DHN 101 Chapter 4

maltase

The enzyme ________ breaks the disaccharide maltose into its two molecules of glucose. maltase lipase sucrase amylase

ulcerative colitis

In cases of _____, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum. constipation Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel disease

Active transport

________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein Simple diffusion Facilitate diffusion Osmosis Active transport

low

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the ______ pH of gastric juice. low high

low

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the ______ pH of gastric juice. low high

Chemical Digestion

Hydrolysis of starch by salivary amylase in the mouth Degradation of proteins by pepsin in the stomach Breakdown of lipids by lipase in small intestine.

ulcerative colitis

In cases of _____, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum

surface area

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates. peristalsis surface area motility segmentation

mucus

A slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called __ bicarbonate mucus gastric lipase lumen

False

After moving through the ileocecal sphincter, unabsorbed water and undigested remains of chyme enter the jejunum.

false

After moving through the ileocecal sphincter, unabsorbed water and undigested remains of chyme enter the jejunum.

Mouth Function

Begins the chemical digestion of starch

Mouth function

Begins the chemical digestion of starch

small

Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the ____ intestine.

an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger

Although the actual causes of inflammatory bowel disease are unknown, the disease typically results from ______. overexposure to the sun resulting in too much vitamin D an overproduction of acid in the small intestine an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger the overproduction of bile by the gall bladder

an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger

Although the actual causes of inflammatory bowel disease are unknown, the disease typically results from ______. the overproduction of bile by the gall bladder an overproduction of acid in the small intestine an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger overexposure to the sun resulting in too much vitamin D

vomiting

An unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is referred to as _____. diarrhea heartburn vomiting ulcer

vomiting

An unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is referred to as _____. heartburn vomiting ulcer diarrhea

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (starting at the beginning of the small intestine). Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

bicarbonate

As acidic chyme moves into the small intestine from the stomach, the pancreas secretes _____ into the duodenum to increase its pH.

Increases

Chewing food _____ the surface area upon which enzymes can work to digest food into absorbable nutrients.

mastication

Chewing food or _____ makes it easier to swallow food increasing the surface area of the food, giving enzymes greater access to nutrients absorption mastication digestion peristalsis

Mechanical Digestion

Chewing in the mouth Churning in the stomach

a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length

Choose the most accurate description of the GI tract. a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length used for the creation of proteins from amino acids organs that assist in the functions of the digestive system

a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length

Choose the most accurate description of the GI tract. used for the creation of proteins from amino acids a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length organs that assist in the functions of the digestive system

stomach.

Chyme is formed in the mouth. stomach. large intestine. small intestine.

Stomach

Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions.

True

Composting is a technique whereby food waste is combined with tree trimmings, wood chips, leaves, and a source of bacteria, such as animal manure. This mixture is stored in a special container and allowed to mature before being returned to the soil.

Composting involves the combination of waste materials, such as leftover foods, rotten fruits and vegetables, tree trimmings, and a source of bacteria. Composting is an effective way to recycle waste from foods that are not fit for human consumption. Adding a source of bacteria to the compost, such as animal manure, can speed up the composting process.

Composting is a way to use bacteria to break down food waste in order to recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Which of the following statements accurately describe composting? Check all that apply. Composting involves the combination of waste materials, such as leftover foods, rotten fruits and vegetables, tree trimmings, and a source of bacteria. To speed up the process, the compost mixture should be stored at cold temperatures. Composting requires a significant amount of time and space so is not an option for most home owners. Composting is an effective way to recycle waste from foods that are not fit for human consumption. Adding a source of bacteria to the compost, such as animal manure, can speed up the composting process.

Amylase

Digests starch

enterocytes

Each villus (singular of villi) has an outer lay of absorptive cells called ______. brush border enterocytes microvilli the intestinal crypt

enterocytes

Each villus (singular of villi) has an outer lay of absorptive cells called ______. enterocytes brush border the intestinal crypt microvilli

Large intestine function

Elimination of waste products

large intestine function

Elimination of waste products

saliva

Glands in the mouth secrete _____, which contains enzymes and mucus.

Active transport absorbs

Glucose amino acids

2 to 4 cups

How much bile does the liver make every day? 6 to 12 ounces 1/2 to 1 cup 2 to 4 cups 3 to 5 tablespoons

women

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in men women

women

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in women men

Saliva

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _____, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

false

Live microorganisms that help control the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the large intestine are known as prebiotics.

Small intestine function

Major site of chemical digestion and absorption

liver and gallbladder

Match organs with their location in digestive system Accessory organ Stomach and small intestine liver and gallbladder

Stomach and small intestine

Match organs with their location in digestive system GI Tract Stomach and small intestine liver and gallbladder

Stomach and small intestine

Match the organs with their location in the digestive system GI Tract Liver and gallbladder Stomach and small intestine

Liver and gallbladder

Match the organs with their location in the digestive system accessory organ Liver and gallbladder Stomach and small intestine

gastric

Mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and digestive enzymes are all components of _____ juice.

