marisa is more likely than Ashley to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage during the first year

Except for ____, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because these methods have some chance of injuring the fetus

Maternal blood analysis

people who work in skilled and semi skilled manual occupation tend to have more or less children in our society?

More (blue collard workers)

ADHD Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Type

Must have at least 6 symptoms associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and less than 6 symptoms associated with attention deficit

Jeff's father told him they were going for an automobile ride. Jeff never heard the word "automobile" before, but he knows the word "car". Jeff tries to figure out what the new words means, and he decides that an "automobile" must be a particular kind of "car". Which of the following rules must Jeff abandon in this situation?

Mutual exclusivity bias

NS

Neutral Stimulus. This is what will become the Conditioned Stimulus in classical conditioning. With Pavlov's experiment, the NS is initially the bell, because it has no effect on the dog's salivation. When the bell is associated with the meat powder (US), eliciting the CR, the bell is no longer neutral because the dog will learn to associate the bell with the impending arrival of food. Thus it becomes the CS.

reconditioning

One way in which extinction can be undone, by giving the subject more learning trials. Reconditioning is typically faster for the subject to learn than the initial conditioning, because the subject doesn't return to its "naive state" after extinction.It retains some memory.

baby Kate now relate stropping and throwing to her developing understanding of nearness and foreigners. Piaget theory this achievement is an example of

Organization

Studies of North American children reveal that

Over 30 percent of American and Canadian children in single-parent families suffer from uncertain access to enough food for a healthy, active life

Four year-old Phil says, "yesterday I wented to the store." Phil is:

Overregulating

Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive

Overstimulating and intrusive care

Following a high dose of cocaine during pregnancy

Oxygen delivered to the developing organism falls dramatically

Which of the following is supported by research on family size?

Parents with lower intelligence test scores tend to have larger families than parents with higher scores.

As you read the dates of the life spans of Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike, and Tolman, what do you notice?

Pavlov (1839-1946), Skinner (1904-1990), Thorndike (1874-1939), Tolman (1886-1959). I notice that all their life spans overlap, and particularly that their peak times of research would have happened within a 20 year period. This might explain the expansive discoveries made regarding learning and could also account for the similarities in their research topics.

Five-year-old Sushil is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Sushil is asked to pick from the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely

Pick the picture that shows his own point of view

Parents can reduce the likelihood of SIDS by

Placing infants to sleep on their back

Characteristics that are controlled by many genes working in combination

Polygenic

_____________ are well liked by peers even though they tend to defy authority and do poorly in school

Popular Antisocial

Preoperational stage

Preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier discoveries. Development of language and make- believe play.2-7

Of the following, which is supported by research on understanding emotions?

Preschoolers who are securely attached to their mothers better understand emotion

Research on the development of make-believe play indicates that

Preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as more socially competent by their teachers

Risk Factors for ODD, CD, ASPD

Problems with hyperactivity and inattention, parental rejection/abuse, delinquent friends

When playing with their babies, mother more often _____, whereas fathers tend to _____.

Provide toys and talk to infants; Engage in highly physical games

Higher SES parents tend emphasize the importance of ____for the children, where is lower SES parents tend to emphasize ____.

Psychological traits; external characteristics

Limits one's environment places on the effects of heredity

Reaction Range

The gene's feature will appear only if it is paired with another recessive gene

Recessive

Baby Owen's attention to his music box decreased because his mother has played it several times. When Owen's mother played a different music box, his attention increased. Owen's increase demonstrates

Recovery

In the violation-of-expectation method, ________ suggests that the infant is surprised at a deviation from physical reality.

Recovery to the unexpected event

_____________ are children more likely to be bullied by others

Rejected-Withdrawn

Lauren says to her playmates, "Don't let Renee play with your dolls. She'll steal them." This is an example of _____ aggression.

Relational

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Repetitive thoughts and rituals - most common compulsions in children are washing, checking, ordering. Prognosis not good in children, treatment is exposure response prevention (ERP). Significantly higher in male children

Self-conscious emotions differ from basic emotions in that self-conscious emotions

Require adult instruction in when to feel them

Limitation of Naturalistic observation

Researchers cannot control the condition under which the participants are observed

One-year-old Maya is building a block tower. Maya's father begins by pointing to where each block needs to go and then straightening out each block as Maya piles them up. As Maya's competence with the task increases, her father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of

Scaffolding

Charles Darwin's theories led other researchers to study all aspects of children's behavior and, therefore, Darwin is considered the forefather of

Scientific child study

In the Strange Situation, Aimee repeatedly makes eye contact with her mother as she actively explores the new surroundings. When her mother leaves the room, Aimee cries and is not comforted by an unfamiliar adult. However, she is comforted when her mother returns. Aimee is demonstrating characteristics of ________ attachment.

Secure

___________ is the ability for a child to control the expression of emotion and has been linked to less frequent displays of ____________when interacting with other children in distress

Self Regulation, aggression

To parents, fine motor progress in early childhood is most apparent in which of the following two areas?

Self-help skills; Drawing and Writing

Two-year-old Isabella has a red dot on her nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed

Self-recognition

Sadira is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. Sadira would be classified by Thomas and Chess as

Slow-to-warm-up

Recent research indicates that kindergarteners have higher reading and math achievement when they are in _____ classes.

Small (13-17 pupils)

Research indicates that modern children benefit from growing up in:

Small Families

Margaret shows exceptional talent in drawing and sculpting, able to recreate entire scenes and landscapes from memory. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Margaret has particular strengths in _____ intelligence.

Spatial

biological constraints (preparedness)

Species are predisposed to make connections with what is easy for them to learn and what is hard for them to learn. These predispositions are hardwired into the species to allow them to survive within the environment in which it evolved. These "predispositions put biological constraints on the species' learning".

Of the following, which is the BEST available infant predictor of childhood and adolescent IQ?

Speed of habituation and recovery to novel visual stimuli

As neurons form connections, ________ becomes vital to their survival

Stimulation

At 9 months, Etta, who had always been a friendly baby, began showing signs of fear when an unfamiliar person entered the room. Etta was exhibiting

Stranger anxiety

Sigmund Freud's theory was first to emphasize the role of ____ in child development

The early parent-child relationship

which of the following is supported by research on infant fear

The most frequent expression of fear is stranger anxiety

Why could the overjustification effect impact parenting and education? How does this relate to motivation?

The overjustification effect is when external incentives decrease an individual's intrinsic motivation. Regarding parenting, if parents reward their children with an allowance for doing chores (an external motivation), this would decrease the children's willingness to do the chore out of natural goodness (the intrinsic motivation). In education, a similar shift happens when students are incentivized with grades or being accepted to college rather than learning for the sake of learning. Once the extrinsic reward is lost, an individual will not have an incentive to continue to perform a task because the external motivation took the place of intrinsic one. For example, if a student was already accepted to college, they would have fewer external incentives of grades and college applications to worry about, and may have trouble being intrinsically motivated to continue to learn. When Ms. Lapato says "break up with the grade and fall in love with the learning," she is talking about overcoming the overjustification effect.

Of the following, which is supported by research on in vitro fertilization?

The risk of major birth defects is doubled in in vitro babies.

when Sarah was 18 months old her mother stood behind her helping her throat being back Sara skills improved her mother stepped back this is an example best illustrated by the concept of

The zone of proximal development

Jake experienced the onset of conduct problems in childhood. Thomas's conduct problems began in adolescence. Which of the following statements is probably true?

Thomas's conduct problems will probably stop after the transition to emerging adulthood

Only about 50% of American youth who enroll in college earn their degree by age 25

True

Only about 50% of American youth who enroll in college earn their degree by age 25.

True

Relativistic thinking is the belief that there are many possible truths and each is relative to a particular context

True

Preschool programs that stress formal academic training

Undermine children's motivational and emotional well-being

The leading cause of death in the preschool years in the United States is:

Unintentional Injury

In the brain, _____ consists largely of myelineated nerve fibers and _____ throughout childhood and adolescence.

White matter; Increases steadily

natural childbirth

a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience. most of these programs draw on methods developed by grantly dick reed. physicians recognized that cultural attitudes had taught women to fear the birth experience. an anxious frightened woman in labor tenses muscles, turning the mild pain that sometimes accompanies strong contractions into intense pain.

When 4-year-old Nicholas sees a tree blowing in the wind, he says, "Look! The tree is waving at me!" Nicholas is demonstrating a) animistic thinking b) dual representation c) centration d) conservation

a) animistic thinking

According to Piaget, during ____, children interpret experiences in terms of existing schemes, whereas in ____, old schemes are adjusted and new ones created to make sense of the environment. a) assimilation; accommodation b) adaptation; organization c) accommodation; assimilation d) equilibration; disequilibration

a) assimilation; accommodation

*A secondary sexual characteristic would involve which of the following a) breasts b) ovaries c) the scrotum d) testes

a) breasts

Freud's theory was the first theory to emphasize the role of ____ in child development. a) childhood experiences b) the four parenting styles c) individual differences d) genetic processes

a) childhood experiences

Baby Marcus begins to suck as soon as he sees his mother with a bottle of formula. Marcus' response to the bottle is the result of a) classical conditioning b) habituation c) dishabituation d) operant conditioning

a) classical conditioning

Children of gay and lesbian parents a) do not differ from other children in sexual orientation b) typically suffer from adjustment problems c) experience a lower quality of parent-child interactions than children with heterosexual parents d) are rarely teased or shunned by peers due to increasingly tolerant public views on homosexuality

a) do not differ from other children in sexual orientation

The idea that children may adopt teachers' positive or negative attitudes toward them is known as a) educational self-fulfilling prophecy b) identification c) brainwashing d) teacher infusion

a) educational self-fulfilling prophecy

African-American parents' communication style with their children emphasizes ____ over ____ a) emotional and social concerns; facts b) facts; emotional and social concerns c) quick-witted jokes; serious conversation d) discussions about racism; financial issues

a) emotional and social concerns; facts

Researchers call memory for everyday experiences ____ memory. a) episodic b) longitudinal c) imaginal d) working

a) episodic

Collin says, "I see a truck!" His grandmother responds, "Yes, you saw a big, red fire truck!" His grandmother's response would be classified as a(n) a) expansion b) script c) regularization d) semantic bootstrap

a) expansion

Which of the following research methods can be used to test a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables? a) experiments b) clinical interviews c) questionnaires d) correlations

a) experiments

*Which of the following statements about extracurricular activities is true? a) extracurricular activities reduce antisocial behavior and help improve self-esteem b) extracurricular activities have no impact on academic performance c) extracurricular activities actually reduce peer acceptance d) students with academic, emotional, and social problems are least likely to benefit

a) extracurricular activities reduce antisocial behavior and help improve self-esteem

____ supplementation around the time of conception greatly reduces abnormalities of the neural tube, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. a) folic acid b) iron c) potassium d) vitamin B6

a) folic acid

*The gender gap in career attainment is partially accounted for by a) girls' underestimation of their own achievement b) boys' superior c) the fact that boys' grades are higher than girls' grades d) innate ability

a) girls' underestimation of their own achievement

Cesarean delivery a) has become increasingly common in the United States, accounting for almost one-third of all births. b) has become less common with the invention and regular use of fetal monitoring c) must be used if a mother has had a previous cesarean birth d) is much less likely to be used in the United States than in other countries

a) has become increasingly common in the United States, accounting for almost one-third of all births.

At the microsystem level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, one might exam the a) interactions between a mother and her children b) relationship between home and school environments c) health and welfare services of a community d) moral, ethical, and religious values of a society

a) interactions between a mother and her children

The word-learning process known as a fast-mapping a) involves word learning after a brief encounter b) does not have lasting effects c) involves word learning through a process of habituation d) does not work for 2-year-olds

a) involves word learning after a brief encounter

The most well-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is a) low birth weight b) childhood lung cancer c) respiratory disease d) allergies

a) low birth weight

Piaget's ideas about cognitive development during infancy and toddlerhood were derived from a) making observations of his own children b) carrying out laboratory experiments on large numbers of children c) performing mental tests on children in his clinical practice d) conducting open-ended clinical interviews with children

a) making observations of his own children

Teenage mothers are at greater risk than older mothers for prenatal complications because a) many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care b) the risky behavior of many teenagers cause chromosomal abnormalities in their babies c) the eggs cells or ovum of teenagers are not yet mature enough to successfully unite with the father's sperm d) most teenagers reproductive organs are not yet mature enough to support a pregnancy

a) many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care

According to our textbook, ____ doubles the risk of SIDS. a) maternal cigarette smoking b) prenatal abuse of drugs c) placing a sleeping infant on his side d) placing a sleeping baby on her back

a) maternal cigarette smoking

*One benefit of ____ is that they provide a supportive context for boys and girls to get to know one another and offer models for how to interact with the other sex without having to be intimate. a) mixed-sex cliques b) crowds c) groups d) same-sex cliques

a) mixed-sex cliques

*In general, research shows that the earlier the school transition, the a) more powerful its impact, especially for girls b) more powerful its impact, especially for boys c) less its impact, especially for boys d) less its impact, especially for girls

a) more powerful its impact, especially for girls

Crystal's parents do not provide her with enough food or adequate clothing. They do not keep their eye on her, although she is too young to be without parental supervision. When she needs medical attentions, her parents ignore her. This type of maltreatment is known as a) neglect b) battering c) sexual abuse d) physical abuse

a) neglect

Serious developmental problems, such as inattention and overactivity, emotional disturbance, and epilepsy, may occur when a) neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances b) secretions from the adrenal glands increase c) the corpus callosum thickens d) synaptic pruning occurs

a) neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances

Four-year-old Phil says, "Yesterday I wented to the store." Phil is a) overregularizing b) not using grammatical morphemes productively c) underextending d) language impaired

a) overregularizing

Following a high dose of cocaine during pregnancy a) oxygen delivered to the developing organism falls dramatically b) the embryonic or fetal heart rate slows down to dangerously low level c) the concentration of carbon dioxide is raised to unsafe levels in the bloodstream of the developing organism d) the placenta slows down production of nutrients needed to nourish the developing organism

a) oxygen delivered to the developing organism falls dramatically

*Cognitive self-regulation refers to one's ability to a) plan steps toward reaching a goal, monitoring progress toward a goal, and redirecting oneself when a step is unsuccessful a) plan steps toward reaching a goal, monitoring progress toward a goal, and redirecting oneself when a step is unsuccessful b) think about thinking c) select a stimulus and sustain attention on it when faced with competing stimuli d) regulate emotional displays by thinking about being in control

a) plan steps toward reaching a goal, monitoring progress toward a goal, and redirecting oneself when a step is unsuccessful

Three-year-old Derek takes turns in conversations, knows to speak differently to his baby sister than he does to his grandfather, and responds appropriately when asked to clarify his statements. These skills are known as a) pragmatics b) semantic bootstrapping c) a language-making capacity d) expansions

a) pragmatics

Five-year-old Lakeisha likes to play on the swings but Nicole is a faster runner and always gets there first. Lakeisha pushes Nicole to the ground near the swing set because she is focused on obtaining the swing during recess. Lakeisha is displaying ____ aggression. a) proactive physical b) reactive verbal c) proactive relational d) reactive physical

a) proactive physical

Research on the link between parental behavior and attachment suggests that ____ distinguishes securely from insecurely attached infants. a) sensitive caregiving b) length of the parents marriage c) parental intelligence d) age of mother

a) sensitive caregiving

Frankie is lining up pieces of string in order from the shortest to longest. This skill is known as a) seriation b) continuum of acquisition c) conservation of length d) centration

a) seriation

The best way of estimating a child's physical maturity is to use a) skeletal age b) head circumference c) height d) weight

a) skeletal age

Public policies safeguarding children and youth have been ____ in the United States that in other Western industrialized nations. a) slower to emerge b) enacted earlier c) more successful d) more protective

a) slower to emerge

Recent research indicated that kindergartners have higher reading and math achievement when they are in ____ classes. a) small (13 to 17 pupils) b) regular (22 to 25 pupils) c) regular (20 to 25 pupils plus a teacher's aide) d) large (30 to 35 pupils plus two aides)

a) small (13 to 17 pupils)

According to research on resiliency, which of the following factors is associated with protection against the damaging effects of stressful life or abusive conditions? a) social support outside the immediate family b) an emotionally reactive personality c) multiple siblings d) high SES

a) social support outside the immediate family

The concept of ____ is characteristic of ____ theories. a) stage; discontinuous b) nurture; continuous c) change; heredity d) stability; stage

a) stage; discontinuous

"Immigrant parents from cultures that place a high value on family closeness and obedi- ence to authority have greater difficulty adapting to their teenagers' push for autonomy, often reacting more strongly to" (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

adolescent disagreement

"Overall, siblings who established a positive bond in childhood continue to display greater" (Berk 587) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

affection

"Recall, also, that a history of physical punishment is associated with a reduction in antisocial behavior among" (Berk 583) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

african American adolescents (but increase for caucasian ("Most African-American parents who use strict, "no-nonsense" discipline use physical pun- ishment sparingly and combine it with "warmth and reasoning)

The experience of distress due to loneliness peaks in what age range _____? (look carefully at the tables in the chapter to find this information).

age 19-30

"Adopted children and adolescents—whether or not they were born in their adoptive parents' country—tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children, a difference that increases with the child's" (Berk 588) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

age at adoption

Albert Bandura ("Sock him in the nose")

aggression study with bobo the doll. he postulated social learning theory, which suggests that children learn social behavior through observation.

Mental delays, slow physical growth, and facial abnormalities are among the dose related effects of this teratogen:

alcohol

production, migration

alcohol produces its effects by interfering with ----- and ------ of neurons in the primitive neural tube.

three, facial abnormalities

alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder is a disorder in which at least -------- areas of mental functioning are impaired despite typical physical growth, and absence of -------.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory

all interactions between children and adults are bidirectional

"Providing parents with training in mediation—how to get siblings to lay down ground rules, clarify points of agreement and disagreement, and discuss possible solutions— increases siblings' awareness of one another's perspectives and reduces" (Berk 587) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

animosity

"In contrast, maternal harshness and lack of involvement result in increasingly" (Berk 586) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

antogonistic sibling relationship

" In several studies, researchers tracked youths growing up in high-SES suburbs (Luthar & Latendresse, 2005a). By seventh grade, many showed serious problems that worsened in high school. Their school grades were poor, and they were more likely than low-SES youths to engage in alcohol and drug use and to report high levels of anxiety and depression (Luthar & Becker, 2002; Luthar & Goldstein, 2008). Furthermore, among affluent (but not low-SES) teenagers, substance use was correlated with" (Berk 581) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

anxiety and depression

The eld of human development is considered to be ________ because investigators often are interested in the practical implications of their research.

applied

shaping

applied to responses when looking more difficulty and more complexity within the response. It is when a response is changed from it's origin through repetition. Though it usually pertains the subject to put more effort into the response, it is immediately followed by a reinforcement. For example, if a cat is trained to push a lever for food, "shaping" is applied when the lever is placed higher, because cat must learn to stand on it's hind legs to press the lever and receive the food. By having the food appear immediately, the response of standing on it's hind legs becomes a routine.

A newborns round face chubby cheeks and big eyes

are attractive to adults and ensure that babies will be picked up and cuddled

Babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world who ________ are 6 to 14 times more likely to survive the first year of life.

are breastfed

Research suggests that more active fetuses during the third trimester are more likely to become two-year-olds who

are less fearful

According to Erikson, during toddlerhood, parents who provide appropriate guidance and reasonable choices are fostering their child's sense of:

autonomy

*Paul and Holly are married. Ben and Jen are both single. Which of the following statements is probably true? a) Ben is in better physical health than Paul. b) Paul and Holly are physically and mentally healthier than Ben and Jen, and are financially better off. c) Ben and Jen enjoy more frequent, satisfying sex than Paul and Holly do. d) Paul and Holly will tend to have more financial difficulties due to the cost associated with childrearing.

b) Paul and Holly are physically and mentally healthier than Ben and Jen, and are financially better off.

