Developmental Psychology Practice Ch. 1

The term ___ in development refers to the capacity for change.

Plasticity.

If two people earn similar incomes and have about the same educational background, they share the same:

Socioeconomic status.

___ processes involve changes in individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and personality.

Socioemotional.

Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to develop and that early traits and characteristics persist throughout life. These developmentalists have a ___ perspective on development.

Stability.

The term ___ was colned by Lorenz to describe the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen when a young goose hatches.

Imprinting.

___ policy is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. It is affected by economics, values, and politics.

Social.

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ___ components of life-span development.

Sociocultural.

Who of the following was a theorist who believed that development reflects the influences of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner.

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as ___ theoretical orientation.

Eclectic.

Which of the following are abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget?

Engaging in symbolic thought, making a drawing to represent a car, representing the world with speech.

Developmentalists believe that life-span development is ___ because it consists of interactions of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional factors.

Multidimensional.

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. That highlights the view that development is considered to be:

Multidimensional.

In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?

Stagnation.

A ___ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.

Theory.

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize his or her life. Which of the following statements describes this process?

Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual.

The term ___ comes from the Greek word for "nation."

Ethnicity.

A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as they only participants. This is an example of ___ bias.

Gender.

___ bias refers to preconceived notions on the part of society about the abilities of men and women.

Gender.

Of the following, which are examples of biological processes that affect development?

Genes inherited from parents, weight gain, cardiovascular decline, hormonal changes of puberty, and brain development.

A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's ___ psychosexual stage of development.

Genital.

What can happen when researchers orvergeneralize ethnic groups?

Groups are portrayed as being more homogenous and researchers obtain samples that are not representative of the group's diversity.

Baltes believed that what three goals of human development (which correspond to the the three broad stages of life) often conflict and compete with each other?

Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.

A major disadvantage of the cross-sectional research design is that:

It gives no information about how individuals change.

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development?

It involves growth and change. It occurs throughout life.

Which of the following is not an advantage of the longitudinal study approach?

It is efficient and can usually be accomplished in a short time.

Which of the following are aspects of the life-span perspective of development?

It is multidimensional, lifelong, and multidirectional.

A strategy in which one group of the same individuals are studied over time, usually over several years or more, is known as the ___ approach to developmental research.

Longitudinal.

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

Mesosystem, exosystem, microsystem, chronosystem, and macrosystem.

A ___ life event that is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life.

Nonnormative.

A ___ age-graded influence describes influences that are similar for people of a particular age group.

Normative.

Which two processes allow humans to make sense of the world, according to Piaget's theory?

Organization and adaption.

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds. 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of:

A cross-sectional study.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?

A research ethics committee known as an institutional review board must approve a study prior to its implementation.

___ processes refer to changes in an individual's thinking, intelligence, and language.

Cognitive.

A(n) ___ is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences.

Cohort.

In the adolescent years, children discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as Identity versus Identity ___.

Confusion.

Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?

Conscious thoughts.

In conducting research on historical variations of adolescents, what does the term cohort effects refers to?

Influences attributed to a person's year of birth, generation, and era.

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

Information-processing theory.

According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

Initiative vs guilt.

Konrad ___, a European zoologist, helping bring ethology to prominence.

Lorenz.

According to Bronfenbrenner, parents who are involved in their children's education and attend parent-teacher conferences are engaged in which environment system?

Mesosystem.

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Piaget's developmental theory, information-processing theory.

At about 2 to 7 years of age children reach what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

Preoperational stage.

How do researchers manipulate the independent variable in an experiment?

They give different experiences to experimental and control groups.

Which of the following studies involves random assignment?

Tom, a graduate assistant, tosses a coin to determine whether a participant will be in the control group or the experimental group.

Setting the stage for a lifelong expectation about the world, Erikson's psychological stage of ___ versus ___ is the first in his theory and is experienced in the first year of life.

Trust, mistrust.

A ___ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment.

Context

Life-span development is considered to be a ___ process and does not end at any particular age.

Continuous.

Venita is extremely active and in great health; she likes to swim, go out with her friends, and attend concerts, among other things, She adapts easily to new situations and can generally find something positive in any situation. Her grandchildren joke that she doesn't act like a grandmother and is more daring than they are. She embodies "young at heart". She is 70, but much younger in terms of her:

Psychological age, social age.

One-and-a-half-year-old Isaac is enjoying banging pots with a wooden spoon. He is learning about the world through sight, sound, and motor activities. Which Piagetian stage is he in?

Sensorimotor.

Vygotsky maintained that development is inseparable from

Social and cultural activities.

A(n) ___ period is when a certain developmental process needs to take place or else it will not occur.

Critical.

Dr. Brandon has to decide what form of research would work best with his research study. Since he hopes to complete his research within six months and is planning to assess different age groups of participants only once, he chooses the ___ research approach.

Cross-sectional.

___ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation and influence behaviors of its members.

Culture.

Kyle believes that exposure to violence, even pretend violence, contributes to increased aggression in children. Specifically, he thinks that children who play a lot of violent video games will tend to be more aggressive than children who don't play violent video games. In his study, for each child, he is tracking the number of hours spent playing video games and counting the number of aggressive acts each day, and he will look at the relationship between these two variables. This study is the test of his ___.

Hypothesis.

In an experiment, a(n) ___ variable is manipulated by the experimenter, whereas a(n) ___ variable is measure for change in response to the manipulation.

Independent, dependent.