Diabetes and Hypoglycemia ( book questions) Unit 6
A patient recently diagnosed as having hypoglycemia says, "Hypoglycemia! I can't live with that. My neighbor, Joseph, had that and he acted crazy!" Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
"Hypoglycemia has been successfully treated by diet modifications."
A patient newly diagnosed with diabetes is learning to administer his injections of NPH and regular insulin. Which statement indicates that the patient understands the nurse's teaching regarding proper insulin administration?
"I will draw up the regular insulin before the NPH."
Blood sugar is well controlled when Hemoglobin A1C is: a. Below 7% b. Between 12%-15% c. Less than 180 mg/dL d. Between 90 and 130 mg/dL
A- below 7% A1c measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated and determines average blood glucose during the 2 to 3 months prior to testing. Used as a diagnostic tool, A1C levels of 6.5% or higher on two tests indicate diabetes. A1C of 6% to 6.5% is considered prediabetes.
6) Insulin promotes following processes in the liver? A. Glycogenesis B. Glycogenolysis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Gycolysis
A. Glycogenesis
Which of the following factors are risks for the development of diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.) a. Age over 45 years b. Overweight with a waist/hip ratio >1 c. Having a consistent HDL level above 40 mg/dl d. Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle
Age over 45 years Overweight with a waist/hip ratio >1 Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle Aging results in reduced ability of beta cells to respond with insulin effectively. Overweight with waist/hip ratio increase is part of the metabolic syndrome of DM II. There is an increase in atherosclerosis with DM due to the metabolic syndrome and sedentary lifestyle
9) A patient with type 2 diabetes has sensory neuropathy of the feet and legs and peripheral vascular disease evidenced by decreased peripheral pulses and dependent rubor. The nurse teaches the patient that a. the feet should be soaked in warm water on a daily basis. b. flat-soled leather shoes are the best choice to protect the feet from injury. c. heating pads should always be set at a very low temperature. d. over-the-counter (OTC) callus remover may be used to remove callus and prevent pressure.
B-Rationale: The patient is taught to avoid high heels and that leather shoes are preferred. The feet should be washed, but not soaked, in warm water daily. Heating pad use should be avoided. Commercial callus and corn removers should be avoided; the patient should see a specialist to treat these problems.
The lowest fasting plasma glucose level suggestive of a diagnosis of DM is: A. 90mg/dl B. 115mg/dl C. 126mg/dl D. 180mg/dl
B. 126mg/dl
15) A clinical feature that distinguishes a hypoglycemic reaction from a ketoacidosis reaction is: A. Blurred vision B. Diaphoresis C. Nausea D. Weakness
B. Diaphoresis
20) Rotation sites for insulin injection should be separated from one another by 2.5 cm (1 inch) and should be used only every: A. Third day
C. 2-3 weeks To prevent lipodystrophy.
The nursing assistant tells you that a known diabetic patient has a blood glucose level of 60 mg/dL. What symptoms would the nurse be most likely to observe with this glucose level?
Confusion, tremulousness, pallor, sweating, and ketoacidosis
A patient screened for diabetes at a clinic has a fasting plasma glucose level of 120 mg/dl (6.7 mmol/L). The nurse will plan to teach the patient about a. use of low doses of regular insulin. b. self-monitoring of blood glucose. c. oral hypoglycemic medications. d. maintenance of a healthy weight.
D-Rationale: The patient's impaired fasting glucose indicates pre-diabetes and the patient should be counseled about LIFESTYLE CHANGES to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. The patient with prediabetes does not require insulin or the oral hypoglycemics for glucose control and does not need to self-monitor blood glucose.
During a routine checkup, the healthcare provider tells the diabetic patient that tests results reveal microalbuminuria. Which long-term complication is specific to this test result?
Nephropathy
Diabetes mellitus is best defined as a(n):
disturbance in utilization of glucose.
A 28-year-old primigravida with gestational diabetes visits the clinic at 16 weeks' gestation. Which statement indicates she understands the health teaching regarding her insulin needs during pregnancy?
"Changes in my hormones will make my body more resistant to insulin, so I will need more insulin as my pregnancy goes on."