In comparing Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories, a) Piaget's theory pointed out the importance of children's communication with caregivers b) Piaget believed in discovery learning whereas Vygotsky believed in assisted discover learning c) Vygotsky, but not Piaget, attempted explored children's private speech d) Vygotsky placed emphasis on skills such as categorization and problem-solving

b) Piaget believed in discovery learning whereas Vygotsky believed in assisted discover learning

According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child's zone of proximal development? a) a task that a child is able to easily accomplish without any assistance b) a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult c) a task that a child has recently mastered independently d) a task that a child cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult

b) a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult

Your 7-year-old nephew is having problems with bedwetting at night. If his parents ask you to suggest an effective treatment , you will let them know that ____ is/are the most effective way of dealing with this problem. a) antidepressant medications b) a urine alarm c) ignoring the bedwetting d) waking the child and making him wash the sheets

b) a urine alarm

David and Mary Grace attend a preschool in which they learn to spell simple words and calculate simple addition problems. Most of their time is spent in lessons drilling these and other basic skills. Their preschool is most likely a(n). a) child-centered preschool b) academic preschool c) military preschool d) Head Start preschool

b) academic preschool

Language comprehension develops ____ language production. This is probably because comprehension involves the use of ____ memory, the form of memory that is cruel externally. a) ahead of; recall b) ahead of; recognition c) more slowly than; recognition d) at about the same pace as; recall

b) ahead of; recognition

Longitudinal research reveals that the IQ scores of most children ____ between toddlerhood and adolescence. a) are relatively stable b) can increase or decrease as much as 20 points c) are identical d) vary by about 50 points

b) can increase or decrease as much as 20 points

*Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins are uncomfortable talking about sex and contraception with their teenage daughters. They should know that a) nearly 90 percent of parents do not have these conversations with their children, so they are not alone b) continued avoidance on their part could lead to increased sexual risk taking for their daughters c) their children will most likely receive all the information they need to know from other sources d) the less they discuss sex with their daughters, the less the chance that their daughters will have unprotected sex.

b) continued avoidance on their part could lead to increased sexual risk taking for their daughters

The ____ is the bundle of large fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. a) sensory cortex b) corpus callosum c) cerebellum d) reticular formation

b) corpus callosum

Gibson and Walk's research using the visual cliff indicated that sensitivity to depth first appears around the times that infants begin to a) pull to stand b) crawl c) walk d) sit up

b) crawl

In the information-processing system, real memory a) is the least useful part of our mental system b) develops later in the infant than recognition memory c) is not present in infants d) is non-existent in the human infant

b) develops later in the infant recognition memory

The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the period of the ____, whereas the rate of body growth is greatest during the ____. a) fetus; embryo b) embryo; fetus c) zygote; fetus d) zygote; embryo

b) embryo; fetus

Three-year-old Miguel covers his eyes and runs out of the room during a scary scene in his favorite movie. He is displaying a) social problem-solving b) emotional self-regulation c) situational empathy d) scaffolding

b) emotional self-regulation

Longitudinal studies found that university-based preschool intervention programs a) do not affect the assignment of children into special education classes b) enhance IQ and school achievement through the first 2 to 3 years of elementary school c) do not affect whether a child is held back a grade in school d) have little to no impact on learning outcomes

b) enhance IQ and school achievement through the first 2 to 3 years of elementary school

Which of the following is true of violence and TV a) makes children less willing to tolerate violence or aggression in others b) exposure to TV violence increases the likelihood of all forms of childhood aggression c) preschoolers are least influenced by TV violence because they are unlikely to imitate it d) it is relatively rare during prime time viewing, 6am until 11pm

b) exposure to TV violence increases the likelihood of all forms of childhood aggression

Research indicates that the best treatment for childhood obesity is a) punishing the child for sedentary activity b) family-based interventions that focuses on enhancing behaviors c) daily exercise for the child d) placing the child on a strict, low calorie diet

b) family-based interventions that focuses on enhancing behaviors

Research on gender typing/gender roles shows all of the following except? a) parents interact with sons and daughters differently b) gender typing has no biological basis c) children have gender constancy by age 4 d) males are more constrained by gender expectations than females

b) gender typing has no biological basis

Continuum of acquisitions refers to a) the tendency for children to display losses in skill sets before displaying permanent gains b) gradual mastery of logical concepts c) children's sudden development of a skill d) development through the four major Piagetian stages

b) gradual mastery of logical concepts

The Apgar Scale rates characteristics of a newborn, including the baby's a) vision, hearing, and sense of tough b) heart rate, color, and muscle tone c) length and weight d) reflexes, state changes, and responsiveness to physical and social stimuli

b) heart rate, color, muscle tone

*The "culture shock" that college students experience when they encounter new ideas and beliefs, opportunities, and academic and social demands results in a) feelings of being overwhelmed, which often leads to depression b) increasingly rational, flexible, and practical ways of thinking c) limited gains in cognition due to a kind of "cognitive confusion" d) a type of mini-globalization known as universal thought

b) increasingly rational, flexible, and practical ways of thinking

Alcohol use during pregnancy adversely affects the prenatal organism by a) raising the concentration of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream and drawing away oxygen that the developing organism needs to metabolize alcohol b) interfering with brain development and drawing away oxygen that the developing organism need to metabolize the alcohol c) causing the placenta to grow abnormally and interfering with brain development d) causing the placenta to grow abnormally and raising the concentration of carbon monoxide i the bloodstream

b) interfering with brain development and drawing away oxygen that the developing organism need to metabolize the alcohol

Six-year-old Jordan's parents expect her to floss her teeth every day. They should know that a) flossing is detrimental to dental hygiene until all permanent teeth have grown in b) most children cannot floss by themselves until about 9 years of age c) they have age-appropriate expectations for Jordan d) flossing is not critical to dental hygiene until the adolescent years

b) most children cannot floss by themselves until about 9 years of age

When baby Radsheda reaches for her pacifier, she accidentally pushes it under her pillow. Rather than searching for the pacifier under the pillow, Radsheda cries. One possibility why Radsheda does not search for the pacifier under the pillow is because she has not yet developed a) animistic thinking b) object permanence c) conservation d) dual representation

b) object permanence

Theorists who emphasize that children everywhere follow the same course of development likely believe that development a) is entirely genetic b) occurs in stages c) is due to powerful environment d) is continuous

b) occurs in stages

Cooing in infancy refers to a) strings of different speech sounds b) one-syllable vowel sounds c) repeated consonant-vowel combinations d) strings of several identical sounds

b) one-syllable vowel sounds

Baby Lindsay has combined her reaching, grasping, and sucking schemes into a coordinated action blending the two schemes so she can reach for her pacifier and pull it into her mouth to suck. According to Piaget's theory this achievement is an example of a) assimilation b) organization c) deferred imitation d) accommodation

b) organization

Extreme emotional deprivation can lead to which of the following disorders? a) marasmus b) psychosocial dwarfism c) kwashiorkor d) iron-deficiency anemia

b) psychosocial dwarfism

Studies on parenting styles have found that two feature- ____ -consistently differentiate an effective parenting style from less effective ones. a) types of behavioral consequences; and family income b) responsiveness and warmth; maturity expectations/autonomy granting c) types of play activities; and acceptance and control d) discipline; and time spent watching TV

b) responsiveness and warmth; maturity expectations/autonomy granting

Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a(an) ____ process. a) active b) socially mediated c) innate d) quantitive

b) socially mediated

Which of the following measure of infant performance best predicts childhood intelligence in elementary school and beyond? a) score on infant intelligence tests (DQ score) b) speed of habituation/dishabituation responses c) infant temperament d) language abilities

b) speed of habituation/dishabituation responses

A ____ refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. a) toxin b) teratogen c) pollutant d) chemical hazard

b) teratogen

Baby Marisa is twisting and turning triangles, circles, and squares in purposeful trial and error manner to figure out how to fit them into her shape-sorter. According to Piaget, this behavior would best be described as a ____ circular reaction. a) reflexive b) tertiary c) secondary d) primary

b) tertiary

In Erikson's theory, ____ determines a healthy versus unhealthy outcome of infancy. a) the finances available in the infant's family b) the quality and warmth (responsiveness) of the caregiver's behavior c) the amount of food given d) whether the child is breast-fed or bottle-fed

b) the quality and warmth (responsiveness) of the caregiver's behavior

In industrialized nations, ____ is/are the leading cause of death in early and middle childhood. a) intentional injuries/abuse b) unintentional injuries c) cancer d) birth defects

b) unintentional injuries

The emergence of the social smile in infancy corresponds with the development of infants' a) sense of self b) vision c) language d) muscular control of the fingers

b) vision

During the 3rd and 4th weeks of pregnancy, the developing organism _____

begins to develop muscles, a heart, and a digestive tract

double-blind experiment

both the researcher and the participants do not know which group received which variable

Both Marisa and Ashley weighed 4 pounds at birth. Marisa was born two weeks before her due date, and Ashley was born two months before her due date. Which of the following would you predict about Marisa and Ashley? a) Ashley is more likely than Marisa to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage during the first year. b) There is no research evidence that either Ashley and Maris is more likely to experience serious problems compared to full-term normal-birth-weight babies. c) Marisa is more likely than Ashley to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage during the first year. d) Ashley and Marisa are equally likely to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage during the first year.

c) Marisa is more likely than Ashley to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage during the first year.

Usually, labor is induced by giving the mother ____. a) a massage to the uterus to stimulate contractions b) a procedure to dislodge the mucus plug c) a drug, pitocin, to stimulate contractions d) using a balloon catheter to open the cervix

c) a drug, pitocin, to stimulate contractions

In Vygotskian classroom, teachers guide children's learning with explanations, demonstrations, and verbal prompts, carefully tailoring their efforts to each child's zone of proximal development. This process is referred to as a) behavior modification techniques. b) peer collaboration. c) assisted discovery. d) modeling.

c) assisted discovery.

The ____ parenting style is associated with the most successful child development outcomes. a) uninvolved b) permissive c) authoritative d) authoritarian

c) authoritative

At birth, the ____ is/are nearer than any other physical structure to its adult size. a) lungs b) heart c) brain d) feet

c) brain

*An eating disorder in which eating binges are followed by purging is called a) anorexia nervosa b) addictive ingestion c) bulimia nervosa d) compulsive dieting

c) bulimia nervosa

Seven-year-old Renu pours water from a tall, thin glass into a short, thick glass and understands that the amount of water remains unchanged. Renu is capable of understanding a) referential communication b) egocentrism c) conservation d) class inclusion

c) conservation

In a study examining the development of pretend play, Professor Tomy observed two-, three-, four-, and five-year-olds on one occasion in a specially designed playroom. The design of this study is a) cross-sequential b) longitudinal-sequential c) cross-sectional d) longitudinal

c) cross-sectional

Young children often use syntactic bootstrapping and social context to a) make themselves better understood by adults b) explain their thoughts to younger siblings or friends c) determine the meanings of new words d) express themselves to their peers

c) determine the meanings of new words

Rachael's mother can't make plans to go out because she never knows when Rachael will want to eat or sleep. Besides, Rachael cries a lot and won't stay with a sitter. According to Thomas and Chess's temperament types, Rachel would probably be classified as a(n) ____ child. a) slow-to-warm-up b) uninhibited c) difficult d) easy

c) difficult

*Among the following, which adolescents are most likely to have positive self-images in adolescence? a) early-maturing boys and girls b) late-maturing boys and early maturing girls c) early-maturing boys and late maturing girls d) late-maturing boys and girls

c) early-maturing boys and late maturing girls

Two-year-old Hannah offers her brother her favorite blanket when he falls down and skins his knee. Hannah is demonstrating sign of a) interactional synchrony b) shame c) empathy d) social referencing

c) empathy

Games like pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo a) facilitate children's understanding of grammar b) hinder the transition from preverbal to verbal communication c) foster infants' understanding of the turn-taking pattern of human conversation d) help children attain basic mathematical understanding

c) foster infants' understanding of the turn-taking pattern of human conversation

Mothers who have a companion staying with them throughout labor ____ than mothers who do not have companionship a) experience more anxiety and pain during childbirth b) are less likely to hold, hug, and nurse their newborns in the first hour after delivery c) have shorter labors and fewer complications d) request more labor and delivery medications

c) have shorter labors and fewer complications

Compared to children in America, children in Japan, China, and Korea score ____ in academic achievement and ____ in self-esteem. a) lower; higher b) lower; lower c) higher; lower d) higher; higher

c) higher; lower

Daniel makes As in his classes and is mastery oriented. Daniel will most likely attribute his success to a) the teachers' easy tests b) the amount of material covered in class c) his ability d) good luck

c) his ability

Anxiously attached infants, those that tend to be clingy and fearful, tend to have caregivers who are a) neglectful or abusive b) consistently responsive c) inconsistently responsive d) unresponsive

c) inconsistently responsive

Erikson's personality stage/critical psychological conflict during the preschool years is a) industry versus inferiority b) autonomy versus shame and doubt c) initiative versus guilt d) trust versus mistrust

c) initiative versus guilt

A sensitively tuned "emotional dance" in which the parent responds to and matches the baby's emotional cues in a well-timed and responsive manner, like the split-screen example we saw on videotape in class, is called a) self conscious parenting b) ethological matchin c) interactional synchrony d) emotional self regulation

c) interactional synchrony

Self-conscious emotions refer to emotions that a) seem to arise only of children are insecurely attached b) are simple, basic emotions c) involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self d) arise from development of basic language ability

c) involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self

Which of the following statements is true of 'disciplining a child': a) parents interact with sons and daughters differently b) spanking is ineffective under all circumstances c) it involve effectively teaching a child what expected of them d) corporal punishment is more common in high SES families

c) it involve effectively teaching a child what expected of them

Once the two hemispheres ____, the cortex ____. a) myelinize; is no longer highly plastic b) myelinize; loses unneeded synapses c) lateralize; is no longer highly plastic d) lateralize; stops functioning properly

c) lateralize; is no longer highly plastic

Research on infant child care indicates that a) young children are relatively unaffected by the quality of daycare facility b) many babies can be cared for by a single adult because they are not yet mobile c) long hours in daycare during the first year can negatively affect attachment security d) daycare is a fact of modern family life and children respond favorably to daycare even with the facilities do not meet high standards for quality

c) long hours in daycare during the first year can negatively affect attachment security

Two-year-old Victoria hugs an upset classmate in the same way that her parents hug her at home when she is upset. According to social learning theory, Victoria likely learned this response to her classmate's distress through a) punishment b) reinforcement c) modeling d) classical conditioning

c) modeling

During middle childhood, attention changes in which of the following ways? It becomes a) less controlled b) less planful c) more adaptable d) more rigid

c) more adaptable

*Adolescents' planning and decision making are a) very effective in both schoolwork and daily life b) easy for tasks of daily life, but are undeveloped for schoolwork c) much improved for schoolwork, but are still difficult in daily life d) poorly developed in both schoolwork and daily life

c) much improved for schoolwork, but are still difficult in daily life

The rapid decline in processing time over middle childhood is thought to be due to a) the deterioration of the synaptic cleft b) an increase in the size of the corpus callosum c) myelinization and synaptic pruning in the brain d) development of the frontal lobes and cerebral cortex

c) myelinization and synaptic pruning in the brain

At the end of the second trimester, nearly all of the brain's ____ are in place. However the brain's ____ continue to increase at a rapid rate throughout pregnancy and after birth. a) neurons; neural tubes b) glial cells, neurons c) neurons; glial cells d) neural tubes; neurons

c) neurons; glial cells

Donnie and Vinny are playing with different toys in the same room, interested in each other but not looking at one another at all. They are engaging in ____ play. a) nonsocial b) associative c) parallel d) cooperative

c) parallel

Aggression aimed at obtaining an object, privilege, or space with no deliberate attempt to harm another person is called ____ aggression a) passive b) hostile c) proactive d) reactive

c) proactive

By the end of the second year, a typical child's weight has ____ since birth. a) doubled b) tripled c) quadrupled d) quintupled

c) quadrupled

Asking a child to recall 10 items they were shown in a book, without providing any perceptual cues, requires them to use which type of memory? a) episodic b) planning c) recall d) recognition

c) recall

Which of the following is NOT true of growth hormone: a) it is released during sleep b) 4-4.5 feet is maximum height without it c) regulates brain development d) release regulated by pituitary gland

c) regulates brain development

Social referencing is a) the use of a familiar caregiver as a base from which an infant confidently explores the environment and to which the infant returns for emotional support b) thinking about the self c) relying on another person's emotional retaken to appraise an uncertain situation d) the process of continuously monitoring progress toward an academic goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

c) relying on another person's emotional retaken to appraise an uncertain situation

In the Strange Situation, baby Mitchell uses his mother as a secure base from which to explore. He cries when she leaves and crawls quickly to her for comfort when she returns. Mitchell would be classified as showing ____ attachment. a) disorganized/disoriented b) resistant c) secure d) avoidant

c) secure

The capacity to control socially disapproved behavior is known as a) self-regulation b) self-awareness c) self-control d) self-esteem

c) self-control

To parents, fine motor progress in early childhood is most apparent in which o the following two areas? a) drawing and writing; running and jumping b) language comprehension; independent movement c) self-help skills; drawing and writing d) voluntary reaching and grasping; independent movement

c) self-help skills; drawing and writing

Candice is interested in whether her preschool students have good recognition memory. After showing them several picture of animals, she should wait a short while and then a) have students draw the pictures she showed them earlier, to see how many details they remember b) have students say what they remember about their recent trip to the zoo c) show them the familiar pictures and some unfamiliar pictures, and have students pick out the ones they saw before d) ask students to make up stories about what they remember from the pictures they saw earlier

c) show them the familiar pictures and some unfamiliar pictures, and have students pick out the ones they saw before

Sally and Susie are using dolls to act out a make-believe story in which Sally is the mother and Susie is the daughter. Of what type of play are these preschoolers engaged? a) associative b) nonsocial c) sociodramatic d) parallel

c) sociodramatic

*Which of the following is true? a) the typical 15- to 18-year-old male has had three or more sexual partners b) teenagers from smaller families are more likely to be sexually active than teenagers from large families c) teenagers living in low-SES neighborhoods are more likely to be sexually active than teenagers in higher-income neighborhoods d) girls tend to have their first intercourse earlier than boys

c) teenagers living in low-SES neighborhoods are more likely to be sexually active than teenagers in higher-income neighborhoods

Of all Western countries, ____ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. a) Canada b) France c) the United States d) Germany

c) the United States

The cephalocaudal trend in development means that a) males develop more rapidly than females b) females develop more rapidly than males c) the head region develops before the foot region d) the extremities develop before the central regions

c) the head region develops before the foot region

The expulsion of the placenta takes place during the ____ stage of labor a) first b) second c) third d) this does not happen during labor, but after labor is over

c) third

experimental design

cause and effect, change/manipulation (independent variable-IV), observe change (dependent variable-DV), avoiding confounds (third variable explanations), random assignments, experimental and control groups

toxoplasmosis

caused by a parasite found in many animals, can affect pregnant women who eat raw or undercooked meat, or from contact with the feces of infected cats. if it strikes during the first trimester, it is likely to cause eye and brain damage. later infection is linked to mild visual and cognitive impairments. expectant mothers can avoid ---------- by making sure the meat they eat is well cooked, and having pets checked for the disease, and turning over the care of litter boxes to other family members.

At preschool, it is Tyler's fourth birthday. Although, Christine is only 3, she insists that she is older than Tyler because she is taller. Christine focuses on height, not years as a measure of age. This is an example of:

centration

medical control

cesarean sections are getting increasingly common. ------ over childbirth is largely responsible.

emergencies, breech, anoxia

cesarean sections have always been warranted by medical ------- and in certain -------- births, in which the baby risks head injury of -------.

chaining

chaining together a series of behaviors in order to get a reward.

Theorists who emphasise plasticity believe that

change is possible and likely if new experiences support it.

Body growth in middle childhood tends to be:

characterized by slight spurts followed by lulls

partial fetal alcohol syndrome

characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities in FAS such s short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, smooth philtrum. these people have brain injury, again evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. mothers of kids with pfas generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities, and kids defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure. paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression, contributing to symptoms.

"Chinese only children are advanced in cognitive development and academic achievement. They also" "feel more emotionally secure, perhaps because government disapproval promotes tension in families with more than one " (Berk 588) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

child

"But this drop in family time is not universal. In one study, urban low- and middle-SES African-American youths showed no decline from" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

childhood to adolescence

During medieval times

childhood was regarded as a separate period from adulthood

"Adopted children and adolescents—whether or not they were born in their adoptive parents' country—tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other" (Berk 588) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

children

According to Jean Jaques Rousseau's concept of noble savage

children are natually endowed with a sense of right and wrong.

One of the most important ethical issues in research on children is

children often can't evaluate for themselves what participation in a study will mean for them so adults must take care to protect the rights and safety of the children involved in research

According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

children's understanding is different from adults

"Compared with Western parents, ____ parents describe their parenting as less warm and more controlling. They are more directive in teaching and scheduling their children's time, as a way of fostering self-control and high achievement." (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

chinese

Angela's grades in school have been affected negatively by her parents recent divorce. In ecological systems theory, the divorce representsa change in Angela's

chronosystem

______________ is the aspect of parenting where children are given increasing levels of control over moment to moment decision-making while parents retain high levels of general oversight.

co-regulation

constricts

cocaine ---- the blood vessels, causing oxygen delivered to the developing organism to fall for fifteen minutes after a high dose.

perceptual, motor, attention, memory, language, impulse

cocaine babies have -----, -------., -------. -------. -------. and ----- control issues.

neurons, chemical balance

cocaine can alter the production and functioning of ------- and the --------- in the fetus's brain.

"Consistent with this view, low-SES African-American parents who use more controlling strategies tend to have more " (Berk 583) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

cognitive and socially competent children

Research on vision in newborns demonstrates that

color vision becomes adultlike at about 4 months of age

cross-sequential design

combined cross-sectional, longitudinal design;

Behaviour modification relieves problem behaviours by

combing conditioning and modeling

placental previa

condition caused by implantation of the blastocyst so low in the uterus that the placenta covers the cervical opening, so as the cervix dilates and effaces, part of the placenta gets detached

Locke regarded development as ____ and largely influenced by ____.

continuous; nurture

Which structure of the brain allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another?

corpus callosum

Child directed speech and parent-child conversation

create a zone of proximal development in which children's language skills expect

higher-order relationships

critical thinking skills. insight. I don't know. analyze, evaluate, create.

