developmental psychology chapter 12

Differences in Piget and Vygotsky

Piaget focused on the universal changes in middle childhood. He defined learning as a maturational, self-discovery process while Vygotsky focused on the cultural (tools, customs and mentors) impact on learning in middle childhood.

concrete operational thought

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.

The differences are called wars because

disagreements have led to "acrimonious debate" with each side vehemently opposed to any method of instruction but their own

The common core standard attempts to

ease the transition when a student moves from one state to another by having a similar curriculum on a national level

long term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Many nations do not participate in international testing because

they find it too expensive, discouraging or difficult

whole-language approach

Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing.

What are thw mitigating factors in the acquisition of grammar and advanced vocabulary

The SES of a child and the expectations of parents and teachers

metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

significance of Piaget's findings of transitive inference

-he was wrong: no sudden shift between preoperational and concrete thinking -some children learn logic via math -transitive inference not unique to humans -Piaget showed that kids use mental categories more flexibly and simultaneously

ESL (English as a Second Language)

An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.

Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.

If children never attended school

Cognitive development would depend greatly on the stimulation of their environment. Children with mentors that read to them and provided a context for learning would be able to develop different cognitive skills though they would be very behind in book learning than children that had attended school

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.

working memory

Second stage of short-term memory; in it attention and conscious effort - memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking

How does sensory memory change in middle childhood

Sensory memory does not change a lot during middle childhood

hidden curriculum

The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school.

How are 3 and ten year olds different in their language abilities

Three year olds are able to name thousands of objects such as egg, and a ten year old will know that egg salad, egg soup and so on are all connected to the word egg but a sub categorization of the term

knowledge base

a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

immersion

a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (majority) language that a child is learning

bilingual schooling

a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.

school voucher

an educational certificate, provided by the government, that allows a student to use public funds to pay for a private or a public school chosen by the student or his or her parents

charter school

an experimental public school for kindergarten through grade 12

National Assessment of Educational Progress

an ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the nation's report card," NAEP

seriation

arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume -is crucial for using (not just memorizing) the alphabet or understanding the # sequence

information process models

assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory 3 stages -seek specific units of info -analyze information -express their conclusions

You could use classification in transportation by

breaking this into sub categories such as public air transport, motor vehicle, rail, and sea. Plants could go into the sub categories such as house, outdoor, seasonal, perennial and annual, If I had not met someone I might describe myself using transitive inference: for example I am taller than Betty White but shorter than Tyra Banks

1. Piaget called middle childhood thought concrete operational because

children in this stage are no longer limited by ego-centrism, perform logical operations, apply their new reasoning skills to concrete situations. They are more systematic objective, and educable.

Piaget called middle childhood thought concrete operational because

children in this stage are no longer limited by egocentrism, perform logical operations, apply their new reasoning skills to concrete situations. They are more systematic objective, and educable

confounded experiment & impact of instruction

evidence that "direct instruction"--explicit teaching about how to design unconfounded experiments--most effectively helps elementary school students transfer their mastery of this important aspect of the scientific method from one experiment to another.

The best way to teach a second language in middle childhood

has yet to be established and seems to depend more on the literacy of the home environment, the national culture, and the warmth and skill of the teacher

The children of Brazil show that learning can happen

if the opportunity and motivation is made available. These children were highly motivated to learn complex math (fractions) because their welfare depended upon it. They were able to learn math from their peers, the social context and daily experience

no child left behind

intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement *authors note ;p stupidest idea ever

10. Metacognition is helpful to college students because

it helps in the planning of an assigned task, figure out how to implement the plan and in adjustments necessary to improve while performing the task

Metacognition aids learning because

it helps the individual to focus only on the relevant part of the task and then use the knowledge base to connect new information. In language a child needs to pay attention to the prefix or suffix of an unknown word and connect the new definition to old information

Often a teacher will see the child's code or slang as grammatically incorrect because

it is not a form of the formal speech while the peers will admire the same code as admirable because it is a part of the cultural dialect

Information processing differs from traditional theories of cognition because

it looks at the components of thinking as a mental process involving sensory input, working memory, and long term memory

transitive inference and the brain

maturation of the hippocampus, which reaches a critical point at about age 7

control processes (executive processes)

mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotion regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system

Understanding prefix and suffixes help with

reading comprehension, grammar, classification and the overall flexibility of a child's vocabulary. If a word is unfamiliar to a child if they know the prefix or suffix they may be able to guess the meaning

Working memory changes

significantly from ages 4-15

Nations vary in religious education because

some countries have only one recognized religion where as others have constitutionally blocked the teaching of religion in schools. Most countries offer a form of private instruction run by a religious sect

phonics approach

teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations

The benefit to teaching all children in an English only class is

that children are able to learn social norms from their peers however the downfall is they become vulnerable to hidden curriculum

transitive inference

the ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another Ex: "John is taller than Jim. Jim is taller than David. Who is taller John or David?" pre operational kids cannot infer the relationship and cannot answer the question.

sensory memory

the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

classification

the logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some aristocratic they have in common