DHN 101 Chapter 9
antioxidant defense
Vitamin E function
stroke cancer heart attack
Select all that apply Excess oxidation leading to chemical changes in cells may ultimately lead to _____ influenza stroke cancer heart attack
bone health
Vitamin D Function
50%
According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D. 50% 8% 21% 2%
olive oil
Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain. red wine water sugar olive oil
Liver fish oils fortified milk eggs
Preformed vitamin A examples
1. 4oz baked sweet potato 2. 1/2 cup canned pumpkin 3. 1/2 cup cooked carrots 4. 1 cup fat-free milk with vitamin A
Ranking vitamin A foods from highest to lowest
rickets
Children with leg bones that bow under the weight of carrying the upper part of the body is a sign of _____, a disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency.
taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods.
Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are taking a "once daily" multiple vitamin. taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods. eating most of their foods in its natural state.
more
Most vitamins are ____ bioavailable from natural food sources, rather than from supplements alone. less more equally
False
Most vitamins are more bioavailable from synthetic sources than from natural food sources.
immune function
Vitamin A Function
normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function
Vitamin A function
retinol binding protein
Vitamin A is transported in the blood bound to ____ - ______ ______
increase
During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs ______. remain the same decrease increase
Cucumbers
Which of the following foods would NOT be a good source of vitamin D? Skim milk Fatty fish Cucumbers Whole milk
vitamin E
Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT ________. vitamin K vitamin E vitamin A vitamin D
True
By purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables from the farmers' market, consumers support local farmers and minimize the environmental impact associated with packaging and transporting produce.
chlorophyll
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids contain _____ which hides the yellow-orange pigment. chlorophyll retinol esters retinol-binding protein
they participate in the chemical reactions that produce energy
How do vitamins participate in energy production? they provide calories for the production of energy all vitamins participate in energy production in the same way they participate in the chemical reactions that produce energy
False
Human breast milk is an excellent source of vitamin D. As such, infants who are exclusively breastfed are at a low risk for developing rickets.
1. in dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin 2. light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change shape, which causes opsin to change shape 3. activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision 4. following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin. 5. energy is required to bring retinal back to its orginal form.
List the steps of the visual cycle beginning with dark conditions at the top.
A, D, E, and K
Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins ______ D, A, and C A, E, K, and C C, E, and K A, D, E, and K
A, D, E, and K
Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins ______. D, A, and C C, E, and K A, D, E, and K A, E, K, and C
more
Most vitamins are ____ bioavailable from natural food sources, rather than from supplements alone. equally more less
Your body can synthesize vitamin D. Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins.
Select all that apply Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day? Your body can synthesize vitamin D. Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. The foods you eat on a daily basis provide all the vitamins you need each day. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins.
False
True or false: Clinical studies have provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.
True
True or false: In general, vitamins that occur naturally and synthetic vitamins have similar biological activity.
free radicals
Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by ___ ____
free radicals
Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by ____ _____
production of active blood-clotting factors, prevention of soft tissue calcification
Vitamin K Function
reduce
Vitamin K deficiency may develop in individuals on long-term antibiotic therapy because such therapy can _____ the number of bacteria in the colon that synthesize the vitamin naturally. increase reduce
reduce
Vitamin K deficiency may develop in individuals on long-term antibiotic therapy because such therapy can _____ the number of bacteria in the colon that synthesize the vitamin naturally. reduce increase
A
Vitamin _____ participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth.
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following vitamins is most important for energy metabolism? Pantothenic acid Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin D
1. 1/2 cup cooked kale 2. 1 cup cooked brussel sprouts 3. 1 cup cooked asparagus 4. 1 cup shredded raw cabbage
rank vitamin K foods
A
Certain acne medications, like Accutane, containing high levels of vitamin ______ should not be prescribed during pregnancy due to the increased risk for harm to the fetus. A E D K
rickets
Children with leg bones that bow under the weight of carrying the upper part of the body is a sign of _____ , a disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency.
have not
Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD. have not have
Maintenance of bones Production of bones Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Assists with absorption of calcium
Select all that apply Which roles does vitamin D play in the body? Maintenance of bones Production of bones Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Assists with absorption of calcium Production of epithelial cells
Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
Which of the following statements is true? Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children. Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
calcium
When excess vitamin D is consumed through supplementation, too much _____ is absorbed and deposits in soft tissues. calcium potassium iron keratin
calcium
When excess vitamin D is consumed through supplementation, too much _____ is absorbed and deposits in soft tissues. calcium potassium keratin iron
E
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity? E b-12 D B-6
A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.