Aaron's parents have high standards for his behavior. At the same time, they do not provide him with emotional warmth or respond consistently to his emotional needs. Aaron frequently hears, "Do it because I said so!" His parent can be classified as a) authoritative b) permissive c) uninvolved d) authoritarian

d) authoritarian

Four-month-old Max became easily upset by new and novel experience, a colorful, musical, moving mobile. His body became tense, he was highly active, and cried easily---similar to the infant we watched on video in class about infant temperament. According to research by Jerome Kagan, Max is likely to a) have higher-than-average intelligence in middle childhood b) develop low self-esteem by early childhood c) develop an insecure attachment to his mother by the second year d) become fearful, inhibited toddler & preschooler

d) become fearful, inhibited toddler & preschooler

Children consistently use memory strategies a) at about the time they reach puberty b) when they have mastered formal operations c) from preschool on d) by the mid-elementary year

d) by the mid-elementary year

Hennie and Brendan have identical balls of play dough. After Brendan flattens his into a "pancake," he believes that he now has more play dough than Hennie. Brendan lacks a) centration b) symbolism c) dual representation d) conservation

d) conservation

Mr. and Mrs. Bloom are gradually shifting control for daily activities and responsibilities to their son Orlando. They allow Orlando to control moment-by-moment decision making, but they maintain general oversight over his activities. The blooms are engaging in a) parent-child negotiational parenting b) parental neglect c) authoritarian parenting d) coregulation

d) coregulation

Theo's grandmother wants to make sure he successfully resolves Erikson's psychosocial conflict of middle childhood. She should give Theo opportunities to a) learn to initiate conversations with girls b) build trust in others c) become more empathic d) develop competence at useful skills

d) develop competence at useful skills

According to the behavioristic approach, the proper focus of study for psychology should be a) unconscious impulses and drives b) adaptive evolutionary behavior patterns c) each person's unique inner experience d) directly observable events

d) directly observable events

Which attachment pattern is especially high among physically abused infants or cases of extreme neglect? a) secure b) avoidant c) resistant d) disorganized/disoriented

d) disorganized/disoriented

An approach to testing that is consistent with Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is known as a) instrumental testing b) zone assessments c) natural process evaluation d) dynamic assessment

d) dynamic assessment

Down syndrome is most commonly caused by a) increased age of the father b) mutation of the genetic material on the 23rd chromosomal pair c) trauma at birth d) failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

d) failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Recent research using a violation-of-expectation task (impossible event paradigm), where babies are shown an impossible event such as the one show in class on video where the cart appears to roll through the dotted box on the track, has shown that infants as young as ____ grasp the idea of object permanence. a) 2 years b) a year of age c) preschool age d) few months of age

d) few months of age

According to Vygotsky, children speak to themselves a) because they are egocentric b) for the pleasure of hearing their own voice c) because they are lonely d) for self-guidance

d) for self-guidance

Which of these is the best example of a fine motor skill? a) crawling b) walking c) kicking d) grasping

d) grasping

Baby Jason has learned how to put together kicking, rocking on all fours, and reaching into crawling. This development reflect development in a) fine motore skill b) genetically determined skills c) visual perceptual skills d) gross motor skills

d) gross motor skills

A concordance rate of 50 percent indicates that a) half of the variation in the trait is due to environmental factors b) the probability that one's offspring will have the trait is 50 percent c) half of the variation in the trait can be explained by individual differences in genetic makeup d) if one twin has the trait, the other one will have it half the time

d) if one twin has the trait, the other one will have it half the time

Rovee-Collier's operant conditioning research (which we viewed in class on video) in which infants kick to move mobile attached to their feet by a long ribbon, provides evidence that a) infants are not interested in the mobile and therefore are unable to learn the relationship between their kick and the mobile movement b) the ability to understand and remember the relationship between their kick and the mobile movement does not emerge until the end of the sensorimotor state c) infants are interested in the mobile but are unable to grasp the relationship between their kicking and the movement of the mobile d) infants as young as 3 months have the ability to understand and remember the relationship between their kick and the mobile movement

d) infants as young as 3 months have the ability to understand and remember the relationship between their kick and the mobile movement

In most right-handed individual, the left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for a) negative emotion b) spatial skils c) wholistic thinking d) language skills

d) language skills

Which of the following is NOT true of peer groups in middle childhood? a) they are collectives with unique values for members b) they organize based c) they organize based on similarity in sex, ethnicity, & popularity d) membership is highly changeable when tracked for a month

d) membership is highly changeable when tracked for a month

Rehearsal, organization, and categorization are all examples of a) types of attention b) preoperational tasks c) autobiographical memory d) memory strategies

d) memory strategies

*Accumulating evidence on high-stakes testing indicates that it a) provides motivation for upgrading teaching and learning b) encourages teachers to focus on more in-depth, critical thinking tasks in their lessons c) accurately indicated the academic abilities of students d) often undermines the quality of education

d) often undermines the quality of education

Research on child care in the United States shows that a) early nonmaterial care is linked with negative psychological outcomes regardless of the quality of the care b) high quality care facilities cognitive skills in middle- and -high-income but not low-income children c) caregivers are required to have some training in child development in order to serve as a leach teacher in a preschool classroom d) only 20 to 25 percent of child-care settings provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy development and to be therefore rated as meeting standards for high quality

d) only 20 to 25 percent of child-care settings provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy development and to be therefore rated as meeting standards for high quality

Two-year-old Alex uses the word "horse" for cows, zebra, and donkeys. Alex's error is known as an a) underregularization b) underextension c) overregularization d) overextension

d) overextension

*Throughout adolescence, what is the single most consistent predictor of a teenager's mental health? a) peer group affiliation b) academic achievement c) SES d) parent-child relationship

d) parent-child relationship

The three major domains of development that operate throughout the lifespan are a) biological, environmental, and cognitive b) theoretical, empirical, and applied c) verbal, mathematical, and spatial d) physical, cognitive, and social

d) physical, cognitive, and social

When bottle-fed babies are given a choice between the smell of their usual formula, the smell of the breast of a nursing mother, or the smell of a mother's breast who is not nursing, they a) prefer their usual formula. b) show no preference. c) prefer the non nursing mother's breast. d) prefer the nursing mother's breast.

d) prefer the nursing mother's breast.

Baby Antonio notices his hands moving and becomes interested in them. Later, he tries to this action of moving his hands in the same way again and again. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a ____ circular reaction. a) reflexive b) tertiary c) secondary d) primary

d) primary

A researcher had planned to examine children's memories for traumatic events by showing his participants a videotape of a violent crime, but his project was rejected by his university's ethics committee. The committee MOST likely rejected this study because it violated which of the following research rights? a) informed consent b) privacy c) beneficial treatments d) protection from harm

d) protection from harm

In B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory, ____ decreases the strength of a behavior. a) modeling b) negative reinforcement c) positive reinforcement d) punishment

d) punishment

Hanna is 3 years old and eats only a few foods. Which of the following would you suggest to Hanna's parents to encourage their daughter to eat a new food? a) forbid access to the foods that she does like b) bribe her with a cookie if she will finish the new food c) serve her only the new food so that she has no choice but to eat it d) repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it

d) repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it

One-year-old James begins to cry and climb on his mother when she attempts to leave him with his grandmother whom he sees on a weekly basis. James is displaying a) stanger anxiety b) social referencing c) interactional synchrony d) seperation anxiety

d) separation anxiety

Compared to the first two years of life, growth during the school years is a) the same b) more rapid in height, but slower in weight c) more rapid in height and weight d) slow and regular

d) slow and regular

Margaret shows exceptional talent in drawing and sculpting, able to recreate entire scenes and landscapes from memory. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Margaret has particular strength in ____ intelligence a) logico-mathemathical b) bodily-kinesthetic c) linguistic d) spatial

d) spatial

In the Gibson's differentiation theory, perceptual development reflects an innate tendency to search for ____ relationships between features of among various stimuli. A) nonexistant b) dynamic c) unlikely d) stable, familiar

d) stable, familiar

Which of the following would provide the MOST beneficial long-term effects for a child with ADHD? a) stimulant medication b) stimulant medication combined with social and academic interventions c) stimulant medication combined with social, academic, and family interventions d) stimulant medication combined with social, academic, and family interventions and environmental and career support in adulthood

d) stimulant medication combined with social, academic, and family interventions and environmental and career support in adulthood

____ is feeling sorry for another because they have been harmed or is upset. These types of feelings associated with ____ behavior, actions that benefit another without expected reward for the self. a) sympathy; relationally aggressive b) empathy; self-conscious c) empathy; retaliatory d) sympathy; altruistic

d) sympathy; altruistic

Which of these occurs during the first stage of labor? a) the baby's head appears b) the mother begins to push c) the placenta is delivered d) the cervix dilates

d) the cervix dilates

The placenta is a) a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells that develops within a few days of fertilization b) a protective layer that encloses the blastocyst in amniotic fluid c) a small cluster of cells on the inside of the blastocyst from which the embryo will develop d) the organ that permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism

d) the organ that permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism

What could one determine about a person whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY? a) that person is a female b) the person has Down syndrome c) the person has PKU d) the person is male

d) the person is male

A set of attitudes, abilities, and values, cognitive in nature, that define an individual are known as a) identification b) self-knowledge c) individualism d) the self-concept

d) the self-concept

Which environmental context has the first and longest-lasting influence on children's development? a) their peer group b) their school c) their social class d) their family

d) their family

Which of the following is true of information processing gains in preschoolers? a) they are not yet able to organize scripts for ordinary events into a logical sequence b) they are skillful with a wide range of intentional memory strategies c) they easily engage in playful searching in detailed pictures like "Where's Waldo?" d) they are gaining in their ability to inhibit impulses and focus attention

d) they are gaining in their ability to inhibit impulses and focus attention

*On the average, girls reach puberty ____ boys. a) the same time as b) slightly later than c) slightly earlier than d) two years before

d) two years before

*An experimenter hides a poker chip in her hand and asks children to indicate whether the following statement is true, fall, or uncertain: "Ether the chip in my hand is green or it is not green." A concrete operational child will say the statement is ____. A formal operational adolescent will say the statement is ____. a) true; false b) true; uncertain c) uncertain; false d) uncertain; true

d) uncertain; true

According to Erikson, a mother who ____ is most likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood. a) abruptly corrects her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon b) picks up her son's toys, without letting him learn through trial and error as he is able c) makes her son quit playing immediately whenever she needs to run an errand d) waits patiently while her son master the steps to put on his socks and shoes

d) waits patiently while her son master the steps to put on his socks and shoes

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages.

shrill

drug addicted babies are feverish, irritable, issues with sleep and cries are abnormally -----.

analgesics

drugs used to relieve pain, may be given in mild doses during labor to help a mother relax.

true

during second month of period of the embryo, it can move, but its tiny flutters are still too light to be felt by the mother. true or false?

neurons

during the period of the embryo, growth continues rapidly. the eyes, ears, nose, jawm and neck form. tiny buds become arms, legs, fingers, and toes,. internal organs are more distinct--the intestines grow, the heart develops separate chambers, and the liver and spleen take over production of blood cells so that the yolk sac is no longer needed. at 7 weeks, production of -------- or nerve cells that store and transmit information, begins deep intide the neural tube at an astounding pace.

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

during the period of the embryo, in the first week of the period the embryonic disk forms three layers of cells 1) the -------- which will become the nervous system and skin, 2) the --------- from which will develop the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs. and 3)the -------- which will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands. these three layers give rise to all parts of the body.

25-30

during the prenatal period, when kids are growing more rapidly than at any other time, they depend totally on their mother for nutrients. a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ----- to ----- pounds helps ensure health for mom and baby.

sensitive

each organ or structure has a ----------- during which its development may be disturbed.

"People who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations (for example, construction workers, truck drivers, and cus- todians) tend to marry and have children" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

earlier plus have more children (than professionals or techs)

Inside the blastocyst, the ________ will become the new organism and the ________ will become the structures that provide nourishment and protective covering.

embryonic disk; trophoblast

Two-year-old Hannah offers her brother her favorite blanket when he falls down and skins his knee. Hannah is demonstrating signs of

empathy

information-processing theory

emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking

in substage six of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to ___ and ___

engage and deferred imitation; use make-believe play

Research on African-American children adopted into economically well-off white homes during the first year of life suggests that:

environmental factors are largely responsible for the lower IQ's of African American children

uterine contractions

epidural analgesia can weaken -----------, so labor can become prolonged and the chances of c section increase. exposed newborns tend to be sleepy and withdrawn, suck poorly during efeedings and be irritable when awake.

Dr. Marx believed that early childhood is a sensitive. For language development. Dr. Marx's believe it's consistent with

ethology

illness, procedures, hospital

even among preterm babies, whose weight is appropriate for length of pregnancy, just seven more days from 34 to 35 weeks, greatly reduces rates of ------, costly medical -----, adn lengthy ------ stays.

head, body growth

even when moms mildly drink during pregnancy its associated with reduced ------- size, and --------- among kids followed into adolescnce.

physical size, impairment

even when provided with enriched diets, fas babies fail to catch up in ---------- during childhood. mental -------- associated with all three fasd diagnoses is also permanent.

" in which one or more adult relatives live with the parent-child nuclear family unit, is a vital feature of ethnic minority family life that has enabled many "families to rear children successfully, despite severe economic deprivation and prejudice." (Berk 584) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use. (Berk 583) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

extended family household

" When asked about personal qualities they desire for their children, lower-SES parents tend to emphasize" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

external characteristics

Implosion Therapy/Flooding

f*cking impossible to find.

"Despite their advanced education and greater material wealth, affluent par- ents—those in prestigious occupations with six-figure annual incomes—too often ____to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development. " (Berk 581) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

fail

" Parents whose energies are drained become less careful about being" (Berk 586) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

fair

Research indicates that the best treatment for childhood obesity is:

family-based interventions that focus on changing behaviors

fetal alcohol syndrome

fas, distinguished by slow physical growth, a pettern of three facial abnormalities short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a smooth or flat philtrum or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip, and brain injury, evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning-for example, memory, language, adn comunication, attention span and activity level, planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. other defects-of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, heart, genitals, urinanry tract, or immune system, may also be present. mothers with kisd that have this drink heavily throughout pregnancy.

cesarean sections,

fetal monitoring is a safe procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high risk situations. but in healthy pregnancies it does not reduce the already low rates of infant brain damage and death. futher, most infants have some heartbeat irregularities during labor, so critics worry that fetal monitors identify many babies as in danger who are in fact not. monitoring is linked to an increase ni the number of ---------- delivieries.

heart rate

fetal monitors track babys ----- during labor.

behavioral genetics

field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

"hy are so many affluent youths troubled? Compared to their better-adjusted counterparts, poorly adjusted affluent young people report less emotional closeness and supervision from their parents, who lead professionally and socially demand- ing lives. As a group, wealthy parents are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents cop- ing with serious " (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

financial strain

Findings that ________ provide support for Vygotsky's ideas.

fine-tuned support from parents is related to advanced play, language, and problem solving during the second year

"feel more emotionally secure, perhaps because government disapproval promotes tension in families with more than one " (Berk 588) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

first cousins

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

focused heavily on observational learning which is learning that occurs through observing what others do.

______ is a type of identity status where the individual prematurely (without adequate exploration) defines aspects of personal identity.

forecolsed

Formal operations seem to be:

gradual, situation-specific and task-specific

Baby Nora's looking decreases when repeatedly presented a 3 x 3 checkerboard pattern. However, when she is shown a new 9 x 9 checkerboard pattern, her looking increases. In this example, Nora exhibits ________ to the 3 x 3 pattern and exhibits ________ to the 9 x 9 pattern, indicating that she ________.

habituation; recovery; perceives the difference between the two stimuli.

meiosis

halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells

Compared with typically developing children, children with autism

have a deficient theory of mind

Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that females who are missing an X chromosome often

have trouble with spatial relationships.

oxygen deprivation

healthy newborns can survive periods of little or no oxygen longer than adults can

The Apgar scale rates characteristics of a newborn including baby's

heart rate colour and muscle tone

High levels of stress hormones produced by infants during childbirth

help infants withstand oxygen deprivation by sending a rich supply of blood to the brain and the heart.

grasp reflex

helps baby regain its hold on the mothers body.

Intermodal perception

helps infants make sense of simultaneous input from multiple modalities.

Child "A" is a girl. Which of the following is probably true?

her parents are less likely to encourage her to make her own decisions than her brother.

Mitosis

how dna duplicates itself. allows the one celled fertilized ovum to develop into a complex human being

constricts, blood flow, placenta

how does smoking harm the fetus? nicotine ------ blood vessels, lessens -------- to the uterus, and causes the ------- to grow abnormally.

When faced with a problem, adolescents begin with a general theory, deduce from it specific predictions, and then test the predictions -- a process Piaget called:

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces

identical twins

Two major strengths of the longitudinal design are that research can ______and _____

identify both common patterns and individual differences;examine relationships between early and late behaviours.

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was originally contructed to

identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes

" The mild conflict that typically arises facilitates adolescent" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

identity and autonomy

"Think back to what we said in earlier chapters about the type of parenting that fosters achievement motivation, " (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

identity formation and moral maturity

insight

if an animal will behave intelligently when the conditions are optimal - this will demonstrate cognitive learning. once the problem is solved, the animal can easily solve it again. it also demonstrates attention to conceptual elements as opposed to perceptual elements in order to solve the problem.

A heritablity ratio of 100 for schizophrenia would mean that

if one twin has schizophrenia, the other one always has it.

corpus leteum

if pregnancy does not occur, the ---------- shrinks and the lining of the uterus is discarded two weeks later with menstruation.

red blood cells, oxygen

if the rh antibodies from mom enter fetuses system, they destroy --------, reducing the ------- supply to organs and tissues.

delay of reinforcement

if this occurs, then the subject may not connect the good behavior to the reward, and the reinforcer is less likely to be effective in promoting the repetition of the behavior.

Teenagers are convinced that they are the focus of everyone's attention and concern. This feature of adolescent thought is called:

imaginary audience

Research on imitation shows that

imitation is more difficult to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than just after birth.

classes, relaxation, breathing , labor coach

in a typ natural childbirth program they take ------. they learn about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery. knowledge about the process reduces fear. they also involved in ---------- and ---- techniques in which during each class, the woman is taught relaxation and breathing excercises aimed at counteracting the pain of uterine contractions,. finally they have a ------. it can be the husband who learns to help the wife during childbirth by reminding her to relax and breathe, massaging her back, supporting her body, offering encouragement.

attention, motor coordination, performance, law, social, sexual, alcohol, drug, depression, stress

in adolescence and early adulthood, fasd is associated with persisting ---------- and ------------ deficits, poor school --------, trouble with the --------, inappropriate ------- and ------- behaviors, ------ and ------ abuse, --------- and high emotional reactivity to -----.

sids

in industrialized nations, ------ is the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 and 12 months.

cortisol, high, low

in several studies, infants and children of mothers who experienced severe prenatal anxiety displayed ----- levels that were either abnormally ----- or abnormally -------. both of which signal reduced physiological capacity to manage stress.

serotonin

in sids babies brains, they continaed an unusually low levels of -------- which assists with arousal when survival is threatened. and other abnormalities in centers that control breathing and arousal.

nervous system

in the period of the embryo the ------ develops the fastest

neural tube

in the period of the embryo, at first the nervous system develops fastest. the ectoderm folds over to form the --------- or primitive spinal cord.

embryonic period

in the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. if they do, the tiny mass of cells is usually so damaged that it dies. the -------- is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down. during the fetal period teratogenic damage is usually minor. organs like the brain, ears, eyes, teeth, genitals can still be affected.

". In one study, Mexican-American adolescents who expressed a strong Mexican cultural orientation resolved sibling conflicts more coop- eratively—compromising rather than controlling or confronting—than did those more ori- ented toward U.S. " (Berk 587) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

individualistic attitudes

By pursuing meaningful achievement and confidence in their abilities, elementary school children show evidence of ________ in the fourth stage of Erikson's theory.

industry

unlike Piaget who thought young babies constructed all mental representations out of semi motor activity most researchers have

infants have some Belkton cognitive and equipment for making sense of experience

Sensorimotor stage

infants think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands and mouth. This helps them solve problems. Birth- 2

apgar scale

infants who have difficulty making the transition to life outside the uterus require special help at once. to assess the newborns physical condition quickly, doctors and nurses use the --------. a rating of 0, 1 or 2 on each of five characteristics is made at 1 min and again at 5 mins after birth. a combined apgar score of 7 or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition. if the score is between 4 and 6, the baby needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs. if the score is 3 or below, the infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention. two apgar rationgs are given because some babies have issues adjusting at first but do quite well after a few mins.

fetal period

infection of rubella during the -------- is less harmful

An investigator interested in romantic relationships during adolescence calls up teenagers from a local high school and asks them a variety of questions without first asking their parents' permission. This investigator has violated which of the following children's rights with respect to research?

informed consent

The rise in fear after 6 months of age

is adaptive because it keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiam for exploration in check.

The cerebral cortex

is genetically programmed for hemispheric specialization, but experience greatly influences its organization.

"When researchers asked siblings about shared daily activities, children mentioned that older siblings often helped younger siblings with academic and peer challenges. And both offered each other help with family" (Berk 586) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

issues

deception

it depends on the cost/benefit ration whether or not it is ethical to deceive or lie to participants

In the field of child development, a theory's continued existence depends on whether

it has been tested using a fair set of procedures agreed on by the scientific community and its findings are replicated.

When the first baby is born into a family what effect does this typically have on the parents gender roles

it makes gender roles more traditional

additional

it takes time for the mother to produce rh antibodies so firstborn kids are rarely affected. the danger increases with each ------ pregnancy.

"Finally, a good marriage is linked to preschool siblings' capacity to cope adaptively with" (Berk 586) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

jealousy and conflict

children master activities through

joint activities with more mature members of the society

breasts, chest, incubator

kangaroo care involves placing the infant in a vertical position between the mothers -------, or next to the fathers ------- so the parents body functions as a human ----.

oxygenation, sleep, breastfeeding, alertness, survival

kangaroo skin to skin contact fosters improved -------- of the babys body, temperature regulation, -------, ---------, -------- and infant ---------.

cognitive learning

learning that is not indicated by a change in behavior, but is the acquisition of knowledge. this will help the subject in the future.

To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. blue followed a group of children from age 8 to age 40. this is an example of ___ design

longitudual

"Commands ("Do that because I told you to"), criticism, and physical punishment all occur more often in" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

low SES households

Robert Rescorla

made a model of classical conditioning in which the animal is theorized to learn from the discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. This is a trial-level model in which each stimulus is either present or not present at some point in the trial. The prediction of the unconditioned stimulus for a trial can be represented as the sum of all the associative strengths for the conditioned stimuli present during the trial. This is the feature of the model that represents a major advance over previous models, and allowed a straightforward explanation of important experimental phenomena such as blocking.

abstract learning

mastery of ideas, theories, and notions, and how they work together

I"n a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of Canadian two-parent families, new births led to a decrease in" (Berk 585) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

maternal affection

heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, activity level

maternal stress hormones also cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal stress hormones and therefore in fetal ----------, ----------, --------- and ------------.

placenta, neurological functioning

maternal stress hormones cross the -------. also, esxcessive fetal stress may permanently alter fetal -----------, thereby heightening stress reactivity in later life.

