DHN 101 Exam 3: Ch. 9-11
Which of the following portions of food provides the most folate?
1 whole papaya
On average, it takes about _______ gallons of water per person per day to produce food for the typical American's diet.
1,000
For adults under the age of 51 years, the adequate intake for sodium is ______ daily
1500 mg
For healthy young adult females, the Adequate Intake (AI) for water is _____ daily
2.7 L
For healthy young adult males, the Adequate Intake (AI) for water is ________ daily.
3.7 L
Approximately ___ percent of the average adult male's body weight is water.
60
A deficiency of vitamin ___ results in deterioration of epithelial cells.
A
Consuming a diet rich in potassium has been associated with _______ blood pressure.
A reduction in
_____ is not one of the major signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia.
A weakened immune system
Which of the following factors enhances calcium absorption?
Adequate amounts of calcitriol
Which of the following groups of Americans has the highest risk of hypertension?
African Americans
Which of the following statements about calcium is false?
After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium
Which of the following is an example of a potential carcinogen?
Alcohol
Hyponatremia __________
All of these answer choices are correct
Which of the following factors can impact the body's fluid balance?
All of these choices are correct
Thirty-year-old Kume is concerned about her risk for osteoporosis as both her grandmother and mother have experienced broken bones as a result of osteoporosis. To reduce her risk for osteoporosis, Kume should ________.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin E per serving?
Almonds (1 oz)
Humans need vitamin B-6 for
Amino acid metabolism
A(n) _____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.
Antioxidant
______ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.
Antioxidants
Vertical farming uses soil-free systems that provide nutrients to growing plants, but using less space than traditional farming practices. _______ combines fish and plants in the same ecosystem, with fish waste serving as a rich source of nutrients for the plants.
Aquaponics
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of calcium?
Baked chicken
Which of the following foods is the best source of potassium?
Baked potato
Which of the following foods contains the most niacin per serving?
Beef liver
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis?
Being physically inactive
The thiamin-deficiency disease is known as ______________
Beriberi
Consuming too much avidin, a protein found in raw egg whites, may inhibit _____ absorption.
Biotin
Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?
Boiling in a saucepan of water
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypokalemia?
Bone pain
Which of the following minerals may have a physiological role, but more research is necessary to determine whether it is essential?
Boron
As of 2020, ______ cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in females in the United States.
Breast
Having excess body fat increases risk of __________
Breast cancer
Which of the following foods is the best source of vitamin K?
Brussels sprouts
Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction?
Calcium
Which of the following statements is true? (water)
Cells produce water as a by-product of metabolism
Potassium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT
Cellular metabolism
Which of the following is not a vitamin, but rather a vitamin-like compound?
Choline
Which of the following practices is associated with increased risk of cancer?
Consuming a diet high in processed meats
Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for hypertension?
Consuming too little sodium
Which of the following foods provides the most phosphorus?
Cottage cheese, 2% fat, 1 cup
Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?
Dairy
Dehydration can cause
Death
Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in
Deposition of calcium in soft tissues
Vitamin ___ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals.
E
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?
E
Which of the following food items contains the most biotin per serving?
Egg
Which of the following is FALSE? (Fat-soluble vs. water-soluble)
Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins
Parathyroid hormone _________
Enhances the body's ability to retain calcium
Alana is a 24-year old healthy female. She is not pregnant or breastfeeding and does not have plans to become pregnant in the next several years. Based on the adult RDA for folate in the United States, she should consume 200 μg/day of folate.
False
Children who are deficient in phosphorus experience symptoms of marasmus.
False
Copper and zinc play key roles in the transmission of nerve impulses
False
Human breast milk is an excellent source of vitamin D. As such, infants who are exclusively breastfed are at a low risk for developing rickets.
False
In adults, hyponatremia occurs rapidly after a bout of mild diarrhea or vomiting.
False
In general, plant foods take more water to produce than animal foods
False
It is not necessary for humans to consume sources fo water-soluble vitamins daily, because most of them are stored in the liver.