18) A bedtime snack is provided for Albert. This is based on the knowledge that intermediate-acting insulins are effective for an approximate duration of: a. 6-8 hours b. 10-14 hours c. 16-20 hours d. 24-28 hour
16-20 hours
16) The nurse expects that a type 1 diabetic may receive ____ of his or her morning dose of insulin preoperatively: a. 10-20% b. 25-40% c. 50-60% d. 85-90%
50-60%
A patient using a split mixed-dose insulin regimen asks the nurse about the use of intensive insulin therapy to achieve tighter glucose control. The nurse should teach the patient that a. intensive insulin therapy requires three or more injections a day in addition to an injection of a basal long-acting insulin. b. intensive insulin therapy is indicated only for newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics who have never experienced ketoacidosis. c. studies have shown that intensive insulin therapy is most effective in preventing the macrovascular complications characteristic of type 2 diabetes. d. an insulin pump provides the best glucose control and requires about the same amount of attention as intensive insulin therapy.
A Rationale: Patients using intensive insulin therapy must check their glucose level four to six times daily and administer insulin accordingly. A previous episode of ketoacidosis is not a contraindication for intensive insulin therapy. Intensive insulin therapy is not confined to type 2 diabetics and would prevent microvascular changes as well as macrovascular changes. Intensive insulin therapy and an insulin pump are comparable in glucose control.
4) A 63-year-old patient is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. When developing an education plan, the nurse's first action should be to a. assess the patient's perception of what it means to have type 2 diabetes. b. demonstrate how to check glucose using capillary blood glucose monitoring. c. ask the patient's family to participate in the diabetes education program. d. discuss the need for the patient to actively participate in diabetes management
A Rationale: Before planning education, the nurse should assess the patient's interest in and ability to self-manage the diabetes. After assessing the patient, the other nursing actions may be appropriate, but planning needs to be individualized to each patient.
1) Amitriptyline (Elavil) is prescribed for a diabetic patient with peripheral neuropathy who has burning foot pain occurring mostly at night. Which information should the nurse include when teaching the patient about the new medication? a. Amitriptyline will help prevent the transmission of pain impulses to the brain. b. Amitriptyline will improve sleep and make you less aware of nighttime pain. c. Amitriptyline will decrease the depression caused by the pain. d. Amitriptyline will correct some of the blood vessel changes that cause pain.
A Rationale: Tricyclic antidepressants decrease the transmission of pain impulses to the spinal cord and brain. Tricyclics also improve sleep quality and are used for depression, but that is not the major purpose for their use in diabetic neuropathy. The blood vessel changes that contribute to neuropathy are not affected by tricyclics.
8) A patient with type 2 diabetes that is controlled with diet and metformin (Glucophage) also has severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). During an acute exacerbation of the patient's arthritis, the health care provider prescribes prednisone (Deltasone) to control inflammation. The nurse will anticipate that the patient may a. require administration of insulin while taking prednisone. b. develop acute hypoglycemia during the RA exacerbation. c. have rashes caused by metformin-prednisone interactions. d. need a diet higher in calories while receiving prednisone.
A-Rationale: Glucose levels increase when patients are taking CORTICOsteroids, and insulin may be required to control blood glucose. Hypoglycemia is not a complication of RA exacerbation or prednisone use. Rashes are not an adverse effect caused by taking metformin and prednisone simultaneously. The patient is likely to have an increased appetite when taking prednisone, but it will be important to avoid weight gain for the patient with RA.
9) Cardiac monitoring is initiated for a patient in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse recognizes that this measure is important to identify a. electrocardiographic (ECG) changes and dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia. b. fluid overload resulting from aggressive fluid replacement. c. the presence of hypovolemic shock related to osmotic diuresis. d. cardiovascular collapse resulting from the effects of hyperglycemia.
A-Rationale: The hypokalemia associated with metabolic acidosis can lead to potentially fatal dysrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, which would be detected with ECG monitoring. Fluid overload, hypovolemia, and cardiovascular collapse are possible complications of DKA, but cardiac monitoring would not detect theses.
8) A patient with type 1 diabetes has been using self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) as part of diabetes management. During evaluation of the patient's technique of SMBG, the nurse identifies a need for additional teaching when the patient a. chooses a puncture site in the center of the finger pad. b. washes the puncture site using soap and water. c. says the result of 130 mg indicates good blood sugar control. d. hangs the arm down for a minute before puncturing the site.
A-Rationale: The patient is taught to choose a puncture site at the side of the finger pad. The other patient actions indicate that teaching has been effective.