The genetic variability produced by ________ increase(s) the chances that at least some members of a species will cope with ever changing environments and survive.

meiosis

retina

membrane lining the inside of the eye that captures light and transforms it into messages that are sent to the brain

American black children score, on average, 15 points below American white children on measures of general intelligence. Dr. Jensen argues that this difference is due to genetics and that no amount of intervention could boost the IQ scores of black children. Dr. Jenson believes that intelligence is largely due to

nature

birth

near the end of stage 2 the shoulders emerge, folllowed quickly by the rest fo the babys body

In the United States, the poverty rate for single mothers with preschool children is

nearly 50 percent

"And direct intervention with sibling pairs, in sessions that teach emotional understanding, perspective taking, emotional self-regulation, and conflict management, enhances positive interaction and reduces the need for parents to intervene in siblings'" (Berk 587) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

negative exchanges

Research on the sense of smell indicates that _____

newborns can recognize the smell of their own mother's breast

phenotype

observable traits of an organism, such as height and eye color

longitudinal method

observation of the same individuals over time; strengths: provides data on development of individuals, can reveal links between early experience and later outcomes; limitations: time consuming, expensive, cross-generational changes may limit conclusions to cohort of study, attrition (people dropping out of the experiment) limits generalizability; (follows one group of people)

second order conditioning

once the CS-US connection is established, then the CS can serve to condition another stimuli. if the CS originally induced salivation (CR) then if it is paired with a black square, the black square can also become a CS for learned salivation.

Identical Twins

one egg splits

"In addition to more effective birth control, a major reason for this decline is that a fam- ily size of________ children is more compatible with a woman's decision to divide her energies between family and work." (Berk 584) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

one or two

"Despite declines in family size, 80 percent of North Ameri- can and European children grow up with at least " (Berk 585) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

one sibling

Babies display the rooting reflex

only when hungry and touched by another.

Studies of North American children reveal that

over 30 percent of American and Canadian children in single-parent families suffer from uncertain access to enough food for a healthy, active life.

Four year-old Phil says, "yesterday I wented to the store." Phil is:

overregularizing

certain reflexes drop out early

palmar grasp, swimming, and stepping - most disappear during the first 6 months

back, pacifier

parents are encouraged to prevent sids by putting babies on their --- and give baby a --------. sleeping babies who suck arouse more easily in response to breathing and heart rate irregularities.

free standing birth centers

permit greater maternal control over labor and delivery, including choice of delivery position, presence of family & friends, and early contact between parents and baby

lens

permit us to adjust our visual focus to varying distances

premature delivery, respiratory distress, high blood pressure

persistent intake of antidepressant medication is linked to ---------, and birth complications including ---------------, and to -------------- in infancy.

last trimester

prenatal malnutrion esp affects the babys brain weight during the -------.

central nervous system, brain

prenatal malnutrition can cause serious damage to the ------. the poorer the moms diet, the greater the loss in ------ weight, esp if malnutrition occured during the last trimester, when the brain is increasing rapidly in size.

cognitive, motor, attention, verbal

prenatal mercury exposure from maternal seafood diets predicts deficits in speed of --------- processing, and ------, ------- and -------- test performance during the school years.

Baby Victor accidently puts his fist in his mouth and begins to suck on it. Later, he tries to repeat this behavior again and again. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a ________ circular reaction.

primary

high levels of prenatal mercury exposed disrupt _______, causing widespread brain damage

production and migration of neurons

field studies

pros: natural interactions, the people don't know you are watching, cons: no control

according to Ericsson's theory in mistrustful baby

protect herself by withdrawing from people and things around her

Theories are vital tools for the field of human development because they

provide organising frameworks for our observations of people

Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez would argue that

providing experiences aimed at promoting change is of little value

smoking, drug, position, bedclothes

quitting ----- and ------ taking, changing an infants ------ and removing a few ------- can reduce incidence of SIDS.

mutation

radiation causes -------- to genes

miscarriage, growth, brain

radiation causes mutation to genes, exposure to radiation can cause -----, slow physical --------, slow ------- growth. in an xray they cover up the reproductive organs.

" Consistent parental monitoring of the young person's daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information, is linked to a variety of positive outcomes" (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

reduction in sexual activity

rooting reflex

reflex, stroke babies cheek, turns its head in her direction and opens mouth to suck.

Which form of exercise would be most recommended for pregnant woman

regular swimming at a moderate pace

According to B.F. Skinner _______will increase the frequency of a behaviour and will _______ decrease the frequency of a behaviour.

reinforcement, punishment

negative reinforcement

reinforces a specific behavior because adverse stimuli will stop after desired behavior occurs. An example of negative reinforcement is nagging someone to pick up their clothes off the floor and stopping the nagging once they do so.

Using the categories of peer acceptance discussed in the book fill in the following blanks: __________ are children more likely to be bullies. _____________ are children more likely to be bullied by others. __________ do not feel sad about their relatively invisible status with peers _____________ are well liked by peers even though they tend to defy authority and do poorly in school

rejected - aggressive rejected - withdrawn neglected popular - antisocial

The most effective form of DISCIPLINE is:

setting expectations ahead of time and praising compliant behavior.

Implantation occurs .sometime between the

seventh and 9th day after fertilization

cigarette,

several environmental factors are linked to sids. maternal ------ smoking, both during and after pregnancy as well as smoking by other caregivers, doubles risk of the disorder.

gametes

sex cells, or sperm and ova, which contain half as many chromosomes as regular body cells

"Chinese parents report expressing affection and concern and using induction and other reasoning-oriented discipline as much as American parents do, but they more often" (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

shame

Sally, a 5-year-old is playing catch with her father. She misses almost all the time. She is likely to say what about her ability to catch.

she is great at catching

stomaches,

sids babies are also more likely to sleep on their ------ than on their backs and often are wrapped up warmly in clothing and blankets. infants who sleep on stomaches less often wake when their breathing is disturbed.

One-year-old Dalila is learning how to walk. Each time she falls, she looks looks up at her mother. If her mother looks upset, Dalila cries. But if he mother is smiling, Dalila gets up and tries again. Dalila is using

social referencing.

"And as adoles- cents acquire the host culture's language and are increasingly exposed to its individualistic values, immigrant parents may become even more critical, prompting teenagers to rely less on the family network for" (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

social support ("The resulting acculturative stress (see page 475 in Chapter 11) is associated with a decline in self-esteem and a rise in anxiety, depressive symp- toms, and deviant behavior, including alcohol use and delinquency " (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.)

hypotheses

specific testable predictions about what you expect to happen in a study

Dr. X believes that children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or socioability will remain so at later ages. Dr. X likely emphasizes the role of

stability

pushing

stage 2, with each contraction, the mother pushes, forcing the baby down the birth canal, and the head appears.

chromosomes

store and transmit genetic information

cross sectional method

strengths: demonstrates age differences, hints at developmental trends, relatively inexpensive, takes little time to conduct limitations: cohort effects, provides no data on development of individuals

" ___sparked by economic insecurity contribute to low-SES parents' reduced provision of stimulating inter- action and activities as well as greater use of coercive discipline" (Berk 581) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

stress

social support

stress related prenatal complications are greatly reduced when mothers have partners, other family members, and friends who offer --------. the impact of this is strong for low income women, who often lead highly stressful lives.

The United States has the highest

teenage birthrate when compared to other countries which have more supportive, public social polices including: Australia, Czech Republic, Poland.

Two-year-old Roshan said "kiss booboo" to indicate to his mother that he wanted her to kiss the finger that he just pinched in the door. Roshan's utterance is an example of

telegraphic speech.

Thomas and chassis New York longitudinal study demonstrated

temperament can protect the child from the negative effects of a highly stressful Homelite

Long term prediction of temperament can be best achieved after age 3 because

temperament in South develops with age

A______ refers to an environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period

teratogen

Baby Marisa is twisting and turning triangles, circles, and squares to fit them into her shape-sorter. According to Piaget, this behavior would best be described as a ________ circular reaction.

tertiary

Of all Western nations, ________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

the United States

Of all Western nations

the United States has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

amnion

the blastocyst in implantation burrows into uterine lining. the trophoblast multiplies fastest and forms a membrane called the --------

____ is the number that describes how two variables in a research study are mathematically related.

the correlation coefficient

herpes

the developing organism is especially sensitive to the family of ---- viruses for which no vaccine or treatment exists.

Freud's theory was the first theory to emphasize the role of _____in child development.

the early parent-child relationship.

According to a recent United Nations report, ________ is the most effective means of combating the most profound, global threats to human development.

the education of girls

blind experiment

the groups do not know which group they were in (control or experimental group)

CR

the learned response to the CS (a modified version of the UR)

associations

the majority of learning theorists believe that learning occurs through the relationship formed between new and old information, aka the association. they feel that learning can be understood as the strengthening of new or existing associations, or the degeneration of previous associations. An association is defined as a "mental connection or relation between thoughts, feelings, ideas, or sensations, and a remembered or imagined feeling, emotion, idea, or sensation linked to a person, object, or idea."

differential reinforcement

the method by which a subject's behavior can be shaped. a behavior is learned then refined. this is past the 'learning how to do something new' stage, and into the 'learning how to do it well' stage.

motor coordination, information processing, reasoning, intelligence.

the more alcohol a pregnant woman consumes, the poorer the childs ----------, speed of ---------- and ---------and achievement test scores during the preschool and school years.

aversive stimulus

the negative stimulus used in aversive conditioning

zygote

the newly fertilized cell formed by the union of sperm and ovum at conception

infant mortality

the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births its an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nations children. the us has the most updated healthcare technology in the world, it has made less progress in reducing infant deaths than many other countries. its 28th.

The vast changes that take place during the 38 weeks of pregnancy are usually divided into three phases: ______

the period of the zygote, the period of the embryo, and the period of the fetus

neonatal mortality, physical defects, birth weight

the rate of death within the first month of life, accounts for 67 percent of us infant death rate. two factors responsible. the first is serious ---------, most that cant be prevented. the second cause is low ----------, which accounts for the increased risk of blacks and native american babies and is preventable!

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a time interval in which neither the conditioned stimulus nor the unconditioned stimulus is presented

sex chromosomes

the twenty third pair of chromosomes, which determines the sex of the individual. In females it is called XX; in males, XY

hiv

this disease which can lead to aids, a disease that can destroy the immune system, has infected increasing numbers of women over the past three decades. in south africa , nearly thirty percent of all pregnant women are hiv positive.

lead

this is present in paint flaking off the walls of old buildings and in certain materials used in industrial occupations.

7, 4, 6, 3

this rating indicates kid is in good physical condition. on apgar. if score is between ----- and ------ the baby needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs. if the score is ----- or below, the infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical help.

teratogen

this refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. it depends on four factors.

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

Noble savages: children are naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth Maturation: genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth Children determined their own destinies Discontinuous, single-course

Safiya, a single mother, feels depressed and overwhelmed by her parental duties and rarely holds, cuddles, or talks to her baby. She reports feeding her baby often, but her baby has lost 3 pounds in the past month. Her baby most likely has a disorder known as

Nonorganic failure to thrive

Two-year-old Dominic spends much of his time playing alone with his toy trains. This type of play is known as _____ play.

Nonsocial

Naturalistic observation

Not in a controlled study, in their natural environment

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of ___ in development

Nurture

Theorists who emphasize that children everywhere follow the same course of development most likely believe that development

Occurs in stages

When parents do decide to use punishment, they can increase its effectiveness by

Offering an explanation regarding the inappropriateness of the misdeed

Accumulating evidence on high-stakes testing indicates that is

Often undermines the quality of education

habituation

Once the stimulus has become familiar, the organism may cease to respond.

Baby Jacob's mother is more likely to pick him up when he smiles than when he is fussy. As a result, the frequency of Jacob's smiles has increased. This is an example of

Operant conditioning

The ability to pass conservation tasks provides clear evidence of ___________: mental actions that obey logical rules.

Operations

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Oral: birth-1, baby's sucking activities (breast/bottle feeding), if oral needs aren't met, individual may develop sucking, fingernail biting, and pencil chewing problems and possibly smoking later Anal: 1-3, enjoyment of holding and releasing urine and feces, if not appropriately handled people can be anal (organized) or the complete opposite (very messy and disorderly) Phallic: 3-6, preschoolers take place in genital stimulation, oedipus conflict and electra conflict rises Latency: 6-11, sexual instincts die down Genital: adolescence, with puberty the sexual impulses of the phallic stage reappear, leads to marriage, mature sexuality, and the birth and rearing of children

Baby Lindsay has combined her reaching, grasping, and sucking schemes into a higher-order scheme that allows her, in a coordinated manner, to reach for her pacifier and put it into her mouth to suck. This achievement is an example of

Organization

Risk Factors for Childhood Disorders

Parent psychopathy, family discord/divorce, lower SES, child temperament issues, stressful experiences, early physical/health problems, prenatal/perinatal difficulties

Throughout adolescence, what is the single most consistent predictor of a teenager's mental health?

Parent-child relationship

coparenting

Parents' mutual support of each other's parenting behaviors

Ethnic minorities from low-SES families are at an increased risk for dropping out of college because

Past experiences tend to compromise their self-confidence and academic preparedness

Which of the following is an example of nonnormative influence

Patty learn to speak Spanish and French in college

Paul and Holly are married. Ben and Jen are both single. Which of the following statements is probably true?

Paul and Holly are physically and mentally healthier than Ben and Jen, and are financially better off

unconditioned reflexes

Pavlov argued that unconditioned reflexes are not learned, but a result of an organism's biology. An example of this would be salivating when food is placed in someone's mouth in order to properly digest.

What did Pavlov show about the difference between unconditioned and conditioned reflexes in dogs?

Pavlov showed that the unconditioned responses are a "product of the organism's biology and largely independent of any learning." For example, when an animal tastes food, the mouth's salivary glands become active without the animal learning to do this. Conditioned responses, on the other hand, are not biologically innate--instead, they are learned and dependant on the animal's experiences.

conditioned reflexes

Pavlov went on to argue that conditioned reflexes were obtained through learning. They were not simply a result of a biological response, these reflexes were learned through previous experience.

What particular psychologist applied Pavlov's ideas to humans? How?

Pavlov's ideas about dogs were applied to humans by John Watson through the Baby Albert experiment in which he conditioned a child (Albert) to fear a rat, then to fear a white rat, and later to fear all things white and fluffy.

Collectivist societies

People define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals

Individualistic societies

People think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs

Low expectations for the child expressed through warm overindulgence

Permissive

Directly observable characteristics, such as eye color and height, are called

Phenotypes

Development is often divided into which of the following three broad domains?

Physical, Cognitive, and Emotional and Social

The three major domains of development that operate throughout the lifespan are

Physical, Cognitive, and Social

Three domains of development

Physical, cognitive and emotional/social (all work together, all influence one another)

Cognitive self-regulation refers to one's ability to

Plan steps toward reaching a goal, monitoring progress toward a goal, and redirecting oneself when a step is unsuccessful

________ and ________ are examples of fine motor activities.

Pointing; Drawing

________ and ________ are examples of fine motor activities.

Pointing; drawing

When bottle-fed babies are given a choice between the smell of their usual formula, the smell of the breast of a nursing mother, or the smell of a mother's breast who is not nursing, they

Prefer the nursing mother's breast

Baby Victor accidentally puts his fist in his mouth and begins to suck on it. Later, he tries to repeat this behavior again and again. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a _____ circular reaction.

Primary

A researcher had planned to examine children's memories for traumatic events by showing his participants a videotape of a violent crime, but his project was rejected by his university's ethics committee. The committee MOST likely rejected this study because it violated which of the following research rights?

Protection from harm

what can parents and caregivers do to reduce Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

Provide the infant with a pacifier before sleep

Increased muscular control occurs in patterns From center of the body to the extremities

Proximodistal

Why do infants spend so much time in REM sleep?

REM is a form of self-stimulation that is vital for nervous system development

______ seems to fulfill young infants' need for stimulation since they spend so little time in an alert state

REM sleep

Which of the following is true about REM sleep

REM sleep is vital for Growth of the central nervous system

Internalizing Disorders

"Acting In" - Fears/Phobias, GAD, OCD, Separation Anxiety Disorder, Childhood Depression, Reactive Attachment Disorder. *More girls

Externalizing Disorders

"Acting Out" - Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder

A teenager in the identity foreclosure status would most likely say

"I believe what my parents have taught me and have no reason to doubt that they are right."

Of the following, which parental reaction is an example of induction?

"Your brother is crying because you took away his book."

respiratory distress syndrome (aka hyaline membrane disease)

- when infants are born more than 6 weeks early - tiny lungs are so poorly developed that air sacs collapse - mechanical respirators help

social support

------ is very imporant in the success of natural childbirth

In the female, meiosis results in just one ovum

...

In the male, four sperm is produced when meiosis is complete

...

Look at page 117. (HC = p. 134). Be sure you can tackle the critical thinking questions here.

...

Research shows that a healthy male can father a child at any age after sexual maturity.

...

The male produces an average of 300 million sperm a day, yet only 300 to 500 reach the ovum

...

embryo

...

Prevalence of ASD

1 in 87(67) children, much higher in males.

zygote

1-2 weeks, the one celled organism multiplies and forms a blastocyst. the blastocyst burrows in to the uterine lining. structures that feed and protect the developing organism begin to form-amnion, chorion, yolk sac, placenta, and umbilical cord.

Prevalence of ADHD

11% of children in US, more males

Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of

123 words per week

second trimester

13-24 weeks, the fetus continues to enlarge rapidly. in the middle of this period, fetal movements can be felt by the mother. vernix and lanugo keep the fetus's skin from chapping in the amniotic fluid. most of the brains neurons are in place by 24 weeks. eyes are sensitive to light, and the fetus reacts to sound.

Mary Clover Jones (hop hop)

1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

Fraternal Twins

2 eggs are involved

The period of the zygote lasts about _____, beginning with _____.

2 weeks; fertilization

By age 2, the average child has a speaking vocabulary of _____ words.

200

The age of viability occurs sometime between

22 and 26 weeks

The age of viability occurs sometime between:

22 and 26 weeks

autosomes

22 matching matching chromosomes pairs in each human cell

human chromosomes come in

23 matching pairs

sex chromosomes

23rd pair of chromosomes-- determines sex-- xx= female-- xy= male

mutation

A sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

Evolutionary developmental psychology

Adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age What role does the newborn's visual preference for face-like stimuli play in survival? Recognize genetic/biological roots and that human's brain and extended childhood resulted from the need to master an increasingly complex environment Organism-environment system

When does menarche occur relative to the height spurt?

After the peak of the height spurt

The experience of distress due to loneliness peaks in what age range _____? (look carefully at the tables in the chapter to find this information).

Age 19-30

Mental delays, slow physical growth, and facial abnormalities are among the dose related effects of this teratogen:

Alcohol

Two forms of the same gene

Alleles

Compared to group-administered IQ tests, individually administered tests

Allow the examiner to take into account the child's attention and interest

One reason that the American people have been reluctant to accept the idea of publicly supported child care is that

American values emphasize independence and self-reliance

Which of the following tends to be associated with better-than average psychological health in adolescence, especially for girls?

An Androgynous gender-role identity

Which of the following educational principles is derived from Piaget's theory?

An acceptance of individual differences in the rate of development

Which of the following is an example of intermodal match?

An infant links a happy voice with the appropriate face of a speaking person

_____ during early childhood supports the plasticity of the brain.

An overproduction of synapses.

One-year-old Dominic uses the word "train" to refer only to his favorite toy train. This is an example of

An underextension

The sex of the baby is determined by whether

And X bearing or a Y bearing sperm fertilizes the Ovum

____________is an example of a basic emotion mentioned in the text.

Anger

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Anticipatory anxiety, excessive worry, poor self esteem, trouble with social relations, somatic problems/complaints

Social policy

Any planned set of actions by a group institution or governing body direct at attaining a social goal

What is higher for boys

Rate of miscarriage, mental retardation

Which of the following statements about newborn sleep is true? A)Newborns spend 4 to 5 hours per day in each of the 5 stages of arousal B)REM sleep accounts for 50% of a newborn baby's sleep time C)newborns' NREM sleep is characterized by irregular breathing and gentle limb movements

B

Which of the following statements about smoking during pregnancy is true? A)even if a pregnant women stops smoking during the last trimester, the damage to the baby is permanent B)if a pregnant woman stops smoking during the last trimester, she reduces the likelihood that her infant will suffer negative consequences C)about 45% of US women smoke during their pregnancies

B

Most adopted children

Become well-adjusted adults

John Bowlby advocated which of the following explanations of mother-infant attachment?

Behaviours such as smiling, babbling and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.

_____ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.

Birth Weight

Three-year-old Bob writes the B in his name backwards and seems quite satisfies with his erroneous creations. Which of the following statements is true about Bob?

Bob is developing normally, as many children reverse some letters in their printing well into the second grade.

Jim and Joanna are brother and sister, two years apart in age; Louis and Louisa are fraternal twins. Which pair is genetically more similar?

Both pairs are equally similar

Of the following, which is supported by research on gender typing?

Boys are more gender stereotyped than girls

After the divorce, particularly in families where mother has custody of the children:

Boys tend to exhibit attention-getting, acting out behavior

At birth, the ________ is nearer than any other physical structure to its adult size.

Brain

At birth, the ________ is/are nearer than any other physical structure to its adult size.

Brain

A secondary sexual characteristic would involve which of the following?

Breasts

Case study

Brings together wide range of information, including interviews, observations test scores

At preschool, it is Tyler's fourth birthday. Although, Christine is only 3, she insists that she is older than Tyler because she is taller. Christine focuses on height, not years as a measure of age. This is an example of:

Centration

Increased muscular control occurs in patterns From head to toe

Cephalocaudal

Connections between the _____ underlie dramatic gains in motor coordination through the preschool years.

Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex

Plasticity

Change is possible based on experiences

Cognitive development tool theory, information processing, and social cultural, all stress

Changes in thinking

Body growth in middle childhood tends to be:

Characterized by slight spurts followed by lulls

According to Piaget, the most likely reason that a 4-year-old cannot solve a conservation-of-liquid problem is the

Child's attention is captured by the height of the water and finds it difficult to also consider the widths of the glasses

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Jean piaget believed that

Children move through four broad stages of cognitive development

One of the most important ethical issues in research on children is

Children often can't evaluate for themselves what participation in a study will mean for them so adults must take care to protect the rights and safety of the children involved in research

Baby Marcus begins to suck as soon as he sees his mother with a bottle of formula. Marcus's response to the bottle is the result of

Classical Conditioning

classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is when organisms create, strengthen, or weaken associations between unconditioned stimulus (US) and unconditioned response (UR). As seen in Pavlov's experiments, he was able to train dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by training the dogs connect food with a tone. The bell became their conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation became a conditioned reaction (CR). Therefore, Pavlov's training is a type of classical conditioning because the dogs were classically trained create an association between a tone and food.

______________ is the aspect of parenting where children are given increasing levels of control over moment to moment decision-making while parents retain high levels of general oversight

Co-regulation

Childhood Depression

Coded as depression. Males: irritability, hostility, social withdrawal, acting out Females: body image problems, loss of appetite, dissatisfaction with life, somatic symptoms, acting in

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Conditions characterized by developmental deficits that can impair a range of areas (social/academic functioning). Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Tic Disorders

Contributions and Limitations of Bandura

Contributions: behavioral modification Limitations: too narrow of a view, underestimating children's contributions to their own development

Contributions and Limitations to Erikson

Contributions: emphasis on an individual's unique life history, accept clinical/case study method Limitations: very vague, can't test all fields

The heart of scientific reasoning is

Coordinating theories with evidence

Mr. and Mrs. Bloom are gradually shifting control for daily activities and responsibilities to their son Orlando. They allow Orlando to control moment-by-moment decision making, but they maintain general oversight over his activities. The Blooms are engaging in

Coregulation

Which structure of the brain allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another?

Corpus Callosum

_______ is an example of emotional self-regulation.

Covering one's eyes during a scary movie

Fears and Phobias

Crying, screaming, tantrums in response to fears. Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months - can't be a temporary fear that kids typically outgrow. Exposure treatments used.

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA long, double-stranded molecules that make up chromosomes

Many young adults enter a period of excitement and personal expansion as they explore the emergence of adulthood. For many low SES adults this period may be more difficult because of early parenthood, inadequate schooling, or lack of vocational training. They may have a floundering period marked by ______ and _____.

Dead end, low paying jobs and unemployment

Meeting the partner's complaint, or criticism with a complaint of your own, ignoring what the partner said

Defensiveness

The placenta

Delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism

Theo's grandmother wants to make sure he successfully resolves Erikson's psychosocial conflict of middle childhood. She should give Theo opportunities to

Develop competence at useful skills

The lifespan perspective on development assumes that

Development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

Max, age 65, learn to play the piano at a local senior center. Max's demonstrates that

Development is plastic at all ages

Which of the following was usually rare during childhood but is occurring in rapidly rising numbers of obese children?

Diabetes

Limitations to Freud

Didn't explore children Overemphasized influence of sexual feelings in development Did not apply to all cultures

Infants born to mothers who did not seek timely prenatal care are five times more likely to ____than those whose mother received early medical attention

Die

In Thomas and Chess's study of childhood temperament they found what three temperamental styles in childhood personality:

Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm

Verbal aggression (name-calling and hostile teasing) is the type of aggression most often seen in the behavior of young girls.

Disagree

Dr. kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the

Discontinuous

discrimination

Discrimination occurs when two stimuli can be distinguished as different things and therefore elicit different responses.

________ attachment is especially high among maltreated children

Disorganized/Disoriented

________ attachment is especially high among maltreated children.

Disorganized/disoriented

Which of the following are true about the impact of teratogens?

Do most damage during period of the embryo

Children of gay and lesbian parents

Do not differ from other children in sexual orientation

The gene's feature will appear each time the gene is present

Dominant

The one allele that affects the child's characteristics it's called

Dominant

Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information

Dominant, Recessive, Polygenic

problems with the twenty-first chromosome

Down Syndrome

What are 2 ways that reconditioning takes place?

Reconditioning take place through second-order conditioning, where an organism is reconditioned to either give the same CR to a different CS or to view a negative CS in a positive manner. For example, Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. Afterwards, he manage to recondition his dogs to salivate at the sight of a small black box. A second method of reconditioning is extinction. This is done to diminish a previous behavior, by presenting a CS without the US, therefore breaking the connection between the stimulus and behavior.

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Reinforcements encourage behavior and punishments discourage behavior

Early and frequent dating is associate with

Drug use and delinquency

Jimar cannot understand why his 2-year-old brother, Otis, is unable to use a map to find a hidden treasure. It is most likely because Otis does not yet understand

Dual representation

__________ are children more likely to be bullies.

Rejected-Aggressive

Independent variable

Researcher manipulates or changes(treatment)

Correlation Design

Researchers gather information and make no effort to alter their experiences

John Garcia (yuck)

During the experiments rats were given one taste, sight, sound as a neutral stimulus. Later the rats would be exposed to radiation or drugs (the unconditioned stimulus), which would make the rats sick. Through these experiments, Garcia discovered that if a rat became nauseated after presented with a new taste, even if the illness occurred several hours later, the rat would avoid that taste. This contradicted the belief that, for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned response (in this case, sickness) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus-to-be (the taste). Secondly, Garcia discovered that the rats developed aversions to tastes, but not to sights or sounds, disproving the previously held theory that any perceivable stimulus (light, sound, taste, etc.) could become a conditioned stimulus for any unconditioned stimulus

allele

Each of two or more forms of a gene located at the same place on corresponding pairs of chromosomes

____can be prevented with a vaccine to stop the buildup of antibodies

Rh factor incompatibility

Making the transition to a low-conflict, single-parent household is better for children than staying in a high-conflict intact family.

Right

Self esteem drops during the early elementary school years.

Right

Charlotte is long and lean. She engages in make-believe play and has a blossoming sense of morality. Charlotte is probably in which period of human development?

Early childhood

chromosomes

Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic information

Lightly touch the infant's cheek and he'll turn toward the object and attempt to nurse; helps infant find nipple or food

Rooting Reflex

Caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responding to infant signals is likely to promote a

Secure attachment

A period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences

Sensitive Period

One-year-old James cries and climbs on his mother when she attempts to leave him with his grandmother who is babysitting. James is displaying

Separation Anxiety

During the Strange Situation, a parent leaves the room in order to assess the infant's ______, and returns again to assess the infant's______________:

Separation anxiety; Reaction to the reunion

Frankie is lining up pieces of string in order from shortest to longest. This skill is known as

Seriation

The most effective form of DISCIPLINE is:

Setting expectations ahead of time and praising compliant behavior.

problems with the X or Y chromosomes

Sex chromosome abnormalities

Among Western children, intense _____ following emotions is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy and maladjustment.

Shame

_____ are examples of self-conscious emotions

Shame and embarrassment

Sarah, a 3-year-old, says that Song Li is her best friend. From this you can best draw the conclusion that these two girls

Share toys and enjoy playing together

Sally, a 5-year-old is playing catch with her father. She misses almost all the time. She is likely to say what about her ability to catch.

She is great at catching

________ is a case of incomplete dominance.

Sickle cell trait

Magnitude

Size of the number between 0 and 1

Behavioralist

Skinner, Pavlov,

Compared to the first two years of life, growth during the school years is

Slow and regular

Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during

Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood cancer

One-year-old Dalila is learning how to walk. Each time she falls, she looks looks up at her mother. If her mother looks upset, Dalila cries. But if he mother is smiling, Dalila gets up and tries again. Dalila is using

Social Referencing

lev vygotsky believed that ___ is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community culture

Social interaction

According to research on resiliency, which of the following factors is associated with protection against the damaging effects of stressful life or abusive conditions?

Social support outside the immediate family

Which of the following factors fosters resilience?

Social support outside the immediate family

Bandura

Social-cognitive and based on observational learning, believed you need thought processes and rehearsal strategies, Bobo Doll experiment: aggression in children

Implantation occurs ____ after fertilization

Sometime between seventh and ninth

The concept of _____ is characteristic of _____ theories.

Stage; Discontinuous

US

Stands for unconditioned stimulus. The US triggers a certain response, the unconditioned response (UR) without previous training. Meaning that the response is innate, a built-in behavior to the US. Example being that the US is food which then triggers the UR being saliva.

Which of the following would provide the MOST beneficial long-term effects for a child with ADHD?

Stimulant medication combined with social, academic, and family interventions and environmental and career support in adulthood.

As neurons form connections, _____ becomes vital to their survival

Stimulation

Behaviorism focuses on

Stimuli and responses

Withdrawing from the discussion/ partner as a way to avoid conflict. Partners may think they are trying to be "neutral" but this actually comes off as disapproval, disconnection, and/or smugness

Stonewalling

Compared with large urban areas, small towns

Stronger connections between settings that influence children's lives

kinship studies

Studies comparing the characteristics of family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics.

successive approximations

Successive approximations are the smaller components involved in the shaping of a behavior. Before a subject can be trained to perform a complex behavior, such as pick up and deliver a package, they must be operantly conditioned to move towards the package, receiving a reward each time they complete it successfully . Then, once they are trained to do this, they are conditioned to move in this direction, they must be conditioned to pick up the package, and finally deliver it to the selected location. Each of these steps, which during conditioning are rewarded, is a successive approximation.

Touch an object or nipple to the infant's mouth and she'll make rhythmic sucking movements

Sucking Reflex

Which of the following statements about ADHD is true?

Symptoms must appear as a consistence problem before the age of 7 in order to be diagnosed as ADHD

Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD

Symptoms must be present before age 12, impairment must be seen by at least 2 different sources in 2 different settings

Systematic Desensitization

Systematic desensitization is an exposure technique used to break the connection between a phobic stimuli and its associated fears. It was developed by Joseph Wolpe in 1958 and not only consists of the disruption of a fear response but the replacement of it with a relaxation response when exposed to the phobic stimulus. The stimulus is usually not physically present at first but imagined in the patient's mind.

John Locke

Tabula rasa: blank slate Children are born as nothing and the environment shapes their development Opposed physical punishment Supporter of behaviorism Continuous: adult-like behaviors are gradually built up through the warm, consistent teachings of parents Nurture: environment/parents shape child Many courses of development: children experience different experiences

A factor that promotes school attendance and achievement is

Teacher who expect students to perform well and encourage high-level thinking

Which of the following is true?

Teeneagers living in low-SES neighborhoods are more likely to be sexually active than teenagers in higher-income neighborhoods

Two-year-old Roshan said "kiss booboo" to indicate to his mother that he wanted her to kiss the finger that he just pinched in the door. Roshan's utterance is an example of

Telegraphic Speech

a major limitation of systematic observation is that it

Tell investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors

When parents model sympathy, teach the importance of kindness, and intervene when a child shows inappropriate emotion, their children

Tend to show high levels of sympathetic responding

A _____ refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

Teratogen

Anything capable of causing birth defects (e.g., narcotics, radiation, cigarette smoke, lead, and cocaine)

Teratogens

Baby Marisa is twisting and turning triangles, circles, and squares to fit them into her shape-sorter. According to Piaget, this behavior would best be described as a ________ circular reaction.

Tertiary

Describe how shaping may have factored into the behaviors in pictures A and B on page 135.

The "shaping" found in the pictures may have factored the behavior in such a way that their original response was different than that of the picture. Successive approximations could be used to show the rat that he needs to press the lever reinforcement, as well as the pigeon pecking for food. Shaping might have been used in order to get the mouse and pigeon to perform such behaviors, that may contain more complexity than the original possible response.

Has a higher infant death rate than all industrialized (modern) countries which is a direct result of the U.S. being the only industrialized nation in the world without a publicly funded universal health care system.

The U.S.

Of all Western countries, _____ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

The United States

Which of the following countries have a higher infant death rate

The United States

Resilience

The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development. Personal characteristics, parental relationships, outside social support, and community resources/opportunities affect chances of resilience

Which of the following is true?

The adolescent suicide rate is 3 to 4 times higher among boys than girls

____ is the number that describes how two variables in a research study are mathematically related

The correlation coefficient

Of the following, which is supported by research on alcohol use during pregnancy?

The defects of children born with FASD vary as a function of the length and timing of their mother's drinking during pregnancy

The age of viability is the point at which

The fetus can first survive if born early

Which of the following statements is true about the field of child development?

The field of child development is considered interdisciplinary because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields.

Carmen adopted her son chest after his second birthday. What can you tell Carmen about the opportunity for attachment

The first attachment bond can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age

Gene-environment correlation

The idea that heredity influences the environments to which people are exposed.

Primary circular reactions are oriented toward _____, whereas secondary circular reactions are aimed toward _____.

The infant's own Body; The environment

How does instrumental conditioning (operant) differ from Pavlov's classical conditioning?

The main difference between operant and classical conditioning is that classical conditioning involves the unconscious association of a stimulus with a response or reward. With operant conditioning, the amount of learning which occurs is completely voluntary. Not only must the organism perform the desired behavior, but the behavior must also be reinforced consistently, otherwise the behavior may face extinction. Operant conditioning is contingent upon behavior, whereas classical conditioning is not.

according to the information processing approach the longer person holds information and working memory

The more likely it will transfer to the permanent knowledgebase

The placenta is

The organ that permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism

Infants with severe visual impairments have difficulty evoking stimulating caregiver interaction because

They cannot make eye contact, imitate, or pick up nonverbal cues

What could one determine about a person whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY?

The person is male

During the third stage of labor

The placenta separates from the wall of the uterus is and is delivered

What period of human development brings the most rapid time of change?

The prenatal period

A key concept in Mary Rothbart's model of infant temperament is

Effortful control

The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the period of the _____, whereas the rate of body growth is greatest during the period of the _____.

Embryo; Fetus

Three-year-old Miguel covers his eyes and runs out of the room during a scary scene in his favorite movie. He is displaying

Emotional Self-Regulation

African-American parent's communication style with their children emphasizes _____ over _____.

Emotional and Social concerns; Facts

Two-year-old Hannah offers her brother her favorite blanket when he falls down and skins his knee. Hannah is demonstrating signs of

Empathy

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Emphasized modeling, imitation, observational learning as a powerful source of development More-so known as a cognitive-social theory because children's ability to listen, remember, and abstract general rules from complex sets of observed behaviors affects their imitation and learning Children become more selective in what they imitate, especially when they develop personal standards & a sense of self-efficacy (belief that their own abilities and characteristics will them them succeed)

Three-year-old Rico spends a lot of time playing alone. His parents should be concerned only if he frequently _____ while playing alone.

Engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action

Research on African-American children adopted into economically well-off white homes during the first year of life suggests that:

Environmental factors are largely responsible for the lower IQ's of African American children

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Excessive anxiety when separated from familiar people, symptoms include headache, vomiting, diarrhea. Must last at lease 4 weeks (6 months in adults). Preschool age: no gender differences, Pre adolescence: more females

According to the goodness-of-fit model, infants with difficult temperaments often

Experience parenting that fits poorly with their dispositions

Dependent Variable

Experimenter measures but does not manipulate

Which of the following research methods can be used to test a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables?

Experiments

Of the following, which is supported by research on skeletal growth?

Exposure of tobacco smoke increases the rate of tooth decay

o"ften help with child rearing, and adoles- cent mothers living in extended families are more likely to complete high school, get a job, and avoid dependence on welfare than mothers living on their own—factors that in turn benefit children's well-being" (Berk 583) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Extended family members

The _____ is an important determinant of attachment security as measured by the Strange Situation.

Extent to which the child uses the parent as a secure base to explore an unfamiliar setting

Down syndrome is most commonly caused by

Failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

The popular belief that 'opposites attract' for long term committed partnerships/marriages is dead-on accurate.

False

How does the absence of contingency predispose a person toward anxiety rather than fear?

Firstly, anxiety is different from fear because anxiety is "chronic, objectless, and occurs in many situations", whereas fear is "a state elicited by a specific situation or object". Absence of contingency elicits anxiety because there is no longer the 'warning signal' that the CS provides; there is no longer a way to predict when a bad event (such as a shock with rats) will occur, so one is chronically anticipating a bad event because there is nothing for them to rely on to signal where they can differentiate between a relaxed state and a preparatory state for the bad event.

Taking a blank supplement around the time of conception greatly reduces by more than 70% abnormalities of the neural tube

Folic acid

Dizygotic Twins are

Fraternal are

_____ contain _____ chromosomes.

Gametes; 23

corrects genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells.

Gene therapy

Treatment for ASD

Generally use operant conditioning

The communication process of blank can help couples understand genetic principles, genetic testing, and prevention of genetic disorders

Genetic counseling

What is the deciding factor if you are an adult?

Getting married is the #1 marker across most cultures (also getting a permanent job)

When skeletal ages are examined

Girls are considerably ahead of boys

The gender gap in career attainment is partially accounted for by

Girls' underestimation of their own achievement

_____ have slightly more body fat than _____ during the middle childhood years.

Girls; Boys

Studies on infant and toddler child care in the United States and Canada show that

Good child care can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life

Continuum of acquisition refers to

Gradual mastery of logical concepts

If an object is placed in the infant's palm, she'll grasp it automatically

Grasping Reflex

Neighborhoods have a ____ impact on economically disadvantaged than well-to-do young people

Greater

Baby Nora's looking decreases when repeatedly presented a 3 x 3 checkerboard pattern. However, when she is shown a new 9 x 9 checkerboard pattern, her looking increases. In this example, Nora exhibits ________ to the 3 x 3 pattern and exhibits ________ to the 9 x 9 pattern, indicating that she ________.

Habituation; Recovery; Perceives the difference between the two stimuli

Cesarean delivery

Has become increasingly common in the United States, accounting for almost one-third of all births.

Compared to breastfed babies, bottle-fed babies

Have more allergic reactions and respiratory and intestinal illnesses

Mothers who have a companion staying with them throughout labor _____ than mothers who do not have companionship.

Have shorter labors and fewer complications

heterozygous

Having two different alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes. Distinguished from homozygous

homozygous

Having two identical alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes. Distinguished from heterozygous

The Apgar Scale rates characteristics of a newborn, including the baby's

Heart rate, color, and muscle tone

meiosis

The process of cell division through which gametes are formed and in which the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved

mitosis

The process of cell duplication, in which each new cell receives an exact copy of the original chromosomes

Which of the following best describes an aspect of a child's environment that exerts an 'indirect' influence on the child's development

The quality relationship between a child's parents

Which of the following is most at risk for dropping out of school and delinquency?

The rejected child

Which of the following statements is true about adolescent mood variation?

High points tend to occur during self-chosen leisure activities

The authoritative child-rearing style is linked to

High self-esteem, moral maturity, and favorable school performance

Compared to children in America, children in Japan, China, and Korea score _____ in academic achievement and _____ in self-esteem.

Higher; Lower

Information Processing

Human mind might also be viewed as symbol-manipulating system through which information flows From the time info is presented to the senses at input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output, info is actively coded, transformed, and organized Not divided into developmental stages

Freud's id/ego/superego

Id: largest portion of mind, source of basic biological needs and desires -> I want Ego: conscious, rational part of personality, redirects id's impulses Superego: conscience, develops through interactions with parents -> I should

Monozygotic Twins are

Identical are

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures

one zygote that divides into two individuals

Identical/Monozygotic

Suzanne questions her parent's religious beliefs and has begun to visit other churches to find out about alternatives. What identity status characterizes Suzanne?

Identity Moratorium

A concordance rate of 50% indicates that

If one twin has the trait, the other one will have it half the time

extinction

If the conditioned stimulus is constantly presented by itself, the conditioned response gradually disappears. This broken link between the two is called extinction.

Research on imitation shows that

Imitation is more difficult to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than just after birth

which of the following is supported by research on instant anger

The rise in anger among older incidents in adaptive because new motor abilities enable them to defend themselves or overcome obstacles

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Impairment in social interactions and communication skills, difficulties with perception of sensory stimuli, 75% show some degree of intellectual disability

Direction

The sign of the number (+ or - ) indicates.. of the relationship

With ____, a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. These are removed surgically in place in addition of nutrients, to which sperm are at.

In vitro fertilization

Proposed Causes of ADHD

Inadequate levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in brain, decreased activity associated with attention/movement, lack of synchrony in Default Motor Network, difficulties at birth, families associated with ASPD, alcoholism, depression, bipolar, anxiety

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Inattention: fails for follow through on tasks, frequent shifts of attention from topic to topic Hyperactivity: jumps around, can't sit still, fidgets, talks excessively Impulsivity: acts out of turn, often interrupts, engages in risky/dangerous behavior

Proposed reasons for increased prevalence of ASD

Increased awareness, broadening of diagnosis, increased parental age, other environmental toxins/factors

According to the information-processing framework, ________ make complex forms of thinking possible with age

Increases in the capacity of the system

The "culture shock" that college students experience when they encounter new ideas and beliefs, opportunities, and academic and social demands results in

Increasingly rational, flexible, and practical ways of thinking

The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in

Incredible variability among siblings

People define themselves as separate from other people. Largely concerned with personal needs and goals.

Individualist

Erikson's critical psychological conflict during the preschool years is

Initiative versus guilt

Compared with Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach to development has more difficulty with

Integrating information into a broad, comprehensive theory.

Child-directed speech utilizes several important communication strategies to create interactions very well suited to the infant. These include all of the following EXCEPT

Intentional nonsense and baby talk

At the microsystem level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, one might examine the

Interactions between a mother and her children

Recall is a more demanding task than recognition because it

Involves remembering a stimulus that is not present

During the preschool years,

It is common for children's appetite to decline

Which of the following is true about fetal alcohol syndrome

It is distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and brain injury

Which of the following statements is true about regular aspirin used during pregnancy

It is linked to low birth weight, infant death around the time of birth, poor motor development, and lower intelligence scores in early childhood

What psych term do you associate with Martin Seligman? Explain.