Which statement is most accurate? A healthy diet requires that a person consume 100% of the RDA or AI of each vitamin on a daily basis. A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.
A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.
Which statement is most accurate? A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years. A healthy diet requires that a person consume 100% of the RDA or AI of each vitamin on a daily basis.
frozen
When fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase produce ____ in order to receive the most vitamins.
Frozen
When fresh produce is not available, which type of foods should be purchased in order to receive the highest vitamin content? Boxed Canned Frozen
Vitamin D
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? Vitamin C Vitamin B-12 Folate Vitamin D
Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin
________ are water-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E Vitamins K, D, and E Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin
ergocalciferol
The form of vitamin D found in plant foods is called _______. calcitriol 7dehydrocholesterol cholecalciferol ergocalciferol
teratogen.
An agent that causes birth defects is called a lycopene. keratin. teratogen.
removes
An oxidant ______ electrons from atoms or molecules adds removes
He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene.
Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status? He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene. He consumes foods that supply tryptophan, which his liver converts to preformed vitamin A. His body does not require sources of vitamin A. His fat cells synthesize preformed vitamin A from essential fatty acids.
have cystic fibrosis have a condition that impairs fat absorption have liver disease
Select all that apply Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______. have cystic fibrosis have a condition that impairs fat absorption have liver disease have type 2 diabetes
orange juice milk ready-to-eat cereal
Select all that apply What are some common foods fortified with vitamin D? fatty fish orange juice milk ready-to-eat cereal
muscle pain misshapen bones soft bones
Select all that apply What are some signs and symptoms of rickets? muscle pain tall stature misshapen bones soft bones
the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet
Select all that apply What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin? the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet the nutrient can be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities if intake is not adequate
Phylloquinoine (K1)
The type of vitamin K found in green leafy vegetables, such as kale and spinach, is called _______.
D
Vitamin ______ is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.
Biological activity
What describes the degree of potency of a vitamin? Functional potential Power score Biological activity
Blood clotting
What is the primary function of vitamin K? Transfer of fat to the liver Nerve transmission Blood clotting
Small intestine
What is the primary site of vitamin absorption? Stomach Large intestine Small intestine Liver
Vitamin K
What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively? Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
Vitamin K
What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively? Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin E
loses
When an atom or molecule ______ one or more electrons, it has been oxidized. loses gains
Soybean and canola oils Green leafy vegetables Margarine and salad dressing
Select all that apply Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K? Dairy products and meat Soybean and canola oils Green leafy vegetables Margarine and salad dressing
It is a substance with an unpaired electron It is highly reactive It removes electrons from more stable molecules
Select all that apply Which of the following is true about free radicals? It is a substance with an unpaired electron It is highly reactive It removes electrons from more stable molecules It causes excess oxidation which helps prevent chronic disease
It is highly reactive It is a substance with an unpaired electron It removes electrons from more stable molecules
Select all that apply Which of the following is true about free radicals? It is highly reactive It is a substance with an unpaired electron It removes electrons from more stable molecules It causes excess oxidation which helps prevent chronic disease
sunlight
The body does not make toxic levels of vitamin D when exposed to ______ because skin limits the production of 7-dehydrocholesterol.
D
The body is able to make vitamin _______ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
synthesize prothrombin
The liver needs vitamin K to ______ synthesize prothrombin store glycogen process calcium metabolize alcohol
stir-fry instead of boil
To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________. cook slowly in large amounts of water store in warm conditions, and expose to sunlight and air stir-fry instead of boil peel vegetables and cut into small pieces before cooking in water
A
Vitamin _______ participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth.
vita mine
Vitamin is a term created from _____ meaning necessary for life and ________meaning containing nitrogen
Vitamin
What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body? Mineral Vitamin Antioxidant Phytochemical
Vitamin
What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body? Phytochemical Mineral Antioxidant Vitamin
Free radical
What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA? Antioxidant Free radical Oxidant
Free radical
What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA? Antioxidant Oxidant Free radical
oxidant
What is the name of a substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules? reactant reducer oxidant
Vitamin K
What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract? Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin E
Vitamin K
What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract? Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin A
oxidized.
When an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons, it has been reduced. radicalized. oxidized.
teratogen
When taken in excess during pregnancy, vitamin A is a ____ an agent that causes birth defects.
liver
Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored? brain liver skin muscle
vitamin E
Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body? vitamin D vitamin A vitamin E vitamin K
Sunflower seeds and plant oils
Which foods are good sources of vitamin E? Meats and dairy products Sunflower seeds and plant oils Processed grain products
in dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin
Which is the first step of the visual cycle? activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change shape, which causes opsin to change shape in dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin
Bone health Blood clotting
Which of the following are functions of vitamin K in the body?
Beta-carotene alpha-carotene beta-crytocanthin
Which of the following carotenoids can be converted into a biologically active retinoid? Check all that apply.
Fortified dairy products
Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D? Fresh fruits Processed luncheon meats Fortified dairy products Enriched breads and cereals
Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Fat-soluble vitamins are generally more toxic than water-soluble vitamins. It is easier for the body to eliminate water-soluble vitamins compared to fat-soluble vitamins. Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are digested and absorbed with fats in the gastrointestinal tract.
Vitamins K, D, and A
________ are fat-soluble vitamins. Pantothenic acid, vitamin E, and choline Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin Vitamins K, D, and A Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E
Vitamins K, D, and A
________ are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E Pantothenic acid, vitamin E, and choline Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin Vitamins K, D, and A
water-soluble vitamins
Cooking vegetables in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces, and cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins are all effective ways to reduce the loss of _____ that easily leach out of food and dissolve in cooking water. water-soluble vitamins protein fat-soluble vitamins carbohydrate
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins? In general, water-soluble vitamins are more likely to be stored in the body than fat-soluble vitamins. In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins. The body has higher requirements for fat-soluble vitamins. The body has higher requirements for water-soluble vitamins.
1. salmon cakes (4oz canned pink salmon) 2. 4 oz sardines canned in oil 3. 1 cup fortified milk with vitamin D 4. 1 whole, large cooked egg.
Rank vitamin D foods
food preparation food processing GI transit time
Select all that apply The bioavailability of vitamins can be affected by: food preparation a person's height food processing GI transit time
Almonds (1 oz)
Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin E per serving? Peanuts (1 oz) Mango (1 raw) Almonds (1 oz) Sardines (3 oz)
Almonds (1 oz)
Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin E per serving? Peanuts (1 oz) Sardines (3 oz) Almonds (1 oz) Mango (1 raw)
Grilled chicken
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of vitamin E? Canola oil Almonds Sunflower seeds Grilled chicken
Brussels sprouts
Which of the following foods is the best source of vitamin K? Strawberries Brussels sprouts Whole grain bread Salmon
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion? Glucagon Insulin Antidiuretic hormone Parathyroid hormone
Green leafy vegetables are good food sources
Which of the following is true about vitamin K? Dairy products are good food sources Green leafy vegetables are good food sources Fruits and grains are good food sources.
Children who like vegetables
Who is least at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? Urban poor Severe alcoholics People with liver diseases Children who like vegetables
Because the healthy body stores the vitamin in body fat, skeletal muscle, and the liver
Why is a vitamin E deficiency rare? Because many foods are fortified with the vitamin Because many people supplement with large doses of vitamin E Because the healthy body stores the vitamin in body fat, skeletal muscle, and the liver
False
Long-term vitamin E deficiency can result in rickets.
energy metabolism
Thiamin Function
blood formation
Folate Function
True
Taking high doses of vitamin E supplements can impair blood clotting.
0
How many calories are provided from 60 mg of vitamin C? 60 10 50 0
True
Low blood levels of vitamin K are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis.
antioxidant
Vitamin E Function
chlorophyll
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of _____
maintain epithelial cells
In the body, vitamin A helps ________. maintain epithelial cells the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphorus reduce collagen synthesis insulin enter cells
sunlight
There are not a lot of foods with vitamin D, therefore, the body depends on ______ for much of its vitamin D. oxygen supplements sunlight water
true
True or false: Some free radicals formation in the body is necessary and provides some benefits.
False
True or false: Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease.
50%
According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D 50% 2% 21% 8%
failed
Long-term studies ______ in showing that high intakes of vitamin E consistently reduced the risk of chronic disease. succeeded failed
Nerve damage Impaired immune system blindness
Long-term vitamin E deficiency may result in _______.