11) While hospitalized and recovering from an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis, the patient calls the nurse and reports feeling anxious, nervous, and sweaty. Based on the patient's report, the nurse should a. obtain a glucose reading using a finger stick. b. administer 1 mg glucagon subcutaneously. c. have the patient eat a candy bar. d. have the patient drink 4 ounces of orange juice
A-Rationale: The patient's clinical manifestations are consistent with hypoglycemia and the initial action should be to check the patient's glucose with a finger stick or order a stat blood glucose. If the glucose is low, the patient should ingest a rapid-acting carbohydrate, such as orange juice. Glucagon might be given if the patient's symptoms become worse or if the patient is unconscious. Candy bars contain fat, which would slow down the absorption of sugar and delay the response to treatment.
10) When assessing the patient experiencing the onset of symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which question should the nurse ask? a. "Have you lost any weight lately?" b. "Do you crave fluids containing sugar?" c. "How long have you felt anorexic?" d. "Is your urine unusually dark-colored?"
A-Rationale: Weight loss occurs because the body is no longer able to absorb glucose and starts to break down protein and fat for energy. The patient is thirsty but does not necessarily crave sugar- containing fluids. Increased appetite is a classic symptom of type 1 diabetes. With the classic symptom of polyuria, urine will be very dilute.
When a client learned that the symptoms of diabetes were caused by high levels of blood glucose the client decided to stop eating carbohydrates. In this instance, the nurse would be concerned that the client would develop what complication? a. acidosis b. atherosclerosis c. glycosuria d. retinopathy
A-When a client's carbohydrate consumption is inadequate ketones are produced from the breakdown of fat. These ketones lower the pH of the blood, potentially causing acidosis that can lead to a diabetic coma.
13) A client has recently been diagnosed with Type I diabetes and asks the nurse for help formulating a nutrition plan. Which of the following recommendations would the nurse make to help the client increase calorie consumption to offset absorption problems? a. Eating small meals with two or three snacks may be more helpful in maintaining blood glucose levels than three large meals. b. Eat small meals with two or three snacks throughout the day to keep blood glucose levels steady c. Increase consumption of simple carbohydrates d. Skip meals to help lose weight
A. Eating small meals with two or three snacks may be more helpful in maintaining blood glucose levels than three large meals.
14) Clinical manifestations associated with a diagnosis of type 1 DM include all of the following except: A. Hypoglycemia B. Hyponatremia C. Ketonuria D. Polyphagia
A. Hypoglycemia
1. The nurse is educating a pregnant client who has gestational diabetes. Which of the following statements should the nurse make to the client? Select all that apply. a. Cakes, candies, cookies, and regular soft drinks should be avoided. b. Gestational diabetes increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes later in life. c. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the baby is born. d. Insulin injections may be necessary. e. The baby will likely be born with diabetes f. The mother should strive to gain no more weight during the pregnancy.
ANS: A, B, C, D Gestational diabetes can occur between the 16th and 28th week of pregnancy. If not responsive to diet and exercise, insulin injections may be necessary. Concentrated sugars should be avoided. Weight gain should continue, but not in excessive amounts. Usually, gestational diabetes disappears after the infant is born. However, diabetes can develop 5 to 10 years after the pregnancy.
Which of the following persons would most likely be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus? A 44-year-old: a. Caucasian woman. b. Asian woman. c. African-American woman. d. Hispanic male.
African-American woman. Age-specific prevalence of diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) is higher for African-Americans and Hispanics than for Caucasians. Among those younger than 75, black women had the highest incidence.
1) You are doing some teaching with a client who is starting on a sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent. The client mentions that he usually has a couple of beers each night and takes an aspirin each day to prevent heart attack and/or strokes. Which of the following responses would be best on the part of the nurse? a. As long as you only drink two beers and take one aspirin, this should not be a problem b. The aspirin is alright but you need to give up drinking any alcoholic beverages c. Aspirin and alcohol will cause the stomach to bleed more when on a sulfonylurea drug d. Taking alcohol and/or aspirin with a sulfonylurea drug can cause development of hypoglycemia D. Taking alcohol and/or aspirin with a sulfonylurea drug can cause development of hypoglycemia
Alcohol and/or aspirin taken with a sulfonylurea can cause development of hypoglycemia.
7) Knowing that gluconeogenesis helps to maintain blood levels, a nurse should: A. Document weight changes because of fatty acid mobilization B. Evaluate the patient's sensitivity to low room temperatures because of decreased adipose tissue insulation C. Protect the patient from sources of infection because of decreased cellular protein deposits D. All of the above
All of the above
The nursing assistant informs the nurse that the diabetic patient's blood glucose reading is 750 mg/dL. What is the nurse's priority action?
Assess the patient for responsiveness and ketoacidosis
4) A newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patient likes to run 3 miles several mornings a week. Which teaching will the nurse implement about exercise for this patient? a. "You should not take the morning NPH insulin before you run." b. "Plan to eat breakfast about an hour before your run." c. "Afternoon running is less likely to cause hypoglycemia." d. "You may want to run a little farther if your glucose is very high."
B Rationale: Blood sugar increases after meals, so this will be the best time to exercise. NPH insulin will not peak until mid-afternoon and is safe to take before a morning run. Running can be done in either the morning or afternoon. If the glucose is very elevated, the patient should postpone the run.
7) A patient with type 1 diabetes who uses glargine (Lantus) and lispro (Humalog) insulin develops a sore throat, cough, and fever. When the patient calls the clinic to report the symptoms and a blood glucose level of 210 mg/dl, the nurse advises the patient to a. use only the lispro insulin until the symptoms of infection are resolved. b. monitor blood glucose every 4 hours and notify the clinic if it continues to rise. c. decrease intake of carbohydrates until glycosylated hemoglobin is less than 7%. d. limit intake to non-calorie-containing liquids until the glucose is within the usual range.
B-Rationale: Infection and other stressors increase blood glucose levels and the patient will need to test blood glucose frequently, treat elevations appropriately with insulin, and call the health care provider if glucose levels continue to be elevated. Discontinuing the glargine will contribute to hyperglycemia and may lead to DKA. Decreasing carbohydrate or caloric intake is not appropriate as the patient will need more calories when ill. Glycosylated hemoglobins are not used to test for short-term alterations in blood glucose.
A diabetic patient is started on intensive insulin therapy. The nurse will plan to teach the patient about mealtime coverage using _____ insulin. a. NPH b. lispro c. detemir d. glargine
B-Rationale: Rapid or short acting insulin is used for mealtime coverage for patients receiving intensive insulin therapy. NPH, glargine, or detemir will be used as the basal insulin.
7) A patient with type 2 diabetes is scheduled for an outpatient coronary arteriogram. Which information obtained by the nurse when admitting the patient indicates a need for a change in the patient's regimen? a. The patient's most recent hemoglobin A1C was 6%. b. The patient takes metformin (Glucophage) every morning. c. The patient uses captopril (Capoten) for hypertension. d. The patient's admission blood glucose is 128 mg/dl.
B-Rationale: To avoid lactic acidosis, metformin should not be used for 48 hours after IV contrast media are administered. The other patient data indicate that the patient is managing the diabetes appropriately.
1) Which of the following things must the nurse working with diabetic clients keep in mind about Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)? A. This syndrome occurs mainly in people with Type I Diabetes B. It has a higher mortality rate than Diabetic Ketoacidosis C. The client with HHNS is in a state of overhydration D. This condition develops very rapidly
B. It has a higher mortality rate than Diabetic Ketoacidosis. HHNS occurs only in people with Type II Diabetes. It is a medical emergency and has a higher mortality rate than Diabetic Ketoacidosis. This condition develops very slowly over hours or days.
4) Insulin is released by what type of cells in the pancreas? A. Beta cells B. Alpha cells C. Beta and alpha cells
Beta cells
Which of the following diabetes drugs acts by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver? a. Sulfonylureas b. Meglitinides c. Biguanides d. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors c. Biguanides
Biguanides, such as metformin, lower blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors block the breakdown of starches and some sugars, which helps to reduce blood glucose levels
A patient has just been diagnosed with diabetes and is admitted for insulin regulation. He asks the nurse, "Why do I need to be stuck so many times a day?" Which statement best explains the rationale for the frequent checks of his blood glucose level?
Blood glucose levels are checked so that your insulin doses can be adjusted."
5) A patient who has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is 5 ft 4 in (160 cm) tall and weighs 182 pounds (82 kg). A nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements is developed. Which patient outcome is most important for this patient? a. The patient will have a diet and exercise plan that results in weight loss. b. The patient will state the reasons for eliminating simple sugars in the diet. c. The patient will have a glycosylated hemoglobin level of less than 7%. d. The patient will choose a diet that distributes calories throughout the day.
C Rationale: The complications of diabetes are related to elevated blood glucose, and the most important patient outcome is the reduction of glucose to near-normal levels. The other outcomes are also appropriate but are not as high in priority.
