Developmental Psychology Chapter 3
Which of the following are risk factors for low birth weight? (Choose every correct answer.)
- A very young mother - Drug usage - Poor nutrition
How long does the postpartum period last?
About 6 weeks
During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid ___
Cell division through mitosis
(T/F): Tranquilizers target specific areas
False
4 psychoactive drugs:
Marijuana, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a _____ to the unborn fetus
Teratogen
An outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
Trophoblast
Common reasons for a cesarean delivery might be performed (3)
Baby in fetal distress, baby in breech position, failure to progress through labor
General anesthesia is not usually used in normal births because it
Can affect the fetus
Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood, maternal ________ increases the risk of physical defects in offspring.
Diabetes
AIDS is a disease that damages the body's ________ system.
Immune
Of the three stages of birth, which is the longest?
The first
The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ________ stage of birth.
Third
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?
- Germinal - Fetal - Embryonic
Low birth weight infants weigh less than ______ at birth.
5 pounds 8 ounces
In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the
Afterbirth
When a pregnant mother is an adolescent, the mortality rate of the infant ________, as compared to infants born to mothers in their twenties.
Doubles
The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will eventually develop into the ________.
Embryo
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?
- Alcohol - Marijuana - Caffeine - Nicotine
Which are drugs that may be used for labor?
- Anesthesia - Oxytocin/Pitocin - Analgesia
Megan is pregnant and exercising on a regular basis. Megan knows exercise will help her _______.
- Avoid depression - Lessen weight gain - Prevent constipation
Which of the following are related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?
- Being small for date - Preterm birth - Low birth weight
Which of the following are true statements about the first stage of birth?
- Contractions become more frequent and intense. - The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm.
Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?
- Creation of the fertilized egg - Cell division - Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
Which of the following are complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy? (Choose every correct answer.)
- Diabetes - Depression - Hypertension
Match the form of embryonic development to the appropriate time period.
- Eyes begin to appear: Third week - Four chamber of the heart take shape: Fourth week - Arms and legs begin to differentiate: Fifth week - Embryo is just over 1 inch long: Eighth week
Which of the following are common reasons a cesarean delivery might be performed?
- Fetal distress - Failure to progress through labor - Baby is in breech position
Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?
- Heart problems - Facial deformities - Learning problems
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?
- Impaired motor development - Cognitive deficits - Impaired language development
Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale?
- It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment. - It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.
High maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked with a higher risk of having a child with which of the following issues? (Choose every correct answer.)
- Language delay - Emotional problems - ADHD - Cognitive issues
Children who are born preterm have higher rates of which of the following?
- Language disorder - Intellectual disability - ADHD
Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?
- Nutritional services - Social services - Comprehensive educational services
Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?
- Organs begin to appear - Support systems for cells begin to form
Which of the following substances can cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus? Select all that apply:
- Oxygen - Cortisol
Women who are pregnant at age 35 or older are at an elevated risk of having a pregnancy with which of the following complications?
- Preterm birth - Fetal death
Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?
- Radiation - Toxic waste - Chemical pollutants
Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth?
- Rubella - Genital herpes - Syphilis
In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?
- Screening for manageable conditions - A defined schedule of visits for medial care - Testing for treatable diseases
Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?
- Some antidepressants - Acne medications - Synthetic estrogen - Antibiotics
When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, which of the following may occur?
- The pregnant woman is likelier to engage in unhealthy behavior. - Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus.
Regarding paternal risk factors, which of the following statements are true?
- There is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in offspring of older fathers. - Older fathers appear to have an increased risk of having children with autism. - If a father smokes while the mother is pregnant, there is an increased risk for early pregnancy loss.
Which of the following are true of infants whose mother's have gestational diabetes?
- They often have a very high birth weight. - They are at a higher risk of developing diabetes.
For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?
- Time of exposure The dosage - Genetic susceptibility
When a mother is 40 years of age or older, the probability of a baby with Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ________ births.
100
Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?
38 to 40
Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?
50 percent
Research reviews have concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy...
Alters brain functioning in the fetus
The ________ is like a bag or envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
Amnion
Anesthesia, oxytocin, ________ and are the three main kinds of drugs used when a woman is in labor.
Analgesia
Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ________ used to relieve pain during labor.
Analgesics
Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are ______ and are used to ________ labor.
Analgesics; Relieve pain during
When the highest regions of the brain fail to develop due to the lack of closure of the neural tube, _________ may develop resulting in infant death.
Anencephaly
________ is sometimes used in late first-stage labor and during delivery in order to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness.
Anesthesia
Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?
Apgar Scale
Infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes:
Are at a higher risk of developing diabetes and often have a very high birthweight
Unlike in some other cultures, it is customary in the United States for a baby's father to
Be with the mother throughout labor and delivery
3 conditions that post threats to newborns?
Being small for date, preterm birth, low birth weight
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the
Blastocyst
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the ____
Blastocyst
An incision made in the mother's abdomen to deliver a baby is a procedure known as a ________ delivery.
Cesarean
Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is:
Complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children
What occurs when a single sperm cell unites with an ovum in the female's Fallopian tubes?
Conception
When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?
Conception
As compared to other developed countries, the low birth weight rate in the United States is
Considerably higher
Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?
Critical period
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.
Drank alcohol
A mother with HIV can infect her offspring in these three ways:
During delivery, across the placental barrier, or through breastfeeding
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the
Ectoderm
The neural tube develops out of the embryo's
Ectoderm
The neural tube develops out of the embryo's _____
Ectoderm
Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n):
Embryo
The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ________ period.
