Developmental Psychology (Ch. 9)
A mnemonic strategy for categorizing material to be remembered is called:
organization
Melinda is a very good student. It is most likely that her parents use the ___ style of parenting.
authoritative
The component of working memory that plans and controls its various subsystems is called the
central executive.
An illness that lasts at least three months is considered to be a(n) ___ medical condition.
chronic
When a child can understand the relationship between a whole and its parts, the child has developed:
class inclusion
If a child can diagram a family tree, then the child is capable of:
classification
___ intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.
componential
Abe is in school; he is able to _______ longer than his younger brother Alex can.
concentrate
Piaget's ___ operational stage lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.
concrete
According to Piaget, around age 7, children enter the _________ stage.
concrete-operations
___ is when children make progress in understanding how to use a language in a culturally sensitive way.
Pragmatics
___ intelligence involves the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.
contextual
Siri can solve the following problem: If a<b and b<c, then a<c. Siri is demonstrating Piaget's concept of:
transitive inferences
What are two risk factors for cardiovascular disease that many school-aged children possess?
-Obesity -Hypertension NOT: Diets low in iron NOT: Heart murmurs
Sylvie asks her brother Sam if she can borrow his car. Sam says she can if she will first go to the car and retrieve his Rihanna CD from his giant CD collection. So that she won't forget which CD Sam wants, Sylvie imagines a picture of Rihanna in her head while humming the song "Umbrella" as she walks to the car. Sylvie is relying on which component(s) of working memory to help her out?
-Phonological loop -Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
-Restlessness -A short attention span -Impulsive, disorganized behavior NOT: The ability to pay close attention to many details
Which of the following abilities contributes to executive functioning?
-Retain information -Plan and monitor behavior -Sustain attention NOT: Moral understanding NOT: Transitive inference
Which of the following are involved in the efficiency of working memory?
-Storage capacity -Processing speed NOT: Novelty preference NOT: Autobiographical recall
A second grade student can find her way to and from school due to what cognitive changes?
-Understanding physical attributes -Use of maps -Understanding distance NOT: Application of abstract problem solving
Innovations in education include:
-alternative schools -homeschooling -charter schools
Joel is in fourth grade and is not well-liked by many of his peers. Joel is at risk for:
-anxiety -poor academic achievement -depression NOT: a learning disability NOT: ADHD
The following are common causes of death in middle and late childhood:
-bicycle accidents -automobile accidents NOT: cardiovascular problems NOT: AIDS
Most IQ tests do not cover other important aspects of intelligent behavior such as:
-common sense -creative insight -social skills NOT: moral reasoning NOT: giftedness
During the stage of concrete operations, children have the ability to understand
-deductive reasoning. -inductive reasoning. -spatial concepts. -Ages 7-10 or 11
Acceleration programs speed up gifted children's education through:
-early school entrance -placement in advanced courses -grade skipping NOT: social promotion
Changes in the functions of the brain in middle childhood create increased brain
-efficiency. -filtering. -speed.
The most common use of mnemonic strategies among both children and adults is in
-elaboration. -rehearsal. -organization.
In a longitudinal study, it was found that first-graders at risk of school failure were helped by teachers who
-gave evaluative feedback. -encouraged their responsibility. -offered strong instructional support.
Possible causes of asthma include:
-genetic factors -increased allergens -increased air pollutants NOT: lack of medical attention
Compared with boys, girls tend to:
-have fewer school problems -outperform in national reading tests -make better grades NOT: repeat grades more frequently
Overweight children are at risk for:
-heart disease -hypertension -diabetes NOT: sexual abuse
Conservation appears to be the combination of which of the following processes?
-identity -reversibility -decentering NOT: transductive reasoning
In middle to late childhood, increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to:
-improved reasoning ability -improved attention -improved cognitive control NOT: improved sensory perception NOT: improved visual perception
ADHD symptoms can interfere with a person's ability to function effectively
-in their home life. -at school. -at work.
Piaget developed a progression of moral development. His progressive steps include
-increased flexibility. -ideals of equality. -rigid obedience.