3) A diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNC) is made for a patient with type 2 diabetes who is brought to the emergency department in an unresponsive state. The nurse will anticipate the need to a. administer glargine (Lantus) insulin. b. initiate oxygen by nasal cannula. c. insert a large-bore IV catheter. d. give 50% dextrose as a bolus.
C-Rationale: HHNC is initially treated with large volumes of IV fluids to correct hypovolemia. Regular insulin is administered, not a long-acting insulin. There is no indication that the patient requires oxygen. Dextrose solutions will increase the patient's blood glucose and would be contraindicated.
12) A type 1 diabetic patient who was admitted with severe hypoglycemia and treated tells the nurse, "I did not have any of the usual symptoms of hypoglycemia." Which question by the nurse will help identify a possible reason for the patient's hypoglycemic unawareness? a. "Do you use any calcium-channel blocking drugs for blood pressure?" b. "Have you observed any recent skin changes?" c. "Do you notice any bloating feeling after eating?" d. "Have you noticed any painful new ulcerations or sores on your feet?"
C-Rationale: Hypoglycemic unawareness is caused by autonomic neuropathy, which would also cause delayed gastric emptying. Calcium-channel blockers are not associated with hypoglycemic unawareness, although -adrenergic blockers can prevent patients from having symptoms of hypoglycemia. Skin changes can occur with diabetes, but these are not associated with autonomic neuropathy. If the patient can feel painful areas on the feet, neuropathy has not occurred.
1) The nurse is working with an overweight client who has a high-stress job and smokes. This client has just received a diagnosis of Type II Diabetes and has just been started on an oral hypoglycemic agent. Which of the following goals for the client which if met, would be most likely to lead to an improvement in insulin efficiency to the point the client would no longer require oral hypoglycemic agents? a. Comply with medication regimen 100% for 6 months b. Quit the use of any tobacco products by the end of three months c. Lose a pound a week until weight is in normal range for height and exercise 30 minutes daily d. Practice relaxation techniques for at least five minutes five times a day for at least five months
C. Lose a pound a week until weight is in normal range for height and exercise 30 minutes daily When type II diabetics lose weight through diet and exercise they sometimes have an improvement in insulin efficiency sufficient to the degree they no longer require oral hypoglycemic agents.
2) Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include all of the following except: a. Advanced age b. Obesity c. Smoking d. Physical inactivity
C: smoking. Additional risk factors for type 2 diabetes are a family history of diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, history of gestational diabetes, and race/ethnicity. African-Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans are at greater risk of developing diabetes than whites.
A patient with type 1 diabetes has received diet instruction as part of the treatment plan. The nurse determines a need for additional instruction when the patient says, a. "I may have an occasional alcoholic drink if I include it in my meal plan." b. "I will need a bedtime snack because I take an evening dose of NPH insulin." c. "I will eat meals as scheduled, even if I am not hungry, to prevent hypoglycemia." d. "I may eat whatever I want, as long as I use enough insulin to cover the calories."
D Rationale: Most patients with type 1 diabetes need to plan diet choices very carefully. Patients who are using intensified insulin therapy have considerable flexibility in diet choices but still should restrict dietary intake of items such as fat, protein, and alcohol. The other patient statements are correct and indicate good understanding of the diet instruction.
A hospitalized diabetic patient receives 12 U of regular insulin mixed with 34 U of NPH insulin at 7:00 AM. The patient is away from the nursing unit for diagnostic testing at noon, when lunch trays are distributed. The most appropriate action by the nurse is to a. save the lunch tray to be provided upon the patient's return to the unit. b. call the diagnostic testing area and ask that a 5% dextrose IV be started. c. ensure that the patient drinks a glass of milk or orange juice at noon in the diagnostic testing area. d. request that the patient be returned to the unit to eat lunch if testing will not be completed promptly.
D-Rationale: Consistency for mealtimes assists with regulation of blood glucose, so the best option is for the patient to have lunch at the usual time. Waiting to eat until after the procedure is likely to cause hypoglycemia. Administration of an IV solution is unnecessarily invasive for the patient. A glass of milk or juice will keep the patient from becoming hypoglycemic but will cause a rapid rise in blood glucose because of the rapid absorption of the simple carbohydrate in these items.
2) A program of weight loss and exercise is recommended for a patient with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). When teaching the patient about the reason for these lifestyle changes, the nurse will tell the patient that a. the high insulin levels associated with this syndrome damage the lining of blood vessels, leading to vascular disease. b. although the fasting plasma glucose levels do not currently indicate diabetes, the glycosylated hemoglobin will be elevated. c. the liver is producing excessive glucose, which will eventually exhaust the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin, and exercise will normalize glucose production. d. the onset of diabetes and the associated cardiovascular risks can be delayed or prevented by weight loss and exercise.
D-Rationale: The patient with IFG is at risk for developing type 2 diabetes, but this risk can be decreased with lifestyle changes. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels will not be elevated in IFG and the Hb A1C test is not included in prediabetes testing. Elevated insulin levels do not cause the damage to blood vessels that can occur with IFG. The liver does not produce increased levels of glucose in IFG
2) When taking a health history, the nurse screens for manifestations suggestive of diabetes type I. Which of the following manifestations are considered the primary manifestations of diabetes type I and would be most suggestive of diabetes type I and require follow-up investigation? a. Excessive intake of calories, rapid weight gain, and difficulty losing weight b. Poor circulation, wound healing, and leg ulcers, c. Lack of energy, weight gain, and depression d. An increase in three areas: thirst, intake of fluids, and hunger
D. An increase in three areas: thirst, intake of fluids, and hunger. The primary manifestations of diabetes type I are polyuria (increased urine output), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger).
The nurse teaches the diabetic patient who rides a bicycle to work every day to administer morning insulin into the a. thigh. b. buttock. c. arm. d. abdomen.
D. Rationale: Patients should be taught not to administer insulin into a site that will be exercised because exercise will increase the rate of absorption. The thigh, buttock, and arm are all exercised by riding a bicycle.
5) What is the key role of the kidney in glucose regulation? A. Production of insulin B. Reabsorption of glucagon C. Production of glucose D. Reabsorption of glucose
D. Reabsorption of glucose
An external insulin pump is prescribed for a client with diabetes mellitus and the client asks the nurse about the functioning of the pump. The nurse bases the response on the information that the pump: a) is timed to release programmed doses of regular or NPH insulin into the bloodstream at specific intervals b) continuously infuses small amounts of NPH insulin into the bloodstream while regularly monitoring blood glucose levels c) is surgically attached to the pancreas and infuses regular insulin into the pancreas, which in turn releases the insulin into the bloodstream d) gives a small continuously dose of regular insulin subcutaneously, and the client can self-administer a bolus with an additional dose form the pump before each meal
D.) gives a small continuously dose of regular insulin subcutaneously, and the client can self-administer a bolus with an additional dose form the pump before each meal . An insulin pump provides a small continuous dose of regular insulin subcutaneously throughout the day and night, and the client can self-administer a bolus with an additional dose from the pump before each meal as needed. Regular insulin is used in an insulin pump. An external pump is not attached surgically to the pancreas.
Prediabetes is associated with all of the following except: a. Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes b. Impaired glucose tolerance c. Increased risk of heart disease and stroke d. Increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes
D: Increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Persons with elevated glucose levels that do not yet meet the criteria for diabetes are considered to have prediabetes and are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Weight loss and increasing physical activity can help people with prediabetes prevent or postpone the onset of type 2 diabetes.
A patient newly diagnosed with diabetes is given diet instructions. What should the nurse do to effectively motivate the patient to comply with dietary recommendations?
Emphasize good food choices Apply diet prescriptions to patient preferred foods Focus on the benefits of diet compliance Involve meal preparers in diet teaching
A 50 y.o. woman was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and desires to start a healthy lifestyle to control her disease. What is the initial recommendation that the nurse should make?
Ensure Adequate Glucose Control
A 30 y.o. woman is admitted for urinary tract infection. A urinalysis reveals presence of ketones, glucose, and nitrates. Which question would the nurse ask to further assess possible diabetes mellitus?
Have you been thirstier than usual? DO you find you urinate more now?
Which laboratory test is best used to determine level of compliancy in the patient with diabetes mellitus?
Hb A1c
A patient with diabetes phones the clinic stating, "I have a terrible cold and I don't know what to do about taking my insulin." Regarding her insulin needs, what should be included in the information given to this patient?
Infections cause alterations and increase insulin needs, so she should check her blood glucose levels and urine ketones at least every 4 hours.
5) Client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus has been stabilized with daily insulin injections. A nurse prepares a discharge teaching plan regarding the insulin and plans to reinforce which of the following concepts? a) always keep insulin vials refrigerated b) ketones in the urine signify a need for less insulin c) increase the amount of insulin before unusual exercise d) systematically rotate insulin injections within one anatomic site d) systematically rotate insulin injections within one anatomic site
Insulin doses should not be adjusted nor increased before unusual exercise. If ketones are found in the urine, it possibly may indicate the need for additional insulin. To minimize the discomfort associated with insulin injections, insulin should be administered at room temperature. Injection sites should be rotated systematically within one anatomic site.