Embryonic
The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ________ period, when organs are being formed.
Embryonic
The inner layer of cells which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems
Endoderm
The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT
Euphoria
The use of ________ during pregnancy can help to condition the body, avoid depression, decrease weight gain, and improve the mother's mental state.
Exercise
Which of the following has been linked to a lower incidence of preterm delivery?
Exercise during pregnancy
Infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation are considered to be ________ preterm.
Extremely
Fertilization typically takes place in the
Fallopian tube
(T/F): Neural connectivity takes place between the 23rd prenatal week and birth
False
All babies born to HIV-infected mothers are HIV-infected at birth.
False
True or false: Neural connectivity takes place between the 23rd prenatal week and birth.
False
True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.
False
Prenatal development begins with ____ and ends with _____
Fertilization; birth
The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the ________ period
Fetal
Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?
Fetal
the gender of the fetus can be visually identified during the ____ period
Fetal
A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
A cluster or abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the
First trimester
germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the:
First trimester
The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the
First two trimesters
Consumption of which of the following by women who are pregnant or about to be pregnant can help prevent neural tube defects?
Folic acid
One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called ________ ________.
Folic acid
The ________ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Germinal
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ________ period.
Germinal
Which of the following is NOT one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?
Having a high Apgar score
Which of the following substances was most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control?
Heroin
What are risk factors for the development of a neural tube defect in a fetus? (3)
High levels of maternal stress, maternal obesity, maternal diabetes
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as
Implantation
All of the following nutritional factors influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed, EXCEPT
Intake of spicy food
During the embryonic period, which of the following is last to begin development?
Intestinal tract
Maternal exposure to environmental smoke...
Is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring
Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke?
It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring
In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______:
It occurs earlier in the pregnancy
In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ________
It occurs earlier in the pregnancy
Mothers with postpartum depression are
Less sensitive to their infants regardless of their culture or socioeconomic class
Amy is a sixteen-year-old expecting mother. Amy lives at poverty level with her family, nutrition is poor and she has admitted to using drugs during her pregnancy. Amy is at risk of delivering a ________ birth weight baby.
Low
Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ________ infant.
Low birth weight
Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ________ in children.
Lower intelligence
A baby born to HIV-infected mother
May be infected at birth but not develop symptoms until 15 months of age
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the
Mesoderm
At approximately 6 to 24 weeks after conception, neuronal ________ occurs, and cells begin moving outward from their point of origin.
Migration
The _____ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system
Neural
The ________ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.
Neural
________ occurs around the 23rd prenatal week, when connections between neurons begin to form, a process that continues postnatally.
Neural connectivity
The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning in the fifth prenatal week is known as
Neurogenesis
Information processing at the cellular level in the brain is handled by nerve cells known as
Neurons
____ handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain
Neurons
According to the U.S. surgeon general,
No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy
The recent increase in home births in the US has occurred mostly among
Non-Latino White women
The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is
Not recommended
In a normal pregnancy, neurogenesis begins
Once the neural tube has closed
The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as
Organogenesis
Disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
Placenta
The umbilical cord connects the baby to the ____
Placenta
The ________ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).
Postpartum
Some women develop ________, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.
Postpartum depression
Which term best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term?
Preterm
Recent research indicates maternal depression during pregnancy is linked to
Preterm infants
Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called ________ infants.
Preterm or Premature
The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is
Psychoactive drugs
Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include: (3)
Radiation, toxic waste, and chemical pollutants
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with
Reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference
The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for:
Reducing the odds of preterm birth
The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for
Reducing the odds of preterm birth.
CenteringPregnancy is a ________-centered program that provides prenatal care in ____ settings.
Relationship; group
Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to
Rubella
During the ________ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts about an hour.
Second
When a woman is or might be pregnant,
She should weigh the risks of undergoing an X-ray
Which term best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age?
Small for date
________ molecules can typically cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus, while ________ molecules cannot.
Small; large
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ________ during pregnancy.
Smoked
A lack of folic acid is associated with increased risk of
Spina bifida
What two birth defects are related to the failure of the neural tube to close?
Spina bifida and anencephaly
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)
Teratogen
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ________ to the unborn fetus.
Teratogen
Which of the following is true of the second stage of birth?
The baby's head moves through the birth canal
Teratology is the field of study that investigates
The causes of birth defects
When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, which of the following may occur?
The pregnant woman is likelier to engage in unhealthy behavior and physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus
Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)
Three
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and ________ of exposure to a teratogen.
Time
Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called ________
Trimesters
(T/F): Analgesia reduces pain, but doesn't block sensation
True
(T/F): Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweifht
True
A mother's ability to care effectively care for her infant is sometimes comprised by postpartum depression.
True
True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.
True
True or false: HIV can be transmitted through breast feeding.
True
True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.
True
True or false: Infants born to women using heroin are at risk for experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
True
True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.
True
True or false: Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.
True
True or false: Neuronal migration is when nerve cells begin moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations.
True
True or false: The exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring.
True
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ________ months of prenatal development.
Two
Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last ________ of pregnancy.
Two months
Of the following countries, which has the highest incidence of low birth weight babies?
United States
Infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age are referred to as ___ preterm
Very
Infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age are referred to as ________ preterm.
Very
Teratogen
any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes