Developmental Psychology Chapter 2

Successful parenting of adopted children includes which of the following behaviors?

- Help the child develop self-control. - Be caring and supportive. - Monitor the child's behavior.

Which of the following are criticisms of evolutionary psychology?

- It explains behavior after the fact, but cannot be tested going forward. - It assumes that biological constraints influence social behavior, but doesn't allow for the reverse to also be true.

Recent research has shown gene expression may be influenced by which of the following?

- Stress - Radiation - Temperature

Research has shown adopted children are at higher risk than non-adopted children for

- externalizing aggression. - attention problems. - internalizing anxiety and depression.

Which of these is a recent research finding regarding gene expression?

A gene can sometimes be turned "on" or "off" due to external variables such as stress.

_______ genotype-environment correlations, or niche-picking, occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.

Active

______ genotype-environment correlations occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.

Active (niche-picking)

Jake likes to read and write; therefore, when Jake has any free time, he likes to spend it in the library. This would be an example of which type of correlation?

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

_______ studies allow researchers to compare adopted children with their biological vs. adoptive family members, in order to investigate the relative influence of genetics and environment.

Adoption

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

Behavior geneticists

______ is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed and analyzed.

Chorionic villus sampling

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Chromosomes

What is the complex molecule, shaped like a spiral staircase, that contains genetic information?

DNA

Which of the following is a double-helix shaped molecule that contains genetic information?

DNA

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Evocative

Which of the following statements describes a main idea of David Buss's theory of evolutionary psychology?

Evolutionary processes can influence not only our physical features but also our decision making, aggression levels, fears, and mating patterns.

True or false: Children generally experience better life outcomes if they are adopted by heterosexual parents, rather than gay or lesbian parents.

False

Which statement is best supported by the results of current research

Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.

______ occurs in a gene pair when the gene from one parent is silenced, whereas the gene from the other parent is expressed.

Genetic imprinting

Which of the following statements is true of behavior genetics?

It attempts to identify differences in genes, the environment, or a combination of these factors lead to differences among people.

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

Passive

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true?

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

Which genetic disorder results in the inability to properly metabolize a particular amino acid?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

True or false: An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women.

True

True or false: Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings.

True

Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which

a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing.

The majority of adopted children ______ well to life, and their parents report ______ with their decision to adopt.

adjust; satisfaction

______ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.

adoption

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

chromosomes.

According to the epigenetic view, development is

due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

Zack is always smiling, therefore, his teachers tend to respond to him in a more pleasant and attentive way. This is an example of ______.

evocative genotype-environment correlations

David Buss has argued that

evolution shapes behaviors and thought patterns, not just physical traits.

The interaction of a specific measured variable in DNA and a specific measured aspect of one's surroundings is known as the ______.

gene x environment interaction (G x E)

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA?

genes

______ control the reproduction of cells and the assembly of proteins.

genes

_______ control the reproduction of cells and the assembly of proteins.

genes

One possible reason for the evolution of longevity is having ______ to help care for children, thereby enabling parents to hunt and gather food.

grandparents

Dr. Turner is studying shyness. He finds that Blake and Luke, identical twins, are more alike in terms of level of inhibition than are Sam and Carl, who are fraternal twins. His research indicates that ______ plays an important role in shyness

heredity

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

heredity-environment correlations

The complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism is the

human genome

If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not properly treated, it will lead to

intellectual disability.

All of the following are criticisms of evolutionary psychology, EXCEPT _______.

it overvalues the role of social behavior

Klinefelter syndrome

males have an extra X chromosome

XYY syndrome

males have an extra Y chromosome

A(n) ______ gene is marked by cellular damage from an environmental agent such as radiation.

mutated

Environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a _______ gene.

mutated

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection.

natural

As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

natural selection

Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves, whereas ______ are the building blocks of cells.

proteins

Genes help cells reproduce themselves and assemble _____ which are the building blocks of cells.

proteins

A ______ gene will only be expressed if a person does NOT have the ______ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair.

recessive; dominant

In evolutionary theory, what matters is that individuals live long enough to ______ and ______ their characteristics.

reproduce; pass on

fragile X syndrome

results from an abnormality in the X chromosome

Recent analysis studies have now been able to identify the gender of a baby as early as ______ weeks into the pregnancy.

seven

Ultrasound ______ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.

sonography

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is male or female.

ultrasound sonography

The human genetic process creates several important sources of ______.

variability

Polygenic inheritance occurs ______.

when characteristics reflect the influence of many different genes

Which of the following factors represent sources of variability in the population?

- It is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair goes to the gamete. - Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged. - Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation.

What needs do parents of an adopted child need to be aware of?

- Show respect for the biological parents - Keep communication open about the adoption - Support the child's search for their identity

Which of the following are associated with better long-term outcomes for children?

- adopted children have contact with their biological parents - children are adopted as babies

In adoption studies, researchers compare the characteristics of ______.

- adopted children to that of their biological vs. adoptive parents - adopted children to their biological vs. adoptive siblings

Environmental influences include which of the following?

- parenting - neighborhood - viruses - birth complications - schooling

The Human ______ Project is the complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism.

Genome

When males have an extra X chromosome, this causes ______ syndrome, while ______ syndrome is caused by a missing X chromosome in females.

Klinefelter; Turner

______ is a familial relationship that is established through a social and legal process.

adoption

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's ______ elicit certain types of environments.

characteristics

The growth of the human brain and gaining the experiences necessary to master the complexities of our human society takes place in the extended ________ period of the life span.

childhood

__________ psychology is the newest approach to psychology. It emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors.

evolutionary

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

evolutionary psychology

Turner syndrome

females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person X0 instead of XX

The notion that heredity and surroundings interact to influence development is known as the

gene x environment interaction.

All of a person's genetic material makes up the __________, whereas the __________ consists of only observable characteristics.

genotype; phenotype

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

heredity-environment correlations.

_______twins (monozygotic twins) develop from a single zygote, whereas ________ twins (dizygotic twins) develop from separate eggs and separate sperm cells.

identical; fraternal

Angela describes her friend as tall and slender with blue eyes and red hair. She is describing her friend's ______.

phenotype

Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are determined by _______ inheritance.

polygenic

Paul Baltes holds that physical natural selection operates

primarily during the first half of life.

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a ______ gene.

recessive

Paul Baltes believes that natural selection has not weeded out many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics that appear among older adults because those conditions are not tied to

reproductive fitness.

Behavior geneticists use ______ to research the effects of environment and heredity.

twins

When does genetic imprinting occur?

when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene

X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because

women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene.

What is formed when fertilization occurs?

zygote

When a sperm and egg fuse, they create a single cell called a(n)

zygote