A criticism of IQ tests is that they do not measure native ability but:
-infer intelligence from what the child displays
A cause of obesity in middle childhood is
-lack of exercise. -genetic inheritance. -eating the wrong kinds of food.
Positive outcomes associated with children's computer use include:
-literacy and ability to use computers -global communication NOT: new methods of instruction NOT: better social skills
Overweight children tend to become overweight adults, which puts them at risk for:
-orthopedic problems -diabetes -hypertension NOT: all forms of dementia
Social capital includes:
-strong community support of schools -accessible libraries -subsidized child care NOT: No Child Left Behind Program
Criticisms for IQ tests include:
-tests underestimate intelligence for children who are ill -tests may not be accurate for children who work slowly and carefully NOT: IQ is thought to be totally genetic so there is no value in testing NOT: IQ tests should not be used since they provide little information
Research has shown that the reason(s) for the higher scholastic abilities of Asian American children is/are
-the importance of education to them. -their greater respect for elders. -their devotion to homework.
Luke, age 12, is able to use equity in making moral judgments. According to Piaget, Luke is in the ___ stage of moral development.
-third -called the "formal reasoning" stage of development
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children measures ______ abilities in children six to sixteen years old.
-verbal -performance
Rought-and-tumble play consists of:
-wrestling -chasing -kicking
A main criterion for giftedness is a high general intelligence, which is proven by an IQ score of ____ or greater.
130
People who are gifted have high general intelligence, or an IQ of ___ or higher.
130
In the United States today, about ____ percent of children between the ages of 2 and 19 are overweight.
16.5
In the United States today, about _____ percent of children ages two to nineteen are obese.
17
Children grow about ___ inches per year between 6 and 11 years of age.
2 to 3
Children in middle childhood grow about _____ inches annually.
2 to 3
What is the average growth in inches per year for children in elementary school?
2 to 3 inches
In classroom observations of first graders, classes with ___ students or less tended to be more social and interactive and to enable higher-quality instruction and emotional support.
25
On a typical day, more than _____ percent of children in the United States are eating fast food that is high in fats, carbohydrates, and sugar additives.
30
In a national survey of U.S. children nine to thirteen years of age, _____ percent participated in some form of organized athletics outside of school hours.
38.5
In a nationally representative study of children who entered kindergarten in 1998, achievement gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children widened during the first ___ years of schooling.
4
Metamemory appears to begin to develop at about what age?
5 to 7
Between the age of ___ and ___, children double their body weight.
6; 11
By age ___ or ___, Chase should be able to count in his head.
6;7
At age ____, Dontae has entered Piaget's stage of concrete operations.
7
Intelligence test designers have found it virtually impossible to produce _______ tests consisting only of experiences common to people of various cultures.
culture-fair
Culturally, _______ American children tend to grow faster than children in other groups.
African
Intelligence tests that would draw on and adjust for culturally-related content are considered to be ___-___ tests.
culture-fair
An IQ test designed to have no culture-linked content is called a ____ test.
culture-free
When six-year-old Jordan is sounding out a word, translating it from print to speech, and retrieving it from his long-term memory, Jordan is using
decoding.
Throughout middle childhood, sleep needs tend to ______ in time.
decrease
They type of reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member of the class is called ___ reasoning.
deductive
An important maturation change in middle childhood is the loss of density in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, which reflects the pruning of unused
dendrites.
Gabriel is 8-years-old and after several months of troubling symptoms, including increased thirst and urination, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue, his pediatrician diagnosed him with ______, one of the most common diseases in school-aged children.
diabetes
A disease characterized by a high level of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production is diagnosed as
diabetes.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by reading achievement that is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age?
dyslexia
A developmental language disorder in which reading achievement is substantially below the level predicted by IQ or age is identified as
dyslexia.
Which of the following is one of the largest factors of intelligence according to Dr. Ceci?
individual motivation
A child understands that a chicken egg breaks, a robin's egg breaks and assumes that all eggs breaks. This is an example of ___ reasoning.
inductive
Growth of selective attention may hinge on the executive skill of ___ ___, the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses.
inhibitory control
The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the importance of teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called the ___ approach.
phonics
Cody has a new Lego kit to put together; he is working very hard to accomplish this and asks his grandmother for help when he is stuck. Cody is demonstrating
self-regulation.