False
Long-term trials have show that high intakes of vitamin E reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women.
False
Long-term trials have shown that high intakes of vitamin E reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers.
False
Long-term vitamin E deficiency can result in rickets.
False
Most vitamins are more bioavailable from synthetic sources than from natural food sources.
False
Osteoblast cells are a type of bone cell that break down bone tissue.
False
Phytic acid and oxalic acid are substances in certain animal foods that interfere with mineral absorption in the human intestinal tract
False
Taking a vitamin A supplement has been linked to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease
False
The large intestine is the primary site of vitamin absorption
False
Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D?
Fatty fish and fish oils
Calcium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT
Fluid balance
Green leafy vegetables and orange juice are rich sources of
Folate
Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate _____ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.
Folate
Which of the following vitamins is most important for red blood cell formation?
Folate
The human body needs vitamin K to
Form active blood clotting factors
Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?
Fortified dairy products
Geoff wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ______ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.
Fresh fruits and vegetables
As a smoker, Chantalle's need for vitamin C is ________ than that of a non-smoker.
Greater than
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of vitamin E?
Grilled chicken
Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?
Ground beef patty
Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status?
He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excess of water-soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of _____
Iron
Which of the following foods is the best source of vitamin K?
Kale
Which of the following foods contains the most riboflavin?
Kefir, 1 cup
Osteoporosis is characterized by _________
Loss of bone mass and structure
As of 2020, which of the following organs is the leading site for cancer deaths among men and women in the United States?
Lung
______ are considered cancerous tumors.
Malignant tumors
After experiencing considerable pain and having blood in his urine, Solomon visited his physician and was diagnosed with kidney stones. Kidney stones occur as a result of
Minerals and waste products collecting and forming a hard mass
______, as part of NAD and NADP, is important for energy metabolism.
Niacin
_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Niacin, Thiamin, or Riboflavin
_____ are water-soluble vitamins.
Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin
An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is
Night blindness
Zane had his blood pressure measured at a health fair. The blood pressure reading was 116/76. This is considered ____
Normal
Which of the following food items contains the least biotin?
Orange juice
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called
Osmosis
_____ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bonds
Osteomalacia
Consuming too much rhubarb, which contains ____, can inhibit absorption of calcium in the GI tract.
Oxalic acid
Which of the following vitamins is most important for energy metabolism?
Pantothenic acid
_____ are water-soluble vitamins.
Pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and thiamin
Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?
Peach
Which of the following statements is true? (Vitamins discovered)
People can survive for years by consuming formulas that contain all known vitamins
Vitamin D helps the body absorb
Phosphorus and calcium
Which of the following foods is the best source of thiamin?
Pork chops
According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following minerals is a "nutrient of public health concern?"
Potassium
In general, fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of
Potassium
Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance?
Potassium
______ is classified as a major mineral.
Potassium
Maintenance of normal intracellular fluid volume depends largely on the intracellular concentration of ____ ions
Potassium and phosphate
Felipe wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming _______ may increase risk of this chronic disease and, therefore, Felipe might limit in his diet to lower his risk of cancer.
Processed meats
Which of the following is NOT a common sign of dehydration?
Rapid weight gain
Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C?
Red peppers
In the human body, water is involved in
Regulating body temperature
Exposing milk to light can reduce its ____ content.
Riboflavin
Lucia has been experiencing glossitis and cheilosis over the past several weeks. As well, her tongue has a slight reddish-purple color. Based on this information, Lucia may have a ________ deficiency.
Riboflavin
______ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Riboflavin
Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12? (2)
Sardines
Which of the following minerals is important as part of an antioxidant defense system?
Selenium
Which of the following is NOT a key role of vitamin C?
Serving as a coenzyme in energy metabolism
Which of the following statements is true? (Vitamin D)
Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
All of the following minerals play a role in bone health EXCEPT
Sodium
Pickled foods, canned soups, soy sauce, and deli (luncheon) meats contain high amounts of
Sodium
When participating in an event, endurance athletes often use which of the following foods or beverages to avoid sodium depletion?