Bile

One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is bile. protease. amylase. bicarbonate.

Lemon juice black coffee water baking soda oven cleaner

Place items in order from lowest pH ending with the item that has the highest pH. Water Oven cleaner lemon juice baking soda black coffee

heartburn

Recommendations to reduce the risk of _____ nclude losing excess body weight, not overeating at mealtimes, elevating the head of the bed higher than the foot of the bed, and not wearing tight belts or tight waistbands

does not require energy many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Select all that apply Choose characteristics of simple diffusion. does not require energy many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way the movement of a nutrient up a concentration gradient the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

intrinsic factor digestive enzymes mucus and hydrochloric acid

Select all that apply Choose the components of gastric juice. intrinsic factor digestive enzymes mucus/ hydrochloric acid hormones

diarrhea abdominal cramps fever

Select all that apply Common signs and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease can include ______. diarrhea abdominal cramps chronic sore muscles fever

loose stools. sensation of incomplete elimination. constipation.

Select all that apply Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by extreme weight loss. loose stools. sensation of incomplete elimination. constipation.

many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way does not require energy the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Select all that apply Choose characteristics of simple diffusion. the movement of a nutrient up a concentration gradient many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way does not require energy the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

synthesis of vitamins and certain neurotransmitters controls inflammation

Select all that apply Choose the functions of intestinal bacteria. strengthen bones, teeth, and promote regular heart rhythm and smooth muscle contractions synthesis of vitamins and certain neurotransmitters controls inflammation

fever diarrhea abdominal cramps

Select all that apply Common signs and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease can include ______. fever chronic sore muscles diarrhea abdominal cramps

lingual lipase. salivary amylase.

Select all that apply Components of saliva include lingual lipase. bicarbonate. salivary amylase. gastrin and pepsin. umami.

not overeating at mealtimes. losing excess body weight. avoiding smoking cigarettes.

Select all that apply Recommendations to reduce the risk of heartburn include: not overeating at mealtimes. losing excess body weight. avoiding smoking cigarettes. lying down to rest immediately after eating a meal.

accessory organs GI tract

Select all that apply The two major components of the digestive system are the stomach pancreas accessory organs GI tract

to increase the surface area of food to allow greater access for enzymes to make the food easier to swallow

Select all that apply What is the purpose of mastication? to increase the surface area of food to allow greater access for enzymes to prevent digestive enzymes from getting to the food before reaching the stomach to make the food easier to swallow

Begins chemical digestion of protein Produces and secretes HCl Secretes protective lubricant

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of the stomach? Eliminates waste products of food Begins chemical digestion of protein Produces and secretes HCl Secretes protective lubricant

mucus

Small intestinal cells secrete _____ to lubricate and protect the walls of the GI tract.

chemical digestion.

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of chemical digestion. maldigestion. mechanical digestion. sensory digestion.

Umami

Strong meaty taste

anosmia.

The condition in which a person cannot detect any odors is called anosmia. hypogeusia. ageusia. hyposmia.

peristalsis.

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called nerve contractions. peristalsis. chyme. bolus.

small

The contribution of salivary amylase and lingual lipase to overall digestion of food into absorbable components is _____

savory

The 5 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and _____

has not

The FDA ______ approved health claims for probiotics has nit has

Villi/ Villus

The _____ are tiny, fingerlike projections that provide an increased surface area for absorption in the small intestines. Your answer must be spelled correctly to receive credit. The answer requires the answer in plural form.

liver

The _____ uses cholesterol to make bile.

pancreas

The ________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system. Stomach ileum colon pancreas

hepatic portal vein

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver. hepatic artery pinocytosis hepatic portal vein lacteal

ileum

The ________ is the third segment of the small intestine. jejunum colon duodenum ileum

stomach

The acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms large intestine stomach liver small intestine

bioavailability

The amount of a nutrient in a food is not as important as how much of that nutrient is used by the body, called the nutrient's ______ transport ability bioavailability absorption rate dietary requirement

bioavailability

The amount of a particular nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body is called _____

ascending colon.

The ileocecal sphincter is located between the ileum and stomach. ascending colon. descending colon. jejunum.

mucosa.

The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the lumen. circular muscle. serosa. mucosa.

mucosa

The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the serosa. mucosa. lumen. circular muscle.

Bile

The liver makes _____, which is stored in the gallbladder until needed.

bile

The liver uses cholesterol to make ___ bile liver pancreas

mechanical digestion.

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of secretory digestion. indigestion. chemical digestion. mechanical digestion.

simple diffusion.

