developmental psychology chapter 12
Differences in Piget and Vygotsky
Piaget focused on the universal changes in middle childhood. He defined learning as a maturational, self-discovery process while Vygotsky focused on the cultural (tools, customs and mentors) impact on learning in middle childhood.
concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
The differences are called wars because
disagreements have led to "acrimonious debate" with each side vehemently opposed to any method of instruction but their own
The common core standard attempts to
ease the transition when a student moves from one state to another by having a similar curriculum on a national level
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Many nations do not participate in international testing because
they find it too expensive, discouraging or difficult
whole-language approach
Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing.
What are thw mitigating factors in the acquisition of grammar and advanced vocabulary
The SES of a child and the expectations of parents and teachers
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
significance of Piaget's findings of transitive inference
-he was wrong: no sudden shift between preoperational and concrete thinking -some children learn logic via math -transitive inference not unique to humans -Piaget showed that kids use mental categories more flexibly and simultaneously
ESL (English as a Second Language)
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
If children never attended school
Cognitive development would depend greatly on the stimulation of their environment. Children with mentors that read to them and provided a context for learning would be able to develop different cognitive skills though they would be very behind in book learning than children that had attended school
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
working memory
Second stage of short-term memory; in it attention and conscious effort - memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking
How does sensory memory change in middle childhood
Sensory memory does not change a lot during middle childhood
hidden curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school.
How are 3 and ten year olds different in their language abilities
Three year olds are able to name thousands of objects such as egg, and a ten year old will know that egg salad, egg soup and so on are all connected to the word egg but a sub categorization of the term
knowledge base
a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
immersion
a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (majority) language that a child is learning
bilingual schooling
a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
school voucher
an educational certificate, provided by the government, that allows a student to use public funds to pay for a private or a public school chosen by the student or his or her parents
charter school
an experimental public school for kindergarten through grade 12
National Assessment of Educational Progress
an ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the nation's report card," NAEP
seriation
arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume -is crucial for using (not just memorizing) the alphabet or understanding the # sequence
information process models
assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory 3 stages -seek specific units of info -analyze information -express their conclusions
You could use classification in transportation by
breaking this into sub categories such as public air transport, motor vehicle, rail, and sea. Plants could go into the sub categories such as house, outdoor, seasonal, perennial and annual, If I had not met someone I might describe myself using transitive inference: for example I am taller than Betty White but shorter than Tyra Banks
1. Piaget called middle childhood thought concrete operational because
children in this stage are no longer limited by ego-centrism, perform logical operations, apply their new reasoning skills to concrete situations. They are more systematic objective, and educable.
Piaget called middle childhood thought concrete operational because
children in this stage are no longer limited by egocentrism, perform logical operations, apply their new reasoning skills to concrete situations. They are more systematic objective, and educable
confounded experiment & impact of instruction
evidence that "direct instruction"--explicit teaching about how to design unconfounded experiments--most effectively helps elementary school students transfer their mastery of this important aspect of the scientific method from one experiment to another.
The best way to teach a second language in middle childhood
has yet to be established and seems to depend more on the literacy of the home environment, the national culture, and the warmth and skill of the teacher
The children of Brazil show that learning can happen
if the opportunity and motivation is made available. These children were highly motivated to learn complex math (fractions) because their welfare depended upon it. They were able to learn math from their peers, the social context and daily experience
no child left behind
intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement *authors note ;p stupidest idea ever
10. Metacognition is helpful to college students because
it helps in the planning of an assigned task, figure out how to implement the plan and in adjustments necessary to improve while performing the task
Metacognition aids learning because
it helps the individual to focus only on the relevant part of the task and then use the knowledge base to connect new information. In language a child needs to pay attention to the prefix or suffix of an unknown word and connect the new definition to old information
Often a teacher will see the child's code or slang as grammatically incorrect because
it is not a form of the formal speech while the peers will admire the same code as admirable because it is a part of the cultural dialect
Information processing differs from traditional theories of cognition because
it looks at the components of thinking as a mental process involving sensory input, working memory, and long term memory
transitive inference and the brain
maturation of the hippocampus, which reaches a critical point at about age 7
control processes (executive processes)
mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotion regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system
Understanding prefix and suffixes help with
reading comprehension, grammar, classification and the overall flexibility of a child's vocabulary. If a word is unfamiliar to a child if they know the prefix or suffix they may be able to guess the meaning
Working memory changes
significantly from ages 4-15
Nations vary in religious education because
some countries have only one recognized religion where as others have constitutionally blocked the teaching of religion in schools. Most countries offer a form of private instruction run by a religious sect
phonics approach
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations
The benefit to teaching all children in an English only class is
that children are able to learn social norms from their peers however the downfall is they become vulnerable to hidden curriculum
transitive inference
the ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another Ex: "John is taller than Jim. Jim is taller than David. Who is taller John or David?" pre operational kids cannot infer the relationship and cannot answer the question.
sensory memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
classification
the logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some aristocratic they have in common