The term associated with Seligman is learned helplessness. This mean a sense that one lost it's control over it's own environment and therefore gives up trying. He had the experiment with the two dog groups which received strong electric shocks whilst strapped in hammocks. The dogs in group A could exercise some control, but the dogs in group B had to suffer through the inescapable shocks.

heories differ from mere opinion and belief in thatheories differ from mere opinion and belief in that

Their continued existence depends on scientific verification

Stability

Theorist who are high or low in a characteristic and will remain so at later stages of life, heredity/ genetics

All contemporary child development theories have discarded

John Locke's view of the child as a tabula rasa

Which of the following is an example of overextension?

Jonah uses the word "cat" to refer to all four-legged, furry animals

Of the following, which is supported by research on prenatal care?

Lack of health insurance is one common reason why low-income pregnant women do not seek early prenatal care.

Chronic Tic Disorder

Lasts longer than 1 year

Transient Tic Disorder

Lasts more than 4 weeks but less than 1 year

Crystal has had rigorous gymnastics training for many years. She will likely reach menarche

Later than girls who are obese

public policies

Laws and government programs designed to improve social problems and current conditions

The most effective way to soothe the crying baby is

Lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walk

The most well-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is

Low birth weight

Children first represent objects and events on paper by

Making gestures and leave marks

_____ are more likely than _____ to be affected by X-linked diseases.

Males; Females

Infant characteristics do not show strong relationships with attachment security because

Many infant attributes can lead to attachment security as long as the caregiver is sensitively turned to the baby's needs

Which of the following children is most at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school?

Marie, a rejected child

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

Marked irritability, temper issues, frequent tantrums, significantly exaggerated in intensity and duration. Can't be diagnosed before 6 years or after 18 years. *Symptoms more related to mood disorders/depression than ODD

learned helplessness/learned optimism

Martin Seligman's theory where helplessness is a subjective view of one's situation. when one doesn't have control over one's situation previously, one thinks that they will not have control over a following situation. the opposite is true for learned optimism; it focuses on the positive and postulates that the negative is only temporary.

According to our textbook, _____ doubles the risk of SIDS.

Maternal Cigarette Smoking

is a safe , prenatal diagnosis test

Maternal blood analysis

Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system

Maturation

Normative approach

Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

prenatal diagnostic method

Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth

Which of the following is NOT true of peer groups in middle childhood?

Membership is highly changeable when tracked for a month

Studies of memory development show that

Memory becomes increasingly context free during toddlerhood

According to ecological systems theory interactions between a mother and her child occur in the

Microsystem

Pete participates in soccer and is beginning to master fundamental reading and math skills. Pete is probably in which period of human development?

Middle childhood

In the United States, settings that provide the very worst care tend to serve _____ families.

Middle-SES

One benefit of _____ is that they provide a supportive context for boys and girls to get to know one another and offer models for how to interact with the other sex without having to be intimate.

Mixed-sex cliques

Garrett hit a playmate in the same late honey sent home. this is an example of

Modeling

Two-year-old Victoria hugs an upset classmate in the same way that her parents hug her at home when she is upset. According to social learning theory, Victoria likely learned this response to her classmate's distress through

Modeling

Senior citizens in the United States today are

More likely than any other group to be among the near poor

In general, research shows that the earlier the school transition, the

More powerful its impact, especially for girls

If a baby's position is abruptly changed or if he is startled by a loud noise, he will make a hugging motion

Moro Reflex

When baby Ian is held horizontally on the back, he sometimes makes in embracing motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms in toward his body. Ian is demonstrating that

Moro reflex

Six-year-old Jordan's parents expect her to floss her teeth every day. They should know that

Most children cannot floss by themselves until about 9 years of age

Adolescents' planning and decision making are

Much improved for schoolwork, but are still difficult in daily life

ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type

Must have at lease 6 symptoms associated with attention deficit and less than 6 symptoms associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity

ADHD Combined Type

Must have at least 6 symptoms associated with attention deficit and at least 6 symptoms associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity

sudden, permanent change in a segment of DNA which can create genetic abnormalities.

Mutations

The rapid decline in processing time over middle childhood is thought to be due to

Myelinization and synaptic pruning in the brain

Darwin

Natural selection & survival of the fittest: certain species survive in particular parts of the world because they have characteristics that fit with, or are adapted to, their surroundings. Other species die off because they are not as well-suited to their environments

__________ do not feel sad about their relatively invisible status with peers

Neglected

At the end of the second trimester, nearly all of the brain's _____ are in place. However the brain's _____ continue to increase at a rapid rate throughout pregnancy and after birth.

Neurons; Glial Cells

Serious developmental problems, such as inattention and overactivity, emotional disturbance, and epilepsy, may occur when

Neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances

'D' is the symbol for the dark-haired allele; 'd' is the symbol for the blond-haired allele. Three children have the following allele pairs: Lizzy has DD, Lena has Dd, Lyle has dD, and Laura has dd. Which child is considered dominant homozygous and has dark hair? a) Lena b) Lizzy c) Laura d) Lyle

b) Lizzy

____ are more likely than ____ to be affected by X-linked diseases. a) African American; European Americans b) Males; females c) First-born children; later-born children d) Singletons; twins or triplets

b) Males; females

Which of the following children is most at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school? a) Lisa, a popular child b) Marie, a rejected child c) Leo, a controversial child d) David, a neglected child

b) Marie a rejected child

Which of the following was usually rare during childhood but is occurring in rapidly rising numbers of obese children? a) colon cancer b) diabetes c) heart attacks d) stroke

b) diabetes

prematurity, birth weight, physical defects, breathing issues, death

babies born to users of coke and heroin have issues like -------, low -------, --------- and -------- and -------- around time of birth.

arous, respiratory

babies exposed to cig smoke ------ less easily from sleep and have more ------- infections.

addicted

babies of addict motehrs are born ------- to drugs.

Research on newborn hearing shows that

babies only a few days old can tell the difference between utterances with two versus three syllables

exhaled

babies sleeping face down on soft bedding may die from continually breathing their own ---- breath.

which of the following is supported by research and early self-development

babies whose parents respond sense Tivolli to their signals and encourage exploration tend to be advanced in self-development

mental, motor

babies with low level exposure to lead show slightly poorer ----- and ------ development.

once wariness of strangers develops after six months

baby use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore

Two Apgar ratings are given in the minutes following birth

because some babies have trouble adjusting immediately but do well after a few minutes

John Watson

behaviorist, believed that the environment was the supreme force in development

Which major theory of development takes the strongest position on one side of the nature versus nurture issue

behaviourism

Wolfgang Kohler (oo oo aa aa)

believed there was insight in chimpanzees, so he had them in an environment in which they had to obtain a treat that was out of their reach. they had to think of ways to use tools in their environment and be able to replicate these results in different situations. he learned that chimps do have insight on certain problems, and can learn to tackle the conceptual instead of just the perceptual.

learned

between 2-4 months, when sids is most likely to occur, reflexes decline and are replaced by voluntary, ------- responses.

implantation

between the seventh and ninth days ------- occurs. the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining. at first, the trophoblast, the protective outer layer, multiplies fastest. it forms a membrane called the amnion, that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the womans movement.

Which of the following research findings on the gender gap in mathematical ability is true?

biology and environment both make contributions to this gap

What is the best available predictor of infant survival and health development?

birth weight

After the divorce, particularly in families where mother has custody of the children:

boys tend to exhibit attention-getting, acting out behavior

"Consistent with the high value girls place on emotional closeness, sisters report greater intimacy with their siblings than" (Berk 587) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

brothers do

In females, the onset of sexual maturation begins with which of the following (refer to the table in the book)...

budding breasts

embryonic disk

by the fourth day the zygote forms a hollow, fluid filled ball called a blastocyst. the inner cells, called the ------- will become the new organism.

blastocyst

by the fourth day the zygote forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a ----------. the inner cells, called the embryonic disk, will become the new organism. the outer cells, or trophoblast, will provide protective covering.

trophoblast

by the fourth day the zygote forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a blastocyst. the inner cells, called the embryonic disk, will become the new organism. the outer cells, or --------- will provide protective covering.

*A teenager in the identity foreclose status would most likely say a) "I've explored many options and have settled on the value system that makes the most sense to me." b) "I'm still exploring." c) "I believe what my parents have taught me and have no reason to doubt that they are right." d) "I don't care about finding a so-called value system. What does it matter anyway."

c) "I believe what my parents have taught me and have no reason to doubt that they are right."

Which of the following statements would likely be made by a parent using explanatory/inductive disciple with the intent to teach expected behavior? a) "I know you didn't mean to hit your brother" b) "You have two choices; go to bed now, or lose a privilege tomorrow." c) "It hurts Sarah's feelings when you don't give her a turn. I expect you to take turn with her or we will have to end our play date and go home." d) What do you think your punishment should be?"

c) "It hurts Sarah's feelings when you don't give her a turn. I expect you to take turn with her or we will have to end our play date and go home."

Jim and Joanna are brother and sister, two years apart in age; Louis and Louisa are fraternal twins. Which pair is genetically more similar? a) Jim and Joanna are more similar b) Louis and Louisa are more similar c) Both pairs are equally similar d) It is impossible to tell from this information

c) Both pairs are equally similar

Which child is most likely to receive the least favorable teacher feedback and, as a consequence, experience learned helplessness? a) Miyako, a low-SES, Caucasian-American female b) Brad, a middle-SES, Japanese-American male c) Felysha, a low-SES, African-American female d) Jesus, a middle-SES, Mexican-American male

c) Felysha, a low-SES, African-American female

*Which of the following statements is true about adolescent mood variation? a) Low points tend to occur on Friday nights. b) Low points tend to occur during times spent with friends. c) High points tend to occur during self-chosen leisure activities d) High points tend to occur around noon each day.

c) High points tend to occur during self-chosen leisure activities

Which if the following is supported by research on the transition to parenthood. a) Childless marriages tend to be happier than marriages with children. b) The birth of a baby usually cause significant marital strain. c) In dual earner marriages, the larger the difference in men's and women's responsibilities, the great the decline in marital satisfaction after childbirth. d) Fathers are usually less willing to take part in child care after the birth of the second child.

c) In dual earner marriages, the larger the difference in men's and women's responsibilities, the great the decline in marital satisfaction after childbirth.

____ is a growth disorder resulting from lack of parental love. a) Dwashiorkor b) Deprivation dwarfism c) Nonorganic failure to thrive d) Marasmus

c) Nonorganic failure to thrive

Why do infants spend so much time in REM sleep? a) REM sleep is necessarily to refine fine muscle development of the eye. b) REM sleep allows the body to conserve needed energy for growth. c) REM is a form of self-stimulation that is vital for nervous system development. d) REM sleep assists with temperature regulation and digestion.

c) REM is a form of self-stimulation that is vital for nervous system development.

In the brain, ____ consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers and ____ throughout childhood and adolescence a) gray matter; increases steadily b) white matter; decreases significantly c) white mater; increases steadily d) gray matter; decreases slightly

c) white mater; increases steadily

low birth weight

caffeine doses increase the risk of -----------

comfort

caregivers can make use of reflexes for ----- of the baby like givign baby a pacifier.

blank helps infants produce the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day so they can learn and remember

catergorization

Correlation limitations

cause and effect cannot be inferred

During the first stage of labor, the

cervix dilates and effaces

Baby Marcus begins to suck as soon as he sees his mother with a bottle of formula. Marcus's response to the bottle is the result of

classical conditioning.

The domains of development

combine in an integrated, holistic fashion

__ "also inform parents of adolescents' changing needs and expecta- tions, signaling a need for adjustments in the parent-child relationship" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

conflicts

The ________ view of development regards the difference between the immature and mature being as one of amount or complexity of behavior. This view stands in contrast to views that see maturity as reflecting distinctly different behaviors that are simply not possible in the less mature being.

continuous

To explore how friendship changes with age, Professor Buddy asked sixth through twelfth graders at several different schools to name their best friend and up to ten other friends at the school. The results showed that the older children named fewer friends, but those they named were more likely to name them as friends as well.This is an example of a __________ study.

cross-sectional

Dominant alleles will affects a child's characteristics for example:

curly hair is dominant over straight hair

accutane

currently the most widely used potent teratogen is a vitamin a derrivative called ------. its used to treat severe acne and taken by hundreds of thousands of women of childbearing age in western world. exposure during first trimester results in ear, eye, skull, brain, heart and immune system abnormalities.

The period of the zygote lasts about ____, beginning with ____. a) 3 months; implantation b) 3 months; fertilization c) 2 weeks; implantation d) 2 weeks; fertilization

d) 2 weeks; fertilization

____ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development. a) Gestational age b) Adequacy of prenatal care c) The Apgar score d) Birth weight

d) Birth weight

Which of the following parental behaviors is most effective discipline? a) Jill, who puts her child in time out during a trip to the supermarket b) Ross, who spanks her child for standing close to a busy street c) Stephanie, who tells her child to stay in her room until she understands the effects of her misbehavior d) Cody, who makes sure his child understands what is expected and then is praised/rewarded for appropriate behavior

d) Cody, who makes sure his child understands what is expected and then is praised/rewarded for appropriate behavior

____ is (are) the use of strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can remain productively engaged in our surroundings a) Social cognition b) Self control c) Self-conscious emotions d) Emotional self-regulation

d) Emotional self-regulation

*Which of the statements below is accurate? a) Young people in their early twenties are not likely to experiment with unprotected sexual activity or substance abuse. b) Emerging adults spend less time by themselves than any other age group. c) Emerging adults discontinue the risk-taking behaviors of their teenage years. d) Feelings of loneliness peak during emerging adulthood.

d) Feelings of loneliness peak during emerging adulthood.

____ contain ____ chromosomes. a) Gametes; 23 pairs of b) Body cells; 46 pairs of c) Body cells; 23 d) Gametes; 23

d) Gametes; 23

____ is gradual reduction in interest in an object (like a mobile or rattle) due to repetitive exposure to it. a) Extinction b) Recovery c) Classical Conditioning d) Habituation

d) Habituation

Child "A" is a girl. Which of the following is probably true? a) She will regard reading, art, and music as "masculine" subjects b) Her parents are more likely to express confidence in her abilities than her brother's c) Her parents will use more directive commands with her than with her brother d) Her parents are less likely to encourage her to make her own decisions than her older brother

d) Her parents are less likely to encourage her to make her own decisions than her older brother

Two-year-old Jonathan is a difficult child. His parents respond with positive interactions, maintain close involvement with him, and work to establish a stable home environment. What outcome could be predicted for Jonathan? a) He will maintain his difficult behavior throughout childhood. b) No long-term studies have been performed with difficult children, so outcomes cannot be predicted. c) His difficult behavior will be maintained and even increase over time. d) His difficult behavior will decrease with age.

d) His difficult behavior will decrease with age.

Which of the following is supported by research on family size? a) Children in larger families tend to do better in school than children in smaller families. b) Parents who have many children tend to be more patient and less punitive than those who have few children. c) Small families are usually less well off economically than large families. d) Parents with lower intelligence test scores tend to have larger families than parents with higher scores.

d) Parents with lower intelligence test scores tend to have larger families than parents with higher scores.

Which of the following statements about ADHD is true a) Children with ADHD are likely to be popular with peers b) Children with ADHD typically score higher than their peers on intelligence tests c) More girls than boys are affected d) Symptoms must appear as a consistent problem before the age of 7 in order to be diagnosed with ADHD

d) Symptoms must appear as a consistent problem before the age of 7 in order to be diagnosed with ADHD

*Jake experienced the onset of conduct problems in childhood. Thomas's conduct problems began in adolescence. Which of the following statements is probably true? a) Thomas's conduct problems will probably continue his entire life. b) Thomas is far more likely to lead a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality. c) Jake's conduct problems will probably stop after the transition to emerging adulthood. d) Thoms's conduct problems will probably stop after the transition to emerging adulthood.

d) Thoms's conduct problems will probably stop after the transition to emerging adulthood.

Which of the following children is most likely to have myopia? a) Hallie, whose parents are uneducated b) Devin, whose parents have good eyesight c) Chen, who weighed 7 pounds at birth d) Travis, whose parents are doctors

d) Travis, whose parents are doctors

Researchers believe that most newborn reflexes disappear during the first six months due to a) a lack of use, particularly those originally adapted for survival purposes. b) proximodistal development impacting grow motor control. c) cephalocaudal development impacting fine motor control. d) a gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops.

d) a gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops.

The four self-esteems that have typically developed by age 7 or 8 in western cultures are: a) child, sibling, student, friend b) height, weight, race/ethnicity, emotional c) school-related, family-related, peer-related, individually-related d) academic, social, physical/athletic, physical appearance

d) academic, social, physical/athletic, physical appearance

Children who spend more time in sociodramatic play are a) at risk for social rejection b) less socially competent c) more physically skilled than their age mates d) advanced in cognitive development

d) advanced in cognitive development

During the first year of life a) sustained attention improves b) ability to remember for longer periods improves c) use of many categories to classify objects is evident d) all of the answers here are true of infants

d) all of the answers here are true of infants

While attending his best friend's birthday party, Sikes, age 8, accidentally knocks the cake off of the table. Sikes is likely to feel a) guilty b) angry c) sad d) ashamed

d) ashamed

____ have slightly more body fat than ____ during the middle childhood years. a) boys; girls b) children from cold climates; children from warm climates c) children from less developed countries; North American children d) girls; boys

d) girls; boys

Which of the following emotions is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy and maladjustment? a) guilt b) fear c) sadness d) shame

d) shame

Many young adults enter a period of excitement and personal expansion as they explore the emergence of adulthood. For many low SES adults this period may be more difficult because of early parenthood, inadequate schooling, or lack of vocational training. They may have a floundering period marked by ______ and _____.

dead end, low paying jobs and unemployment

5-10

delivery of placenta takes ------ mins.

Which of the following takes place during stage 2 of childbirth?

delivery of the baby

reinforcement

depends upon the proper response. it either adds a positive stimulus, encouraging the behavior to occur again, or does so by taking away a negative stimulus.

A good theory

describes, explains, and predicts behavior

physical growth, cognitive

despite being relatively low risk for disabilities, a substantial number of 34 week preterms are below averrage in --------, and mildly delayed in ------ development in early and middle childhood.

In Thomas and Chess's study of childhood temperament they found what three temperamental styles in childhood personality:

difficult, easy, slow-to-warm

Verbal aggression (name-calling and hostile teasing) is the type of aggression most often seen in the behavior of young girls.

disagree

"In other NLSY research, among children of bright, economically advantaged mothers, the family size-IQ corre- lation" (Berk 585) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

disappeared

"Families in industrialized nations have become more" (Berk 584) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

diverse

Which of the following are true about the impact of teratogens?

do most damage during period of embryo

During early childhood children develop language rapidly and are especially responsive to conversational interactions. Based on these observations one could argue that

early childhood is a sensitive period for language development.

Bronfenbrenner theory is

ecological systems theory

20 month old Stephanie is firmly aware of herself as a separate unique individual. Which of the following emotions is Stephanie likely to display

embarrassment

Angela, a cooperative inattentive child, receives more patient and sensitive in directions from her parents and Carlos who is inattentive and hyper. Is an example of ____ genetic environmental correlation

evocative

According to the goodness-of-fit model, infants with difficult temperaments often

experience parenting that fits poorly with their dispositions.

first trimester

exposure to accutane during the ----- results in ear, eye, skull, etc abnormalities.

bonding

feelings of affection and concern for the infant - human parent-infant relationship doesn't depend on precise, early period of togetherness, but feelings of affection can emerge gradually - human bonding is a complex process

fallopian tube

fertilization typically takes place in the

Mr. and Mrs. Kohn would like to have a baby but are concerned about the prevalence of Tay-Sachs in their family. Which of the following would you recommend to help them determine their chances of having a baby with this disorder?

genetic counseling

genotyope

genetic makeup of an individual

Which of the following is true?

girls grades are higher in secondary school than boys but they underestimate their ability and achievement

according to Ericsson and mother who blank is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood

gives a child next your five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park

Studies on infant and toddler child care in the United States and Canada show that

good child care can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life

blank involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning

goodness of fit

Theorists who emphasize ________ as the driving force of development typically emphasize ________.

heredity; stability

Two in for the role of heredity and complex human characteristics, researchers use special methods, the most common being

heritability estimate

the alleles differ

heterozygous

prematurity, low birth weight, damage, defects

high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to -------, ----------, brain ------, and other physical --------.

neurons, damage

high levels of prenatal mercury exposure disrupt production and migration of -------- causing widespread brain damage.

Charles Darwin is considered the forefather of scientific child study because

his discovery that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species prompted other researchers to directly observe children's behavior.

One important criticism of Piaget's theory is that

his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences

the two alleles are alike

homozygous

prolactin

hormone that stimulates milk production in females

____________ is a type of aggression intended to harm another person.

hostile

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, personality development is greatly influenced by

how children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

12 months

how long to recover from c section?

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures.

sucking

if ------ were not automatic our species wouldnt survive for a single generation

Acculturative stress results from

immigrant parents becoming critical

classes, relaxation and breathing, labor coach

in a typical natural childbirth program, the expectant mother and a companion participate in three activities. including ------, ----- and ----------- techniques and they have a ------.

universal

in countries with low infant mortality rate, expectant parents need not wonder how or where they will get health care and other resources to support their babys development. the powerful impact of ------- high quality healthcare, generous parental leave, and other services provides strong justification for these policies.

kangaroo care

in developing countries where hospitalization is not always possible, skin to skin -------- is the most readily available intervention for promoting the survival and recovery of preterm babies.

12 weeks

in the usa the government allows ----------- of unpaid leave for employees in business with at least 50 workers. most women work in smaller businesses, and many who work in large companies cant afford to take unpadi leave.

episotomy

incision that increases the size of the vaginal opening

According to the information-processing framework, ________ make(s) complex forms of thinking possible with age.

increases in the capacity of the system

The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in

incredible variability among siblings

In a experimental design the investigator manipulates changes in the _______and observes it's effects on the

independent variable, dependent variable

A teacher using a clinical interview would typically ask

individualised questions to each research participant

The continuous development view holds that

infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much of the same way as adults do

Compared with Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach to development has more difficulty with

integrating information into a broad, comprehensive theory.