Felipe loves to line up all of his cars and trucks by size; Felipe has accomplished understanding of the concept of
seriation
Shiloh knows that he is heavier than his younger sister, Tanesha. Shiloh is demonstrating an understanding of
seriation.
By the age of ____, most children can count in their heads.
six to seven
Family and community resources on which a person can draw is called:
social capital
Scotty is skilled at finding his way around an environment and does well judging relationships between objects in space. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Scotty scores high in ____ intelligence.
spatial
Compared with girls, boys tend to perform better on:
spatial tasks
Ms. Rodriquez teaches children together who speak Spanish and English. The goal is for all the children to learn both languages. She is using the ___ method of bilingual education.
two-way
Paul is driving to his friend Peter's house for the first time. Paul has a map, but because he is on a busy highway, he can glance at the map only every few minutes. Between these glances, Paul keeps a picture of the map in his head by using the __________ component of working memory.
visuo-spatial sketchpad
Which of the following are included in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
-8 intelligences -linguistic -logical-mathematical -spatial -musical -bodily-kinesthetic -interpersonal -intrapersonal -naturalistic
Which of the following are physical changes that occur during middle and late childhood?
-An increase in the size of skeletal and muscular systems -Slow and consistent growth
Which of the following outcomes are associated with social promotion?
-Dropping out of school -Placement in a remedial track
Acute medical conditions include which of the following?
-Flu -Colds -Viruses NOT: Cancer
Mark is very intelligent. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in his high IQ?
-Genetic factors -Social factors -Environmental factors NOT: Emotional factors
Regular physical activity is related to what benefits?
-Improved self-esteem -Weight control
Which of the following would help to reduce childhood obesity?
-Increase activity at home and school -provide effective weight-management programs -promote healthy life-style changes NOT: Allow the child to select his or her own snacks to help regulate appetite NOT: Avoid focusing on food and exercise in front of younger children
Which of the following statements is NOT true about The U.S. Project for Talented Youth?
-It is teaching students advanced courses in math, science, and literature. -It contains students who are among the top 1% of the country's students. -Its goal is to groom America's brightest children to reach their full potential. NOT: It only admits students who want to be scientists, engineers, and stock brokers.
Nine year old Allison needs a little more than ___ hours of sleep per night.
10
The most common mental disorder in childhood today is
ADHD.
Desmond must enter a long string of numbers (1 4 9 2 1 6 2 0 1 7 7 6) into an old computer every two hours or the computer will mysteriously shut down. Desmond finds that combining the numbers into three meaningful years (1492, 1620, 1776) makes it easier for him to remember the string. Desmond is relying on which memory aid to help him recall the numbers?
Chunking
___ is the mnemonic strategy that involves making mental associations among items to be remembered.
Elaboration
Mr. Zettler is a fourth grade teacher. He notices that several of his students have difficulty understanding what they read. Which of the following strategies can Mr. Zettler use to enhance his students' metacognitive abilities?
Encourage students to recall, summarize, and ask questions about what they read.
Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating?
Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidence
Which theorist would go along with Dr. Ceci's assertion that people are intelligent in different ways?
Gardner
_____ tend to receive higher grades, are less likely to repeat grades, and have fewer school problems.
Girls
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
Imaginative intelligence
(Inactivity/Decreased access to organized sports) ___ is a major factor in the sharp rise in overweight children.
Inactivity
Which of the following reasons helps explain why sleep problems are common among American school-age children?
Many children have televisions in their bedrooms.
Why is ADHD considered to be a controversial diagnosis?
Many mental health providers believe that the disorder is over-diagnosed and is misapplied to individuals who are unwilling or unmotivated to focus on difficult or unpleasant tasks.
How many genes are involved in having a high IQ?
More than one
Jim loves the outdoors. He is interested in different types of plants and flowers and also likes digging for fossils and old artifacts. Jim is most likely strong in which type of intelligence?
Naturalist
The most widely used group intelligence test for children is the
OHs Lennon.
Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE?
People with ADHD have intelligence scores similar to the population at large.
When Rose meets a new person, she repeats the person's name over and over in her head in an attempt to remember that name at a later time. Which part of working memory is activated by this activity?
Phonological loop
________ is a branch of psychology involved in the quantitative measurement of psychological variables.
Psychometrics
Anthea is people smart. She is good at reading the feelings and emotions of others and can predict other people's intentions. According to Gardner, for which occupation is Anthea well suited?
Social worker
The primary second language most American children speak is
Spanish.
Terry often gets lost when driving places. It seems he just can't understand maps and often confuses north with south. Terry is probably weak in which type of intelligence?
Spatial
What is one theory about what these "genius genes" do?
They help make nerve cells and transmit signals from one part of the brain to another.
Which of the following achievements allows children in the stage of concrete operations to work out conservation problems in their heads?
Understanding the principle of reversibility
The most widely used individual intelligence test for children is the
Wechsler.
Melissa and Kristin are arguing about the right answer to a question on their practice quiz. Melissa says that the right answer requires them to consider all of the facts before making a conclusion. Kristin says the correct answer is on page 74 and they should just copy it. Is Melissa using critical thinking to support her position?
Yes, because she is considering the facts before drawing a conclusion.
Analyzing the facts is
a first step in critical thinking.
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase designates one thing and is compared or applied to another is called
a metaphor.
If a person saw a group of children they would likely see:
a mixture of tall, short, husky, and slender kids
The leading cause of death in school-age children is
accidents.
Interest, attention, and active participation are positively associated with
achievement test scores.
An occasional short-term condition like a cold, flu, or virus is called a(n) _____ medical condition.
acute
Mr. Bakshi works in a classroom in which his students have IQ scores below 70 and have deficiencies in age-appropriate adaptive behaviors. Mr. Bakshi works with children diagnosed with
an intellectual disability.
Research on language indicates that understanding and interpreting oral and written communication:
are challenging tasks for children who are not native-language speakers
___ is a chronic illness characterized by difficulty in breathing, coughing fits, and wheezing.
asthma
A chronic respiratory disease with an allergy base and symptoms of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing is identified as
asthma.
In the United States, more than 13 percent of children as old as seventeen have been diagnosed with
asthma.
Research has shown that utilizing a combination of medication and ___ can improve the behavior of children with ADHD better than just medication alone.
behavior management
Maria is able to speak both English and Spanish fluently. She is:
bilingual
Alejandro and Jenny's children can speak both English and Spanish fluently, which means they are
bilingual.
The voluntary suppression of unwanted responses is the skill of inhibitory
control.
Boys/Girls ___ engage in higher levels of rough-and-tumble play.
boys
A child's concern about how he/she looks is:
called body image
According to The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, children in schools that fail to meet state standards
can transfer to another school.
___ thinking is aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem.
convergent
___ is the ability to see situations in a new way and find novel solutions.
creativity
A test that is familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and has items that are at least familiar to students taking the test is an example of what type of test?
culture-fair
The Individuals with ___ Education Act (IDEA) ensures free appropriate public education for all children with disabilities.
disabilities
A disorder that interferes with specific areas of school achievement like listening, speaking, reading, writing, or mathematics is seen as a learning
disability.
A significantly subnormal cognitive function is called an intellectual
disability.
Thinking that produces a variety of fresh and diverse possibilities is called ___ thinking.
divergent
In middle childhood, a child will ____ his weight from ages six to eleven.
double
Researchers have found that IQ scores tend to
drop during summer vacation.
Intelligence-testing scores tend to drop in children
during summer vacation.
The knowledge that one can master school work is an example of self-___.
efficacy
Howard Gardner has identified in his research with Harvard University that there are ____ independent kinds of intelligence.
eight
A school program for gifted children that deepens the learned knowledge and skills with extra classroom activities is called a(n) _____ program.
enrichment
Shannon participates in a program that allows her to take field trips and listen to experts. Her gifted program is a(n) ___ program.
enrichment
A person who can consciously control his thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems is displaying ___ function.
executive
The conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish a goal or solve a problem is ______ function.
executive
Jeremiah knows that it is important for him to study his spelling words carefully if he wants to do well on his weekly spelling tests. He also understands that it's important to spend extra time reviewing words that he previously missed. Jeremiah's understanding is an example of gains in
executive functioning.
___ intelligence consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine.
experiential
A growing girl will typically retain more _____ tissue than a boy, and it will stay with her throughout life.
fatty
Homeschooling is legal in ____ states today.
fifty
Gage is telling his mom a story of what another child did to him in school today. Gage's ability to do this tells you he is probably in at least the _____ grade.
first
A single general ability that influences all areas of intellectual functioning is called the
g-factor.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is largely influenced by
genetic factors.
According to a study of 547 urban second- and third-graders, boys had an advantage over girls in spatial skills when they were associated with
higher socioeconomic status.
A child who seems to constantly be in motion and shows high levels of physical activity is illustrating what characteristic of ADHD?
hyperactivity
Juan feels good about his overall physical appearance. Juan has favorable body
image.
Which of the following terms is defined as educating children with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom?
inclusion
Alejandro is able to recognize he can take a group of blocks and build a tower, but that each block still maintains the original shape in his head. This is an example of Alejandro acquiring
inclusion.
Language abilities _____ during middle childhood.
increase
The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has ___ in recent decades.
increased
According to Gardner,
intelligence is a complex set of abilities made up of several distinct but related domains.
According to Piaget, more mature moral judgments consider:
intent
Parents of high-achieving children create an environment for
learning.
Metacognition contributes to the development of
literacy.
The ability to read and write is called
literacy.
"Thinking about thinking", or awareness of one's own mental processes is called ___.
metacognition
Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can't find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an example of
metacognition
Mario recognizes his brain has the capacity to allow him to memorize his multiplication tables. Mario is demonstrating the use of his
metamemory.
Which age group has the lowest rates of disease and death?
middle/late childhood
A ___ strategy is a technique used to aid memory.
mnemonic
You need to design a new test that will score children's intelligence accurately. You know that the age group you are testing does not have a long attention span, but that they are fans of certain cartoons. What could you do that would go along with Dr. Ceci's thoughts?
model the questions around the cartoons
Children's ___ skills became smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood.
motor
Childhood ___ may be a stronger predictor of some diseases than adult hypertension.
obesity
The practical use of language to communicate is called
pragmatics.
Gains in executive functioning take place most notably in the brain's ______.
prefrontal cortex
The AAP Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention & Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness recommend that parents not buy ___ and that children not use them on playgrounds or at school.
trampolines
Margie is a high-performing student. It is likely that her parents:
provide a supportive environment
Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have ___ problems.
reading
A child with a learning disorder must be educated in the "least restrictive environment" possible, which means she should receive most of her academic instruction in a
regular classroom.
___ is a mnemonic strategy to keep an in working memory through conscious repetition.
rehearsal
A form of social interaction that includes kicking, rolling around, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming, is called _____ play.
rough-and-tumble.
Ten-year-old Jason shows greater flexibility in making moral decisions. He is likely to be in Piaget's ___ stage of moral reasoning.
second
When completing homework, Carlos is able to deliberately focus on the assignment while shutting out distractions. Carlos is demonstrating the concept of
selective attention.
Brenden believes that studying hard will result in good grades. He also has confidence that he can regulate his own learning. Brenden is demonstrating
self-efficacy.
Tilley believes she can master her schoolwork and enjoys her learning; she demonstrates high self
self-efficacy.
Separate subtest scores on intelligence pinpoint a child's ___ and help diagnose specific problems.
strengths
Abby is very good at forming complex sentences. She is showing improved use of:
syntax
The rules of language are called
syntax.
According to Sternberg, ___ knowledge is information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead.
tacit
Among school-age children, _____ is/are the predominant media influence.
television
The predominant media influence on children at home is:
television
The loss of gray matter in the cerebral cortex of the brain is balanced by a steady increase in _____ matter.
white
Improvements in the processing speed and storage capacity of information are found to aid in the development of ______ memory in middle childhood.
working