Which of these laboratory values noted by the nurse when reviewing the chart of a diabetic patient indicates the need for further assessment of the patient? a. Fasting blood glucose of 130 mg/dl b. Noon blood glucose of 52 mg/dl c. Glycosylated hemoglobin of 6.9% d. Hemoglobin A1C of 5.8%
Noon blood glucose of 52 mg/dl. The nurse should assess the patient with a blood glucose level of 52 mg/dl for symptoms of hypoglycemia, and give the patient some carbohydrate-containing beverage such as orange juice. The other values are within an acceptable range for a diabetic patient.
2) Clinical nursing assessment for a patient with microangiopathy who has manifested impaired peripheral arterial circulation includes all of the following except: a. Integumentary inspection for the presence of brown spots on the lower extremities b. Observation for paleness of the lower extremities c. Observation for blanching of the feet after the legs are elevated for 60 seconds d. Palpation for increased pulse volume in the arteries of the lower extremities
Palpation for increased pulse volume in the arteries of the lower extremities
The nurse is supervising and nursing student who is performing foot care for a diabetic patient. The nurse would intervene if the student:
Places a protective cover between a heating pad and feet and uses the lowest setting
6) A 1200-calorie diet and exercise are prescribed for a patient with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The patient tells the nurse, "I hate to exercise! Can't I just follow the diet to keep my glucose under control?" The nurse teaches the patient that the major purpose of exercise for diabetics is to a. increase energy and sense of well-being, which will help with body image. b. facilitate weight loss, which will decrease peripheral insulin resistance. c. improve cardiovascular endurance, which is important for diabetics. d. set a successful pattern, which will help in making other needed changes. b. facilitate weight loss, which will decrease peripheral insulin resistance.
Rationale: Exercise is essential to decrease insulin resistance and improve blood glucose control. Increased energy, improved cardiovascular endurance, and setting a pattern of success are secondary benefits of exercise, but they are not the major reason.
A patient who is undergoing surgery will have an intravenous solution to which insulin will be added. Which of these types of insulin must be used?
Regular
A patient with diabetes mellitus has been maintained on metformin (Glucophage) for regulation of her blood glucose levels. What should be included in this patient's teaching?
Report changes in voiding patterns.
The home health nurse is visiting an elderly patient who has successfully managed her type 2 diabetes for years. During the visit, the nurse notes that the patient has severe arthritis, poor vision, and several dry, red areas on the lower extremities. What is the priority nursing diagnosis?
Risk for ineffective self-health management related to aging
Which teaching technique would be most useful for the older diabetic patient?
Set a time for the teaching session that is agreeable to the patient Allow time for the patient to jot down important points Repeat key concepts frequently; if the patient doesn't understand, try rephrasing the concept
Which statement generally describes individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
They usually have a lack of insulin.
A patient who works as a personal trainer is diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes. What should the nurse teach regarding self administration of regular insulin?
Use the abdomen as an insulin injection site
A patient with diabetes asks her nurse why she should use a diaphragm for contraception instead of birth control pills. The best explanation for the patient is that:
a diaphragm is noninvasive and will not affect her blood glucose levels.
3) The nurse assisting in the admission of a client with diabetic ketoacidosis will anticipate the physician ordering which of the following types of intravenous solution if the client cannot take fluids orally? A) 0.45% normal saline B)Lactated Ringer's solution C) 0.9 normal saline solution D) 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
a. 0.45% normal saline solution
Which one of the following methods/techniques will the nurse use when giving insulin to a thin person? A.Pinch the skin up and use a 90 degree angle B. Use a 45 degree angle with the skin pinched up C. Massage the area of injection after injecting the insulin D. Warm the skin with a warmed towel or washcloth prior to the injection
a. Pinch the skin up and use a 90 degree angle. The best angle for a thin person is 90 degrees with the skin pinched up. The area is not massaged and it is not necessary to warm it.