Carrots spinach winter squash sweet potatoes mangoes
Provitamin A Carotenoids
small intestine
The ____ ____ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.
osteomalacia
The adult form of vitamin D deficiency is called ______. pellagra beriberi osteomalacia rickets
False
The large intestine is the primary site of vitamin absorption.
absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of normal blood calcium, calcification of bone, and maintenance of immune function
Vitamin D Function
loses
When an atom or molecule ______ one or more electrons, it has been oxidized. loses gains
E
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity? B-6 B-12 E D
intestinal bacteria
About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______. water sunlight the biological byproduct of metabolism intestinal bacteria
Vitamin D
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? Folate Vitamin D Vitamin B-12 Vitamin C
E
Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals. B-12 K E D
chlorophyll
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of ______
True
Diets supplying large amounts of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin can lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
Birth defects hair loss liver damage
Excess consumption of vitamin A can result in which of the following conditions?
vitamin A
Excessive intake or exposure to which vitamin may be particularly harmful to a developing fetus? vitamin A vitamin B12 vitamin C vitamin K
Maintaining Nervous tissue Protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage Maintaining immune system function Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals. Other roles of vitamin E include maintaining nervous tissue and immune system function
Functions of Vitamin E in the body?
vitamin E
Plant oils, such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing, are rich food sources of ______. vitamin D vitamin C vitamin A vitamin E
amine - a nitrogen containing substance vita - meaning necessary for life
Select all that apply The term vitamin gets its meaning from ____. ine - organic substance vitam - nonessential for life amine - a nitrogen containing substance vita - meaning necessary for life
the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health
Select all that apply What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin? the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods the nutrient can be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities if intake is not adequate signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health
Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D
Select all that apply Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? Vitamin B-6 Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D
are homebound have covered skin for religious reasons
Select all that apply Adults who may be at higher risk for osteomalacia include those who ______. consume dairy products daily are homebound have covered skin for religious reasons
protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals maintains nervous tissue maintains immune system function
Select all that apply Choose the functions of vitamin E. aids in the absorption of water-soluble vitamins protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals maintains nervous tissue maintains immune system function
Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults. Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements. Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins.
Select all that apply Choose the true statements about vitamins. Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults. Eating over a 1000 calories of one food is likely to produce a toxic effect. Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements. Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins.
vitamin E vitamin K vitamin D vitamin A
Select all that apply Choose the vitamins that are fat-soluble. vitamin E vitamin K vitamin C vitamin D vitamin A
excess body fat drinking milk less than once a week screentime more than 4 hours daily
Select all that apply Factors associated with low vitamin D status include _____ drinking sodas less than once a week excess body fat drinking milk less than once a week screentime more than 4 hours daily
cutting produce into large pieces. cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins. cooking vegetables in small amounts of water.
Select all that apply Preserving water-soluble vitamins in food preparation can be achieved by cutting produce into large pieces. cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins. cooking vegetables in small amounts of water. discarding water used to cook vegetables.
food processing GI transit time food preparation
Select all that apply The bioavailability of vitamins can be affected by: food processing GI transit time a person's height food preparation
maintain immune system function maintain nervous tissue protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes
Select all that apply Vitamin E functions to ______. maintain immune system function initiate blood clotting factors maintain nervous tissue protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes
taking a megadose of a vitamin consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods
Select all that apply What increases a person's risk for a vitamin toxicity? eating foods in their natural state taking a "once daily" multivitamin supplement taking a megadose of a vitamin consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods
Cell growth Formation of epithelial cells Cell production
Select all that apply What roles does vitamin A play in the body? Cell growth Formation of epithelial cells Cell production Reduction of white blood cell production
adolescence infancy pregnancy
Select all that apply When are the body's requirements for vitamins highest? adolescence adulthood infancy pregnancy
Liver Skeletal muscle Body fat
Select all that apply Where does the healthy body store vitamin E? Pancreas Liver Skeletal muscle Skin Body fat
Salmon Milk Herring
Select all that apply Which foods are good sources of vitamin D? . Salmon Milk Grapes Herring
Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables People with fat malabsorption Older adults
Select all that apply Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables People with fat malabsorption People who do not exercise frequently Older adults
Regulates body processes Involved in cell division and development
Select all that apply Which of the following are considered basic roles of vitamins? Regulates body processes Involved in cell division and development Provides energy and releases carbon dioxide
Involved in the growth and development of tissues Regulates a variety of body processes
Select all that apply Which of the following are considered roles of vitamins? Provides energy in the form of calories Involved in the growth and development of tissues Regulates a variety of body processes
Vitamin E Vitamin D
Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of? Thiamin Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin D