Sports drinks
To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ______
Stir-fry instead of boil
Which of the following foods contains the least phosphorus?
Strawberries
Which of the following is the best food source of beta-carotene?
Sweet potato
Which of the following foods is NOT a significant source of phytic acid?
Sweet potatoes
In the United States, about one in ___ adults has hypertension.
Three
Which of the following organs is not directly involved in maintaining the body's fluid balance?
Thyroid gland
A carcinogen is any environmental factor such as asbestos, tobacco smoke, radiation, or a virus that triggers cancer.
True
Although healthcare providers may prescribe niacin supplements for patients who cannot tolerate statins, the treatment can have several unwanted side effects, such as flushing of the skin and liver damage.
True
Biotin is a coenzyme needed for certain metabolic reactions that add carbon dioxide to other compounds.
True
By purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables from the farmers' market, consumers support local farmers and minimize the environmental impact associated with packaging and transporting produce.
True
Choline is necessary for the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning.
True
Consuming a diet rich in calcium may have beneficial effects on heart disease risk factors.
True
Diets supplying large amounts of carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin can lower the risk of age-related muscular degeration.
True
Hyperkalemia can cause a person's heart to stop beating.
True
Hyperphosphatemia contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease due to the formation of calcium-phosphorus deposits in blood vessels.
True
Iron is the only mineral added to processed grain products during enrichment.
True
Low blood levels of vitamin K are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis
True
Megaloblastic anemia can occur as a result of a folate or vitamin B-12 deficiency.
True
Pantothenic acid is needed to make coenzyme A.
True
People are likely to develop pellagra when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein.
True
Taking high doses of vitamin E supplements can impair blood clotting.
True
The body can make choline, which is classified as a vitamin-like substance.
True
The term vitamin comes from vita (necessary for life), and amine (a type of nitrogen-containing substance)
True
To reduce the risk of stroke in patients who cannot tolerate statins, physicians may prescribe megadoses of niacin supplements to reduce the elevated LDL cholesterol level in their blood.
True
Use of calcium supplements has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
True
Vitamin A is involved in production of white blood cells
True
Vitamin E is involved in maintaining immune system function
True
When a person consumes a large amount of coffee, tea, and/or soft drinks, the caffeine in these beverages acts as a diuretic and increases urine output
True
Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of _____, the precursor of niacin.
Tryptophan
Compared to other water-soluble vitamins, the body can store large amounts of
Vitamin B-12
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb
Vitamin B-12
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin B-12
Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?
Vitamin B-12 injections
Which of the following vitamins is important in protein metabolism as a component of PLP?
Vitamin B-6
Which of the following vitamins is most important as an antioxidant?
Vitamin C
According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following vitamins is a "nutrient of public health concern" in the United States?
Vitamin D
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin D
Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT
Vitamin E
____ are fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins K, D, and A
Which of the following is NOT true about water?
Water is necessary for immune function
Which of the following is NOT a good source of thiamin?
Watermelon
Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?
Zinc
A common role of B vitamins is that they
are important in energy metabolism as part of coenzymes
The riboflavin deficiency disease is known as
ariboflavinosis
Sodium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT
energy metabolism
The form of vitamin D found in plant foods is called
ergocalciferol
Charcoal-broiled meats may be a source of ________
heterocyclic amines
Calcitonin ________
is secreted when blood levels of calcium are too high
When cooking green beans, Javier likes to add baking soda to the cooking water because it keeps the beans from turning olive green. As a result of this practice, Javier's green beans have ________ than green beans cooked in plain water.
less vitamin C
In the body, vitamin A helps
maintain epithelial cells
Routine vitamin C supplementation
may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so
Adding a small amount of _____ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.
olive oil
The liver needs vitamin K to _____
synthesize prothrombin
Phosphorus is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT
transmission of nerve impulses
Sanako follows an exclusively plant-based diet. Based on this information, Sanako is at the greatest risk for a ________ deficiency.
vitamin B-12