The movement of a nutrient from higher concentration (i.e. lumen) to where it is less concentrated (i.e. absorptive cells) is called simple diffusion. endocytosis. facilitated diffusion. active transport.

higher

The pH of household ammonia is ______ than the pH of lemon juice.

enzymes

The pancreas and small intestinal cells produce ______ that break down food molecules into absorbable components.

mastication

The process of preparing foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is called _____, otherwise known as chewing.

pharynx

The tongue moves a mass of food to the back of the mouth, where it enters the _____, which connects the nasal cavity to the top of the esophagus.

Esophagus function

Transfer of food from mouth to stomach

esophagus function

Transfer of food from mouth to stomach

learning stress management strategies.

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome often includes making dietary changes and reducing physical activity. having the lower third of the colon removed. learning stress management strategies. lying down after meals.

learning stress management strategies.

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome often includes making dietary changes and lying down after meals. reducing physical activity. learning stress management strategies. having the lower third of the colon removed.

True

True or false: An item with a low pH is acidic.

false- Heartburn is caused by the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus. Underlying heart problems are typically unrelated.

True or false: Heartburn is usually the result of an underlying heart problem.

very little

Under normal circumstances, ______ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine. very little almost all about half

intestinal bacteria

Warding off pathogens, breaking down toxic substances, and helping with the development of the immune system are all functions of ______. the accessory organs the liver and gallbladder intestinal bacteria chyme

peristalsis

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

it protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digestive enzymes

What is the benefit of the thick layer of mucus that lines the stomach? it helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the stomach contents. it aids the breakdown of nutrients in the stomach it protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digestive enzymes

closes

When an intestinal sphincter contracts, it _____ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract closes relaxes opens

our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste.

When we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because _____. our body's ability to recognize hunger is impaired. our noses are blocked, and it is our sense of smell that signals the brain to release chemicals to start digestion. our appetite is suppressed . our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste.

reduced risk of infectious diarrhea' Prevention of UTIs Prevention of Obesity Reduced risk of peptic ulcers

Which of the following are potential benefits of a healthy, balanced intestinal microflora? Check all that apply. Treatment of liver cancer reduced risk of infectious diarrhea Prevention of UTIs Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Prevention of Obesity Reduced risk of peptic ulcers

Poor appetite Excessive use of salt Excessive sugar intake

Which of the following are potential health consequences of hypogeusia? Check all that apply. Poor appetite Excessive use of salt Low blood pressure Excessive sugar intake

Bile

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach? Mucus Intrinsic factor Gastric juice Bile

Crohn's disease

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract? Cystic fibrosis Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Peptic ulcer Crohn's disease

Ulcerative colitis

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Peptic ulcer Cystic fibrosis Ulcerative colitis

Umami

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation? Amylase Umami Lipase Carbohydrate

smelling a pleasant odor

Which of the following is not a typical cause of vomiting? hormonal changes during pregnancy intense pain or head injury smelling a pleasant odor drinking too much alcohol

smelling a pleasant odor

Which of the following is not a typical cause of vomiting? hormonal changes during pregnancy smelling a pleasant odor intense pain or head injury drinking too much alcohol

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which of the following represents the sections of the small intestine in order? Jejunum, ileum, duodenum Duodenum, ileum, jejunum Ileum, duodenum, jejunum Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Smell- If a person's ability to smell is impaired, they are often unable to taste the foods they've consumed.

Which of the following senses has the greatest effect on taste? Sound Touch Smell Sight

Circular muscles Longitudinal muscles

Which of the following types of muscle exist in the walls of the stomach? Check all that apply. Circular muscles Longitudinal muscles Gastric muscles Latissimus muscles

Yogurt

Which of the following typically acts as a probiotic? Whole grain cereals Legumes Yogurt Green leafy vegetables

ulcerative colitis

_____ _____ is an inflammatory process that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum.

Probiotics

_____ are live microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good health for their human hosts.

sphincters

______ are thickened regions of muscle that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract.

Facilitated diffusion

______ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy. Active transport Osmosis Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Heartburn

______ is pain typically felt in the upper chest that results from the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus. Constipation Heartburn Diverticulitis Ulceritis

Active transport

_______ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein Osmosis Active transport Simple diffusion Facilitate diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

_______ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy. Simple diffusion Active transport Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Protease

digests proteins

Gastrin and pepsin

enzymes are produced

facilitated diffusion absorbs

fructose

Endocytosis absorbs

immune substances from human milk

Bicarbonate

increases the pH in the small intestine so enzymes can function to digest food.

Simple diffusion absorbs

lipids most water soluble vitamins some minerals

Stomach Function

muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food

Stomach function

muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food

Bicarbonate

secreted by the pancreas and small intestine