A patient with diabetes is taking Lantus insulin. The nurse is aware that this insulin will most likely be administered:
at night
17) Albert, a 35-year-old insulin dependent diabetic, is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia. He has been febrile since admission. His daily insulin requirement is 24 units of NPH. Every morning Albert is given NPH insulin at 0730. Meals are served at 0830, 1230, and 1830. The nurse expects that the NPH insulin will reach its maximum effect (peak) between the hours of: A. 1130 and 1330 b. 1330 and 1930 c. 1530 and 2130 d. 1730 and 2330
b. 1330 and 1930
1) The goal for pre-prandial blood glucose for those with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is: a. <80 mg/dl b. < 130 mg/dl c. <180 mg/dl d. <6%
b. < 130 mg/dl
The guidelines for Carbohydrate Counting as medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus includes all of the following EXCEPT: a.Flexibility in types and amounts of foods consumed b. Unlimited intake of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol c. Including adequate servings of fruits, vegetables and the dairy group d. Applicable to with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus
b. Unlimited intake of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol
In discussing diabetes mellitus with a patient, it is important to base the discussion on the fact that diabetes mellitus:
can often be controlled by diet and regular exercise.
When working in the community, the nurse will recommend routine screening for diabetes when the person has one or more of seven risk criteria. Which of the following persons that the nurse comes in contact with most needs to be screened for diabetes based on the seven risk criteria? a. A woman who is at 90% of standard body weight after delivering an eight-pound baby b. A middle-aged Caucasian male c. An older client who is hypotensive d. A client with an HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg/dl and a triglyceride level of 300 mg/dl
d. A client with an HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg/dl and a triglyceride level of 300 mg/dl. The seven risk criteria include: greater than 120% of standard body weight, Certain races but not including Caucasian, delivery of a baby weighing more than 9 pounds or a diagnosis of gestational diabetes, hypertensive, HDL greater than 35 mg/dl or triglyceride level greater than 250 or a triglyceride level of greater than 250 mg/dl, and, lastly, impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose on prior testing.
The nurse working in the physician's office is reviewing lab results on the clients seen that day. One of the clients who has classic diabetic symptoms had an eight-hour fasting plasma glucose test done. The nurse realizes that diagnostic criteria developed by the American Diabetes Association for diabetes include classic diabetic symptoms plus which of the following fasting plasma glucose levels? a. Greater than 106 mg/dl b. Greater than 126 mg/dl c. Higher than 140 mg/dl d. Higher than 160 mg/dl
d. Higher than 160 mg/dl
3) A frail elderly patient with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been ill with pneumonia. The client's intake has been very poor, and she is admitted to the hospital for observation and management as needed. What is the most likely problem with this patient? a. Insulin resistance has developed. b. Diabetic ketoacidosis is occurring. c. Hypoglycemia unawareness is developing. d. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma
d. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma Illness, especially with the frail elderly patient whose appetite is poor, can result in dehydration and HHNC. Insulin resistance usually is indicated by a daily insulin requirement of 200 units or more. Diabetic ketoacidosis, an acute metabolic condition, usually is caused by absent or markedly decreased amounts of insulin.
6) A college student who has type 1 diabetes normally walks each evening as part of an exercise regimen. The student now plans to take a swimming class every day at 1:00 PM. The clinic nurse teaches the patient to a. delay eating the noon meal until after the swimming class. b. increase the morning dose of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin on days of the swimming class. c. time the morning insulin injection so that the peak occurs while swimming. d. check glucose level before, during, and after swimming.
d. check glucose level before, during, and after swimming. Rationale: The change in exercise will affect blood glucose, and the patient will need to monitor glucose carefully to determine the need for changes in diet and insulin administration. Because exercise tends to decrease blood glucose, patients are advised to eat before exercising. Increasing the morning NPH or timing the insulin to peak during exercise may lead to hypoglycemia, especially with the increased exercise.
A patient with diabetes experiences the Somogyi effect. To prevent this complication, the nurse should instruct the patient to:
eat a protein and carbohydrate snack before retiring.
A patient presents in the emergency room with polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia related to his diabetes. The nurse should expect these symptoms are related to:
hyperglycemia.
A patient is diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus and is started on 22 units of NPH insulin and an 1800-calorie American Diabetic Association (ADA) diet. While the LPN/LVN is teaching the patient that she should have a mid-afternoon snack, the patient asks why that is necessary. The nurse should reply that:
it helps prevent a hypoglycemic reaction.
A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus plays tennis and asks if she will be able to continue with that sport. The LPN/LVN should tell her that:
she can play tennis, but she will need to eat more before she plays.
When teaching a patient with type 1 diabetes about home care, the LPN/LVN assures her that she can recognize the early signs of diabetic ketoacidosis, which are:
thirst, dry mucous membranes, and dry skin.