"s the horizontal lines in Figure 14.2 reveal, children's mental test performance did not decline with later birth order—a finding that contradicts the belief that having more children depresses their " (Berk 585) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

intellectual ability

Child-directed speech utilizes several important communication strategies to create interactions very well suited to the infant. These include all of the following EXCEPT

intentional nonsense and baby talk

according to Bowlby the blank becomes a vital part of personality serving as a guide for all future close relationship

internal working model

Achieving _____ is the major personality task of early adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

intimacy

According to the Gibsons' differentiation theory, infants actively search for ________ of the environment in a constantly changing world.

invariant features

". High control reflects the Confucian belief in strict discipline, respect for elders, and socially desirable behavior, taught by deeply" (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

involved parents

Baby Noah moves his arms and legs gently and grimaces while he sleeps. His breathing is irregular with occassional eye movements. He is most likely in which of the following states

irregular sleep

two, three

kids with partial fetal alcohol syndrome have ----- of the three facial abnormalities present in FAS such as short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, smooth philtrum. they also have brain injury which is evident in at least ------ areas of impaired functioning.

timing, length

kids with pfas their defects vary with the ---- and ---- of alcohol exposure.

Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomases father help him to regulate his emotions

label Thomases feelings encourage him to describe his internal state and offer a comforting hug

______ maturing females and ______ maturing males are likely to have positive self images in adolescence.

late/early

_______________ is a type of attributional style where children believe their successes are due to luck and their failures due to low levels of ability. (take your answer directly from the text, don't capitalize the answer and spell correctly)

learned helplessness

"In Caribbean families that have immi- grated to the United States, fathers' authoritativeness—but not mothers'—predicted preschoolers'" (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

literacy and maths skills - FATHERS ONLY

The yolk sac produces blood cells until the

liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function.

Complications due to low birthweight by pregnant woman include

low birth weight infant death and childhood cancer

The stage concept assumes that children

make fairly sudden and distinct changes as they grow

which of the find is true about make-believe play

make-believe is a major means there with children extender conative skills and learn about important activities in their culture

Early in his career, Piaget derived his ideas about cognitive change during the first two years by

making observations of his own children

Teenage mothers are at greater risk than older mothers for prenatal complications because

many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care.

Teenage mothers are at greater risk than older mothers for prenatal complications because

many pregnant teenagers do not recieve adequate prenatal care

brain functioning

many say that impaired ------------ contributes to SIDS

_____, the most widely used illegal drug, has been linked to low birth weight and smaller head sizes and to attention, memory, and academic achievement difficulties in childhood

marijuana

small head size, attention, memory, achievement, impulsive, overractive, depression, agression

marijuana has been linked to ------, -------. ---------. and academic ------ difficulties, ------- and ------- and ------ as well as --------- in kids and teens.

immune system, infectious disease, behavioral, anxiety, short attention, anger, aggression, overactivity, lower mental test scores

maternal emotional stress during pregnancy predicts childhood weakened ----------- functioning and increased susceptibility to ------------. it is also associated with diverse negative ------ outcomes in childhood and adolescence such as -------, --------- span, --------, -----------, ----------- and ------.

tonic neck reflex

may prepare the baby for voluntary reaching

In bronfenbrenner's ecological system's theory, connections between parents and school are in the

mesosystem

"Sibling rivalry tends to increase in" (Berk 586) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

middle childhood

According to Bandura's social learning theory, children learn primarily through

modeling

After seeing his sister scratch the dog on its head, Sam scratched the dog's head this is an example of

modeling

"Parents higher in SES talk to, read to, and otherwise stimulate their babies and preschoolers " (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

more

Carriers of the sickle cell gen are

more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells.

rubella

more than fifty percent of infants whose mothers become ill during the embryonic period, show deafness, eye cataracts, heart, genital, urinary, and intestinal defects, and mental retardation. infection during the fetal period is less harmful, but low birth weight, hearing loss, and bone defects may still occur. the organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella often leads to severe mental illness, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid and immune system dysfunction in adulthood.

six months

most newborn reflexes disappear during the first --------, due to a gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops.

cerebral cortex

most newborn reflexes disappear in first six months due to a graudal increase in voluntary control over behavior as the ------- develops.

24 weeks

most of the babys brains neurons are in place by ------- weeks

Infants born to teenage mothers have a higher risk of problems because _____

most pregnant teenagers come from low-income backgrounds and lack quality health care

A newborn infant during the first weeks following birth is called a

neonate

During the period of the embryo, the ectoderm folds over to form the _______, which will become the spinal cord and brain

neural tube

attentive, muscle tension, colic

newborns of smoking moms also display slight behavioral abnormalities. they are less ------- to sounds, display -------- and are more excitable when touched and visually stimulated, and have -----.

nutrients, carbon monoxide, growth

nicotine reduces the transfer of -------, so the fetus gains weight poorly also nicotine raises the concentraition of ----- in the bloodstreams of both mother and fetus. because carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from red blood cells, it can cause damage to the central nervous system and slow body ------.

Approximately 11 percent of U.S. children have

no health insurance.

confidentiality

no identifying information and is completely anonymous

knowing Niraj IQ score help.

no whether Niraji is ahead behind or on time in mental development compared with his agement

Konrad Lorenz

notion of "imprinting", natural selection of adaptive traits, motives, behaviors, products of evolution, used geese

with the transition to toddlerhood attraction to blank declines and blank in improves

novelty; sustained attention

baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind hello. Baby Luigi has begun to master

object permanence

Scientific study

one independent variable and one dependent variable

research on childcare in the United States shows that

only 20 to 25% of childcare settings in the United States provider level of care sufficient to promote healthy psychological development

cervix

opening of the uterus

The ability to pass conservation tasks provides clear evidence of ___________: mental actions that obey logical rules.

operations

according to Piaget first schemes

our sensorimotor action patterns

fallopian tubes

ovaries are drawn into one of two --------- or long, thin structures that lead to the hollow, soft lined uterus.

The infant's production of stress hormones during childbirth is adaptive because it helps the baby withstand _____

oxygen deprivation

When 2 month old Sage feels her father's finger in her palm, she wraps her tiny fingers around it and holds on tightly. Which reflex is Sage using?

palmar grasp

" is the single most consistent predictor of mental health" (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

parent child relationship

"ES is linked to timing of " (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

parenthood and family size

to acquire effective social skills in inhibited children need

parenting tailored to their temperaments

Random assignment in an experimental design increases the likelihood that the

participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups

B.F. Skinner (coo)

pigeon box guy. his theory required that the reactions be emitted from within; voluntary reactions. these are operants, as defined in operant conditioning(acting on the environment to bring about change that leads to some consequence)

Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, or intelligence, are most likely determined by

polygenic inheritance

Martin Seligman (woof/bzzz)

postulated learned helplessness and tested on dogs by putting them in a shock box where they would be unable or able to escape the shock. dogs who were unable to, and were afterwards given the opportunity thought that they were still unable to avoid the shock, and did not even try to avoid it. Seligman postulates that depressed patients believe that their efforts are uniformly futile, and therefore don't try to improve their situations.

Locke believed the best rewards and punishments are

praise and disapproval

passive smokers

pregnant women can be -------- as well because husbands, relatives friends use cigarettes. its also related to low birth weight, death, child respiratory illnesses, and long term attention, learning, behavior issues.

low birth weight

prenant women smoke and the best known prenatal effect of smoking is -------.

central nervous system

prenatal abuse of drugs that depress ------- functioning like alcohol, opiates increase the risk of SIDS as much as by fifteenfold.

swordfish, tuna, shark , mercury

prengant women are wise to avoid eating long-lived predatory fish such as -----, ------ and -------- which are heavily contaminated with -------.

time

preterm babies are born several weeks before due, theyre small but weight may be appropriate based on ----- spent in uterus

mental, motor

preterm babies given many hours of kangaroo care in their early weeks compared to those given little or no such care, score higher on measures of ------ and ------ developmetn during the first year.

"In contrast, higher-SES parents emphasiz" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

psychological characteristics

Freud

psychosexual view, focused on the childhood

Erikson

psychosocial view, focused on the entire lifespan

E. C. Tolman (squeak)

put mice in mazes and realized that they could create a cognitive map to expend the least amount of effort getting the most food. demonstrated latent learning.

infants whose parents blank tend to be less fussy

read and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues

In the violation-of-expectation method, ________ suggests that the infant is surprised at a deviation from physical reality.

recovery to the unexpected event

To have a baby when physical and genetic examinations reveal a healthy reproductive systems and no family history of genetic disease the mother should

reduce or eliminate exposure to toxins, take prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements, and ensure proper nutrition

partial/intermittent reinforcement

reinforcement that comes at unscheduled or unpredicted times. it is roughly comparable to chance (the food in a restaurant is better one day than the other because of chef inconsistency).

Self-conscious emotions differ from basic emotions in that self-conscious emotions

require adult instruction in when to feel them.

ethical research

research participants have certain rights: human participants and animal research

in the strange situation fillet for seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves Philip is distressed and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of blank attachment

resistant

avoidance

responses that allow an organism to avoid contact with the aversive stimulus. usually trained in an animal by a CS, the CR being avoidance of a painful shock, for example.

escape

responses that allow the organism to escape the aversive state. with the dogs, it was to terminate the electric shock being administered.

vaccine

rh incompatibility can be prevented in most cases. after the birth of each rh positive baby, rh negative mothers are given a ------- to prevent the buildup of antibodies.

vaccination

rubella ----------- in infancy and childhood has made new rubella outbreaks unlikely in industrialized nations.

africa, asia

rubella breaks out often in ---- and ------

low birth weight, hearing, bone

rubella infection during hte fetal period is less harmful but -------, ------ loss and ------- defects may still occur.

deafness, cataracts, heart, genital, urinary, intestinal, retardation

rubella kids with parents who had rubella during embryonic period show -----, eye ------, ------, ------, ---- and ------ defects and mental --------.

At the end of the ____ most of the brain's billions of neurons are in place

second trimester

In the Strange Situation, Aimee repeatedly makes eye contact with her mother as she actively explores the new surroundings. When her mother leaves the room, Aimee cries and is not comforted by an unfamiliar adult. However, she is comforted when her mother returns. Aimee is demonstrating characteristics of ________ attachment.

secure

thalidomide

sedative when taken by mothers 4 to 6 weeks after conception, it produced gross deformities of the embryos arms and legs, and less frequently damage to the ears, heart, kidneys and genitals.

genes

segments of DNA located along the chromosomes

A researcher place is a red dot on two-year-old ravens knows. When she looks and Tranmere she tries to run that off of her nose rather than offer the mayor. This behavior indicates that she has developed

self recognition

___________ is the ability for a child to control the expression of emotion and has been linked to less frequent displays of ____________when interacting with other children in distress.

self regulation; aggression

Two-year-old Isabella has a red dot on her nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed

self-recognition.

period of the zygote

sensitive period in which before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. if they do, the tiny mass of cells is usually so damaged that it dies.

Effective parenting of adolescents strikes a balance between ______ and _____.

separateness and connection

During the Strange Situation, a parent leaves the room in order to assess the infant's ______, and returns again to assess the infant's______________:

separation anxiety, reaction to the reunion

One-year-old James cries and climbs on his mother when she attempts to leave him with his grandmother who is babysitting. James is displaying

separation anxiety.

gamets

sex cells: sperm and ova

Infants in cultures where they spend much time in close bodily contact with their mothers ________ than their North American counterparts.

show shorter bouts of crying

" Finally, mild sibling differences in perceived parental affection no longer trigger jealousy but, instead, predict greater" (Berk 587) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

sibling warmth

prematurity, low weight

sids babies reveal higher rates of --------- and --------- poor apgar scores, and limp muscle tone.

physical

sids victims usually show ----- problems from the beginning.

The period of the embryo lasts about ____

six weeks

In several studies, first-time fathers enrolled in prenatal classes experienced ____ around the time of birth

slight increases in prolactin and estrogens and drop in androgens

Sadira is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. Sadira would be classified by Thomas and Chess as

slow-to-warm-up.

Public policies safeguarding children and youth have been ________ in the United States than in other Western industrialized nations.

slower to emerge

Research indicates that modern children benefit from growing up in:

small families

nutririon

small for date babies probably experienced inadequate -------- before birth. their moms didnt eat properly, placenta didnt function normally, or the babies had defects that prevented them from growing as they should.

"Consistent with these outcomes, positive sibling ties predict favor- able adjustment, even among hostile children at risk for" (Berk 586) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

social difficulties

orisons parents smile and say yummy when he tries new vegetables his parents are using blank to try to influence orisons food preferences

social referencing

attention, impulsivity, overactivity, memories, mental, disruptive, aggressive

some studies report that prenatally exposed kids and teens tend to have shorter ------ spans, difficulties with -------- and ---------, poorer ---------, lower ------ test scores, and higher levels of -------, ------- behavior.

appetite stimulus

something that stimulates your appetite (part of your body that makes your stomach grumble and makes your mouth salivate).

Implantation occurs

sometimes between the 7th and 9th day

toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separation from their parent

sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects such as blankets and stuffed animals

zygote

sperm and ovum united

As neurons form connections, ________ becomes vital to their survival.

stimulation

Chromosomes

store and transmit genetic information

Closer to 1 means

stronger relationship

low weight, death, motor develiopment, lower intelligence

studies suggest that aspirin use is linked to -------, infant ----- around birth time, poorer ------, and -------- scores in early childhood.

Ethological Theory

study of the evolutionary bases to behavior, first started with work by Charles Darwin, parallels human development with animals, attachment theory

DNA

substance of which genes and chromosomes are made

The ______reflex helps control distress and ammount of stimulation

sucking

true

t or f? there is no special need for infants to practice the stepping reflex because all normal babies walk in due time.

John locke viewed children as

tabula rasa

research using the home checklist reveals that the extent to which parents blank is especially important infant facilitating covers intelligence test

talk to their infants and toddlers

Twins occur more often among

tall women than short women

ovum

the ----- is a tiny sphere, but in its microscopic world, it is a giant--the largest cell in the human body, making it a perfect target for the much smaller sperm, which measures a lot smaller.

stepping reflex

the -------- reflex looks like a primitive walking response. it appears in a wide range of situations with the newborns body in a sideways or upside down position, with feet touching walls or ceilings an deven with legs dangling in the air.

period of the embryo

the ------------------- lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. during these brief six weeks, the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.

autosomes

the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

five key features Arnett

the age of identity exploration, the age of instability, the self-focused age, the in-between, the age of possibilities

amniotic fluid

the amnion encloses the developing organism in ------- which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the womans movement.

300 million

the average male produces sperm in vast numbers , an average of ------- a day. in the testes

cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex 2

the baby is especially sensitive to --- and ----- in the herpes family. the first, ---------- is the most frequen prenatal infection, transmitted through respiratory or sexual contact. the second, --------- is sexually transmitted. these two are esp dangerous. in both the virus invades the mothers genital tract, infecting babies either during pregnancy or at birth

Formal operational stage

the capacity or abstract, systematic thinking enables adolescents when faced with a problem. Evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real- world circumstances. 11+

embryonic disk

the cells on the inside, called the -------- will become the new organism.

During mitosis

the chromosome copy themselves

endoderm becomes

the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

moro

the embracing relfex, baby flings arms wide and brings them back toward his body.

dilation and effacement of the cervix

the first stage of childbirth is called -----------. this is the longest stage of labor, lasting an average fo 12 to 14 hours with a first birth and 4 to 6 hours with later births. contractions of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful, causing the cervix or uterine opening, to widen and thin to nothing, forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina.

According to B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory

the frequency of behavior can be increased by following it with reinforcers

experimental group

the group that is being tested on and is receiving the treatment

control group

the group that is receiving the placebo or is not being tested/experimented on

dose, heredity, negative influences, age

the harm done by teratogns depends on four factors. -----, ------. ------- and -----. inj the first factor, larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects. the second factor, ----- the genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. some individuals are better able than others to withstand harmful environments. the third factor, -------- the presence of several negative factors at once, such as additional teratogens, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care, can worsen the impact of a harmful agent. the fourth factor, or --------. the effects of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure.

third month

the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope during the

response suppression

the inhibition of a response by conditioned fear

In an experiment examining weather a specific type of intervention improves the psychological adjustment of shy children the independent variable is?

the intervention

ovum

the largest cell in the human body

Strength

the magnitude of the number indicates the.. of the relationship

In general, research shows that the earlier the school transition?

the more powerful the negative impact, especially for girls

epidural analgesia

the most common approach to controlling pain during labor, a regional pain relieving drug is deliviered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine. because the mother retains the capacity to feel the pressure fo the contractions and to move her trunk and legs, she is able to push during the second stage of labor.

embryonic period

the most harm can be done during this period its the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down.

mesoderm becomes

the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs

mental, diabetes, cardiovascular, thyroid, immune

the organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella often leads to severe ------ illness, -------,---------- disease, and ----- and ------------system dysfunction in adulthood.

According to ____, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

the psychoanalytic perspective

Which of the following best describes an aspect of a child's environment that exerts an 'indirect' influence on the child's development:

the quality relationship between a child's parents

Which of the following is most at risk for dropping out of school and delinquency?

the rejected child

contingency

the relationship between a stimuli and the effect (such as a shock) if a light comes on before a shock, then the shock is contingent on the shock; the dependency of one outcome on a variable.

independent variable

the researchers have the ability to manipulate the variable they are using

delivery of the baby

the second stage of childbirth, much shorter, lasting about fifty minutes for a first birth and 20 mins in later births. strong contractions of the uterus continue, but the mother also feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles. as she does so with each contraction, she forces the baby down and out.

50, 20

the second stage of childbirth, the delivery stage lasts ------- for a first birth and ----- mins in later births.

instinctive drift

the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. The concept originated with B.F. Skinner's former students Keller Breland and Marian Breland when they tried to teach a raccoon to put tokens into a piggy bank. Instead, the raccoon drifted to its instinctive behavior of putting the tokens on the ground or turning them over in its paws, as they often do with food

delivery of placenta

the third stage of childbirth labor comes to an end with a few final contractions and pushes. these cause the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus and be delived in about 5 to 10 mins.

first trimester

the trimester encompassing the zygote and embryo and fetus

sids

the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant under one year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation.

contiguity

the variables in the environment during testing that are all connected with the testing that occurs. because these other variables such as lighting and various noises do not change, they are disregarded and are not viewed as connected to the testing situation.

social cognitive theory

the view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development

gene-environment interaction

the view that people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences and qualities of the environment

When women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, _____

their babies are at risk for a wide variety of complications

Ecological Theory

theory proposed by Bronfenbrenner about five distinct but related environments/systems that explain how families and individuals develop through their interactions, lifestyle, etc.

Piaget's Theory

theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

three

there are ----- stages of childbirth

primary reinforcers

these are biological, such as food, drink, and pleasure.

secondary reinforcers

these are conditioned; reinforcers people have learned to seek, such as money and high grades in school.

To behave in a self-controlled manner, children must have some ability to

think of themselves as autonomous beings who can direct their own actions.

Piaget believe that infants and toddlers

think with her eyes ears and hands

aids

this is a disease that can destroy the immune system, it progresses rapidly in infants with most becoming ill by six months, and nearly half dying by age one.

transition

this is in stage 1, this is reached when the frequency and strenght of the contractiosn are at their peak and the cervix opens completely.

During adolescence

thought becomes abstract and idealistic

"Furthermore, teenagers living in risky neighborhoods tend to have more trusting relationships with parents and adjust more favorably when their parents maintain" (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

tighter control

Vygotsky created the zone of proximal development

to assess childrens potential for learning

According to Erikson's theory, a mother who is sympathetic and loving is fostering her baby's sense of

trust

In Piaget's theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants

try to repeat chance behaviors again and again.

ovaries

two walnut sized organs located deep inside her abdomen.

Which is probably the most complex self-help skill (according to your text

tying shoes

The leading cause of death in the preschool years in the United States is:

unintentional injury

Basic emotions are

universal in humans

critics of routine fetal monitoring believe that it results in _____

unnecessary cesarean delivers

"The reduced time that Western teen- agers spend with their families—for U.S. youths, a drop from 33 percent of waking hours in fifth grade to 14 percent in twelfth grade—has little to do with conflict (Larson et al., 1996). Rather, it results from the large amount of " (Berk 580) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

unstructured time, rarely conflict

Vgotsky

used development as being continuous, sociocultural view, believed culture makes a difference and social interactions shape us

during the fetal period, teratogenic damage is ____

usually minor

___________ covers the baby's skin and prevents it from chapping in the amniotic fluid.

vernix

By the middle of the second trimester,

vernix and lanugo cover the fetus's skin

_____ is the least developed of the newborn baby's senses

vision

folic acid

vitamin mineral enrichment is important. taking a --------supplement around the time of conception reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube.

blank is much better indicator going in early mental test score of how children will do later

warm responsive parenting

embryo

weekks 3-4, 5-8 a primitive brain and spinal cord appear. heart, muscles, ribs, backbone, and digestive tract begin to develop. many external body structures like face, arms, legs, toes, fingers, and internal organs form. the sense of touch begins to develop and the embryo can move.

conditioned reinforcement

when a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it is associated with a primary reinforcer. The effect of such reinforcement will increase the more frequently the two are paired. For example, animal trainers use such reinforcement to train animals so that animals learned the sound of a clicker means a treat.

brain size, damage, abnormalities,

when babies moms drink alcohol, brain imaging research reveals reduced ---------, ------- to many brain structures, and ------ in brain functioning including transferring messages from one part of the brain to another.

rh factor incompatibility

when inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, serious problems sometimes result. the most common cause of these difficulties is -------. when the mother is rh negative (lacks the rh blood protein) and the father is rh positive -has the protein, the baby may inherit the fathers rh positive blood type. if even a little of a fetus's rh positive blood crosses the placenta into the rh negative mothers bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign rh protein. if these enter the fetus's system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues. misscariage, mental retardation, heart damage, and infant death can occur.

Studies on parenting show that

when men and women have had good relationships with their own parents, they are more likely to be effective parents during infancy and early childhood

oxygen, cell growth

when mom drinks while pregnant. the body uses large quantities of oxygen to metabolize alcohol. a pregnant womans heavy drinking draws away ------- that the developing organim needs for --------.

oxygen, nutrients

when mom undergoes emotional stress, cortisol and epinephrine are released into our bloodstream and cause us to be poised for action. large amounts of blood are sent to parts of the body involved in the defensive response---the brain, heart, and muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk. blood flow to other organs, including the uterus, is reduced, so the fetus is deprived of a full supply of ------- and ---------

epinephrine, cortisol

when mom undergoes emotional stress, stress hormones released into our bloodstream like ----- and ---- known as the fight or flight hormones, cause us to be poised for action.

eye, brain, first trimester, mild

when moms have toxoplasmosis, if it strikes during the --------, it is likely to cause ----- and ----- damage. later infection is liked to ---- visual and cognitive impairments.

intelligence, central nervous system,

when moms took thalidomide during pregnancy, the kids grew older and many scored below average in --------, and experts believe the drug damaged the -------- directly, or the child-rearing conditions of these severely deformed kids impaired their intellectual development.

misscarriage, prematurity, cleft lip and plalate, blood vessel, heart rate, breathing, death, asthma, cancer

when pregnant moms smoke there is increase in -----., -----.,--------- , ---- abnormalities, impaired ----------, and ------- during sleep, infant ------- and ---- and -------- later in childhood also increases.

misscariage, retardation, heart damage, infant death

when rh negative mom, rh positive dad and rh positive baby. when baby gets the rh antibodies from mom, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues. --------, -------- ---------- and ------- can occur.

informed consent

when someone gives consent for the researcher to use the information they have given throughout the experiment; (must be over 18); participation is voluntary; give a break down of what is going to occur

conditioned fear (pilot example)

when the US is an aversive stimulus, so the CS elicits a response that is what the subject does when it is afraid.

rh negative, positive, blood, antibodies

when the mother is -------, and the father is rh positive, the baby may inherit the fathers rh -------blood type. if a little of the fetus;s ---- crosses the placenta into the rh negative mothers bloodstream, she begins to form ------ to the foreign rh protein.

blocking

when two conditioned stimuli, A and B, are both presented together with the US. if stimulus A has previously been associated with the US while B has not, the formation of an association between stimulus B and the US will be blocked. (check learning chapter again and make sure this is complete)

two trimesters

when women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, especially during the first ----------, their babies are at risk for a wide variety of difficulties, including miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illnesses, colic, sleep disturbances, irritability during the first three years.

miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illnesses, colic, sleep issues, irritability

when women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, especially first two trimesters, their babies are at risk for a wide variety of difficulties, including --------, -------, --------, --------, --------, -------, ---------., and ---------.

aversive conditioning

where undesirable behavior is proceeded by an aversive stimulus in order to exterminate the behavior. (check this some more)

second month

which month can the embryo sense its world? and respond to touch?

corpus leteum

while the ovum is traveling, the spot on the ovary from which it was released, now called the --------- secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

Grouping children by ability in classrooms:

widens the performance gap between high and low achievers

poverty, healthcare

widespread ----- and weak ---- programs for moms and kids are largely responsible for the infant mortality trends.

A child born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ____

will be permanently affected

The outer ring of cells on a blastocyst, termed the trophoblast,

will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment

12-14, 4-6

with first stage of childbirth, it lasts an avg of ------- hours, and ------- with later births.

three, memory, language, communication, defects

with kids with FAS they have brain injury and impairment in at least -------- areas of functioning such as ------, -------- and -----, or attention span, activity level, planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. other ------ of the eyes, ears, nose throat, heart, genitals, urinary tract or immune system may also be present.

fetal period

with regard to sensitive periods, its during the --------- that teratogenic damage is usually minor. organs liek the brain, ears, eyes, teeth, and genitals can still be strongly affected.

heart rate, respiration, rem-nrem

with sids babies abnormal ----------, and respiration and disturbances in sleep-wake activity and in ------ cycles while asleep are also involved.

poor nutrition, medical care

with the third factor influencing teratogens, its other negative influences. in this there are additional teratogens like ------- and ------- that can worsen the impact of a harmful agent.

"In diverse ethnic groups, SES levels, nationalities, and family structures (including single-parent, two-parent, and stepparent), warm, supportive parent-adolescent ties that make appropriate demands for maturity while permitting young people to explore ideas and social roles foster autonomy—" (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

work orientation and ease of transition

According to the textbook, is there "intelligence" in chimpanzees?

yes, because of their insight into problems, and being able to tackle the conceptual versus being stuck on the perceptual.

To behave in a self-controlled manner, children must have some ability to

Think of themselves as autonomous beings who can direct their own actions

The expulsion of the placenta takes place during the _____ state of labor.

Third

Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus heartbeat through stethoscope. You tell her that they should happen by the

Third month

generalization

This refers to a process in both operant and classical conditioning when a conditioned response begins occurring in response to not just the conditioned stimulus but also other, similar stimuli.

Sensitive period

Time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influence, boundaries are less well-defined than critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce

Which of the following children is most likely to have myopia?

Travis, whose parents are doctors

*True/False: Young adults continue to refine the construction of their identity and explore options more deeply and less broadly, and feeling more committed to their choices. This is corrected with measures of academic and social adjustment.

True

Androgynous adolescents tend to be psychologically healthier.

True

For young adults in modern America half prefer to enter into a committed intimate partnership by choosing to live together before getting married.

True

In Kohlberg's moral dilemmas, it is the way an individual reasons, rather than the content of the response that determines moral maturity.

True

Making the transition to a low-conflict, single-parent household is better for children than staying in a high-conflict intact family.

True

More quarreling generally occurs between siblings who are close in age and typically because parents are comparing the children and evaluating one more favorably. This tendency is more likely when parents experience high levels of stress

True

More quarreling generally occurs between siblings who are close in age and typically because parents are comparing the children and evaluating one more favorably. This tendency is more likely when parents experience high levels of stress.

True

Relativistic thinking is the belief that there are many possible truths and each is relative to a particular context.

True

Self esteem drops during the early elementary school years.

True

The capacity to adjust one's emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity is known as emotional self-regulation according to our text.

True

When aggressive children are ineffectively parented their aggression rises and can become transformed into violent offenses by adolescence that persist into adulthood.

True

Young adults continue to refine the construction of their identity and explore options more deeply and less broadly, and feeling more committed to their choices. This is correlated with measures of academic and social adjustment.

True

According to Erikson's theory, a mother who is sympathetic and loving is fostering her baby's sense of

Trust

In Piaget's theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants

Try to repeat chance behaviors again and again

On average, girls reach puberty _____ boys.

Two years before

Which is probably the most complex self-help skill (according to your text)?

Tying Shoes

Tourette's Disorder

Type of tic disorder, motor and vocal tics. *Coprolalia: sudden uttering of obscenities. More males, must begin before age 18. *Impulse control main issue. Over 1/2 kids who have Tourette's also have ADHD

An experimenter hides a poker chip in her hand and asks children to indicate whether the following statement is true, false, or uncertain: "Either the chip in my hand is green or it is not green." A concrete operational child will say that the statement is _____. A formal operational adolescent will say the statement is _____.

Uncertain; True

A wealth of recent research suggests that Piaget _____ preschoolers' cognitive capabilities.

Underestimated

Developmental science is a field of study devoted to

Understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

In industrialized nations, _____ are the leading cause of death in early and middle childhood.

Unintentional injuries

Low expectations for the child made clear through emotional detachment

Uninvolved

The _____ has slipped in international rankings of infant mortality in the past few decades

United States

________ is one of the major causes of the dramatic rise in fraternal twins and other multiple births in industrialized nations over the past few decades.

Use of fertility drugs

Studies of self-esteem demonstrate that preschoolers

Usually rate their own ability as extremely high

___________ covers the baby's skin and prevents it from chapping in the amniotic fluid

Vernix

The effect of teratogens

Very with age of the organism at the time of exposure

Ecological systems theory

Views child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment Biological joins with environmental forces-> bio-ecological model Microsystem: activities and interaction patterns in child's immediate surroundings, bidirectional interactions Mesosystem: connections between microsystems (home, school, neighborhood, child-care center) Exosystem: social settings that don't contain children but that affect children's experiences in immediate settings like formal organizations (religions institutions, health and welfare services), supports can be informal like social networks Macrosystem: outermost level, consists of cultural values, laws, customs and resources

An important reason why the child abuse rate in the United States is particularly high is that

Violence is viewed as an acceptable solution to problems

Is the least developed of a newborn baby senses

Vision

According to Erikson, a mother who _____ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

Waits patiently while her son puts on his socks and shoes

Mark Apgar ratings were seven and nine this indicates that Mark

Was in good physical condition & five minutes afterwards

John B. Watson (squeak/waaahh)

Watson is known as the father of behaviorism. His most famous experiment was conditioning baby Albert to fear all white things. This was done by slamming down a piece of metal every time Albert saw a white rat. The experiment proved that a CR can occur when it is elicited to a range of stimuli similar to the original CS. Watson also believed he has the power to mold and manipulate people into doing anything.

Improvements in motor skills during the school years reflect gains in all of the following EXCEPT:

Weight

Parent involvement in eighth grade predicted tenth-grade GPA for

White, black, Asian, and Native-American students

Grouping children by ability in classrooms:

Widens the performance gap between high and low achievers

The ratio of boys to girls who commit suicide is [1] _____ (write your answer as a numerical ratio, no spaces. For example 9:5). Girls, however, make (more or less) [2] ______ unsuccessful attempts at suicide than boys.

[1] 3:1 [2] more

Using the categories (anorexic/ bulimic) of eating disorders discussed in the book fill in the following blanks: [1] are more likely to restrict food intake [2] are more likely to binge and then compensate by throwing up or exercising. [3] are more likely to be aware of their abnormal eating habits [4] are more likely to be perfectionistic and emotionally inhibited

[1] anorexic [2] bulimic [3] bulimic [4] anorexic

During middle childhood girls show (more/ less) [1] identification with traits defined as feminine and are (more/ less) [2] likely than boys to experiment with a wide range of activities. (spell correctly, lower case, spell correctly)

[1] less [2] more

The following are common immediate consequences for children whose parents end their marriage: [1] Mother-headed single households typically experience sharp drop in income, [2] Maternal depression & stress often lead to family disorganization, [3] Noncustodial fathers often increase their contact with children over time, [4] Child post-divorce adjustment is better when parents provide consistent guidance, warmth and involvement.

[1] true [2] true [3] false [4] true

cesarean delivery

a ------ is a surgical birth, the doctor makes an incision in the mothers abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus. forty years ago it was rare. now its climbed a lot.

sensitive period

a ----------- is a limited time span in which a part of the body or a behavior is biologically prepared to develop rapidly and is especially sensitive to its surroundings. if the environment is harmful, then damage occurs, and recovery is difficult and sometimes impossible.

UR

a biologically innate response to an unconditioned stimulus. For example, a dog producing saliva with food is an unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus, food.

Following fertilization, a one-celled zygote multiplies and forms

a blastocyst

Two-year-old Haakem tells his babysitter that he is a "big boy." This statement demonstrates that Haakem is beginning to develop

a categorical self.

backwards conditioning

a classical conditioning training procedure in which the US is presented first. usually, the CS is presented first.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. They often conduct some form of risk-benefit analysis in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be done

Down syndrome most commonly results from

a failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

latent learning

a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned. ex: Tolman's rats

In eight months pregnant

a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation

long term potentiation

a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. serves as a neural basis for memory. a mechanism that supports learning in various life forms. the main effect is to increase the sensitivity of the postsynaptic neuron as a consequence of repeated stimulation. the spread of potentiation is activity-dependent: it spreads to other neurons only if they are as active as another presynaptic neuron. it provides a cellular mechanism through which associations (for example, associations between the two presynaptic neurons on the postsynaptic neuron) can be detected and recorded in the brain.

To examine whether children's popularity is stable or changes across the years. Dr Clique followed a group of children from the time they were 5 years old to the time they were 18 years old. This is an example of

a longitudinal study

cocaine, heroin

a lot of pregnant women use mood altering drugs suhc as ------- a dn -------. the babies born to users of these drugs are at risk for a wide variety of problems including prematurity, low birth weight, physical defects, breathing difficulties, and death around time of birth. infants are born addicted to drugs.

cognitive map

a mental representation of a spatial layout that indicates what is where and what leads to what (mouse in a maze that knows where the most effective path to food lies)

Dr Seuss observes children in naturally occuring reactions to stressful medical procedures in an attempt to develop ways to help children cope with these types of experiences. This is an example of

a naturalistic observation

In classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response

In classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response.

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view, the child is

a noble savage

1, 5

a ration of 0, 1 or 2 on each five characteristics is made --- min and again at ---- after birth. apgar

positive reinforcement

a reward for desired behavior, like a gold star on a math test.

Development is best understood at

a series of complex changes between nature and nurture

Vgotsky's Theory

a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Portrayed the child's development as inseparable from social and cultural activities

CS

a stimulus that after being paired with a unconditioned stimulus, creates a conditioned response. The conditioned stimulus before being associated with an unconditioned stimulus was a neutral stimulus. For example a dog salivates when it sees food, When a neutral stimulus such as the sound of a bell is associated with food, then the dog will salivate when it hears the bell. The bell no longer is a neutral stimulus, it is a conditioned stimulus.

anesthetics

a stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation.

The information-processing approach views the mind as

a system for manipulating symbols

British philosopher John Locke viewed the child as

a tabula rasa

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. children with fasd are given one of three diagnoses which vary in severity. either fetal alcohol syndrom, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.

social learning theory

a theoretical approach to socialization and personality that is midway between radical behaviorism and cognitive approaches to learning. it stresses learning by observing others who serve as models and who show the child whether a response he already knows should or should not be performed.

Theories differ from opinions in that...

a theory's continued existence depends on scientific verication.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Performance on intelligence tests by age 6 or 7 predicts later IQ and academic success b) Intelligence tests for preschoolers are more similar to those used in infancy than to those used later on in childhood c) Intelligence tests for preschool school children tap knowledge about mathematical and spatial abilities but not verbal abilities d) Intelligence tests are so highly developed that there is little meaningful critique of the way they are offered or developed

a) Performance on intelligence tests by age 6 or 7 predicts later IQ and academic success

Which of the following visual stimuli would a newborn be MOST likely to prefer? a) a black-and-white checkerboard b) a solid black screen c) a painting of the Mona Lisa d) a photograph of the family house

a) a black-and-white checkerboard

Today, children in the United States are taller, on the average, than their grandparents were as children. This is an example of a) a secular trend b) natural selection c) growth spurts d) a generative effect

a) a secular trend

Compared to group-administered IQ tests, individually administered tests a) allow the examiner to take into account the child's attention and interest b) are never used c) require less training to administer d) permit larger numbers of students to be tested at once

a) allow the examiner to take into account the child's attention and interest

*A factor that promotes school attendance and achievement is a) teachers who expect students to perform well and encourage high-level thinking b) placing students in ability-grouped classes c) classrooms that require few assignments d) the use of high-level textbooks

a) teachers who expect students to perform well and encourage high-level thinking

Research with rhesus monkeys reared with terrycloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" showed that the infant clung to the a) terrycloth "mother" regardless of which "mother" provided food b) wore-mesh "mother" regardless of which "mother" provided food c) terrycloth "mother" only when it provided food d) wire-mesh "mother" only when it provided food

a) terrycloth "mother" regardless of which "mother" provided food

The age of viability is the point at which a) the fetus can first survive if born early b) the hart begins to pump blood around the fetus's circulatory system c) rapid fetal growth begins d) the fetus's lungs begin to expand and contract in a rehearsal of breathing movements

a) the fetus can first survive if born early

The three parts of the information-processing system are a) the sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term memory b) the cortex, the brain stem, and the amygdala c) assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium d) sensation, perception, and interpretation

a) the sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term memory

When 4-year-old Micah throws a temper tantrum, his mother makes him sit in a chair in his bedroom until he calms down. Micah's mother is using a) time out b) withdrawal of privileges c) down time d) cooling off

a) time out

Which of the following is the most complex self-help skill of early childhood? a) tying shoes b) fastening buttons c) eating with utensils d) brushing teeth

a) tying shoes

"At the same time, these par- ents often make excessive demands for achievement (Luthar & Becker, 2002). Adolescents whose parents value their accom- plishments more than their character " have (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

academic and social problems

Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is ____

accutane

two methods

accutane warms users to avoid pregnancy by using ----- of birth control, but most do not do this.

______ and ______ are considered the two 'healthiest' identity statuses.

achieved and moratorium

"For both affluent and low-SES youths, a simple routine— eating dinner with parents—is associated with a reduction in" (Berk 582) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

adjustment difficulties

Of the following age groups, which does the most niche-picking?

adolescents

"Conversely, parents who are coercive or psychologically controlling interfere with the development of autonomy. These tactics are linked to low self-esteem, depression, drug and alcohol use, and antisocial behavior—outcomes that often persist into" (Berk 579) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

adulthood

research on infantile amnesia suggest that adults typically cannot remember event that happened during the first few years of life because

adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language

those in prestigious occupations with six-figure annual incomes—

affluent

Which of the following educational principles is derived from Piaget's theory?

an acceptance of individual differences in the rate of development

long term depression

an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress.

liver, kidney, pancreas, cardiovascular system

an inadequate diet during pregancy can distort the structure of teh --------, -------, -------- and -------- resulting in lifelong health problems.

reflex

an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. they are teh newborn babys most obvious organized patterns of behavior.

One-year-old Dominic uses the word "train" to refer only to his favorite toy train. This is an example of

an underextension.

____________is an example of a basic emotion mentioned in the text.

anger

What did Thorndike discover about learning from his work with the cats in the puzzle box?

animals are more likely to learn through trial and error as opposed to learning how the apparatus works; he believed animals don't have insight into problems.

DES

another drug prescribed to prevent miscarriages. these kids showed an unusually high rates of cancer of the vagina, malformations of the uterus and infertility. men were at risk of genital abnormalities and cancer of the testes.

"Although wide variation exists, low-SES African-American parents tend to expect immediate obedience. But like findings just reported for Mexican Americans, when African- American families live in depleted, crime-ridden neighborhoods and have few social sup- ports, strict control may have a positive effect, preventing" (Berk 583) Berk, Laura E.. Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Feb-13. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

antisocial involvement

placental barrier

any drug with a molecule small enough to penetrate the ------------- can enter the embryonic or fetal bloodstream.

Locke thought children

are like blank slates

Students in low ability groups:

are more likely to be low SES minority children

preterm infants

are those born severeal weeks or more before their due date. althoguh they are small, their weight may still be appropriate based on time spent in the uterus.

Basic emotions

are universal in humans.

Instrument delivery

as declined considerably over the past two decades.

Positive (+)

as one variable increases so does the other

Negative (-)

as one variable increases the other decreases

zygote

as the ---- moves down the fallopian tube, it duplicates at first slowly and then more rapidly

When 1-year-old James is given peas for the first time, he picks one up, throws it off the high chair tray, and says, "Ball." According to Piaget's theory, James is most likely ________ the pea into his ball scheme.

assimilating

during ___, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in ___

assimilation; accommodation

Vgotsky's approach to education emphasizes:

assisted discovery learning

In ethnic minority women, group prenatal care is

associated with a reduced incidence of prematurity and low birth weight.

Jason digs a tunnel at one end of the sand table, while Jennifer makes cupcakes at the other. They talk to each other and pass tools back and forth. They are displaying:

associative plan

the nervous system develops fastest at what period

at the beginning of the embryo period

implantation

at the end of the first week, the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining. this is called -------

mouth, feet

at the end of the second month during the embryo period, the baby responds to touch, in the mouth area and on the soles of the feet.

debriefing

at the end of the study the participants are told the true purpose of the study

respiratory infection

at the time of death, many sids babies have ---------.

During early childhood, on the average, children grow about ____ inches and gain about ____ pounds each year. a) 1 to 2; 10 b) 2 to 3; 5 c) 3 to 4; 10 d) 4 to 5; 5

b) 2 to 3; 5

The average newborn baby weighs ____ and is ____ inches long. a) 4 1/2 pound; 15 b) 7 1/2 pounds; 20 c) 9 pounds; 22 d) 12-13 pounds; 24

b) 7 1/2; 20

*The hormonal changes that underlie puberty begin by age a) 5 or 6 b) 8 or 9 c) 11 or 12 d) 12 or 13

b) 8 or 9

Which of the following statements is true? a) Girls and boys are equally socialized to focus on and understand emotions b) Boys are socialized to compete, achieve, and control emotion c) Girls and boys are held to gender-typed behavior to the same extent d) young children do not exhibit gender-typed behavior until elementary school

b) Boys are socialized to compete, achieve, and control emotion

Which of the following is supported by research on breast- versus bottle-feeding? a) Breast-fed babies get inadequate nutrition and require supplemental feeding with solid food as early as 3 months of age. b) Breast-fed babies have fewer illnesses and allergic reactions than do bottle-fed babies. c) Bottle-fed infants get hungry and required feeding more frequently than breast-fed infants. d) Breast-fed infants are more clingy, nutritionally deprived, and fussy than bottle-fed infants.

b) Breast-fed babies have fewer illnesses and allergic reactions than do bottle-fed babies.

Which of the following is supported by research on the development of motor skills in early childhood? a) Girls can jump farther than boys b) Girls are ahead of boys in drawing skills c) Boys have better balance than girls d) Boys can skip better than girls

b) Girls are ahead of boys in drawing skills