diabetes

Which statement describes the "honeymoon period" with regard to insulin?

A time of remission when the body is able to sustain adequate insulin The honeymoon period is a time of remission when the body is able to sustain adequate insulin. This period takes place 3-12 months after the initial insulin treatment begins.

Which statement describes prediabetes?

A type of diabetes that precedes type 2 diabetes Prediabetes is a cause and a predeterminant of type 2 diabetes. When a person has prediabetes, it means that blood sugars are higher than normal but not high enough to be considered diabetes.

Which are predisposing factors for type 2 diabetes?

Age The risk of type 2 diabetes increases as people get older. Out of all the people in the United States with type 2 diabetes, approximately 50% are older than 55. Race There is a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in individuals of African American, Hispanic, and Native American descent. Obesity Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and the prevalence of the disease increases for those who are overweight. Prediabetes Prediabetes is a condition in which a person has elevated blood glucose, but the increased glucose values are not yet high enough to diagnose a person with type 2 diabetes. However, prediabetes is a predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes.

Match the terms to the correct descriptions.

Another name for juvenile diabetes Type 1 diabetes A predisposing factor for type 1 diabetes Family history The hormone needed to regulate blood glucose Insulin A cause of type 1 diabetes No insulin production

Which is associated with an increased risk for developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Increasing stress level Stress is a causative agent of DKA, so the person with diabetes feeling very stressed at work could put the individual at risk of DKA. Stress increases the body's demand for insulin, which is why higher glucose levels can occur with DKA

Which pathophysiologic processes occur in type 1 diabetes?

Insulin deficit occurs With type 1 diabetes, insulin deficit occurs as a result of the lack of insulin production in the body. Beta cells destruction occurs in the pancreas Type 1 diabetes is the result of physiological processes that affect the function of the pancreas in which beta cell destruction results in no insulin production. An autoimmune reaction affects beta cells With type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune reaction may be present, which can result in islet cell autoantibodies destroying pancreatic beta cells.

Place the phases of the autoimmune reaction in the order in which it occurs.

Islet cell autoantibodies destroy beta cells. This creates a reduction of 80%-90% of normal pancreatic functioning. The destroyed beta cells result in a lack of insulin. The lack of insulin means no glucose enters the cells. Without glucose entering the cells, the individual develops hyperglycemia. Once hyperglycemia sets in, there is altered metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

Which person is most at risk for developing hyperosmotic hyperglycemic nonketotic state (HHNS)?

Male who is 65 years old and has type 2 diabetes HHNS/HHS occurs in people who are over 60 years of age and have type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this person is at risk for HHNS.

Which statement describes microangiopathy?

Microangiopathy leads to tissue necrosis Tissue necrosis can result from microangiopathy because the capillary basement membrane becomes thickened and hardened, reducing blood flow.

Which are clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Nausea Nausea (and vomiting) is a clinical manifestation of DKA due to the acidosis and electrolyte imbalance. Polyuria Polyuria (increased urination) is a clinical manifestation of DKA due to the hyperglycemic effect that causes osmotic diuresis. Polydipsia Polydipsia (increased thirst) is a clinical manifestation of DKA due to the hyperglycemic effect that causes dehydration.

Which statement describes the prevalence of type 1 diabetes?

One out of every 500 children is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes Approximately one out of every 400-500 children has type 1 diabetes, which was once called "juvenile diabetes" since it most frequently occurs in children and adolescents. Out of all the people diagnosed with diabetes, type 1 diabetes occurs in approximately 5%.

Which statements describe the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?

Pancreatic islet cells do not function properly After a transient increase of insulin production, pancreatic islet cells experience dysfunction, leading to decreased synthesis of insulin and increased glucagon and glucose synthesis in the liver. Cellular insulin receptors have decreased sensitivity Decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors leads to altered macronutrient metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Which should be avoided as a means to prevent hypoglycemia?

Performing strenuous exercise Strenuous exercise can cause hypoglycemia because it allows glucose to enter the cells too quickly, so it should be avoided. Taking too much exogenous insulin Taking too much exogenous insulin is a risk factor for hypoglycemia and should be avoided. Skipping meals after taking insulin Skipping meals after taking insulin can cause hypoglycemia because it creates a lack of exogenous glucose and should be avoided.

Which degenerative condition is associated with impaired sensation in the form of numbness and tingling in the legs and feet in a person with diabetes?

Peripheral neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy results in impaired sensation such as numbness and tingling, burning pain, or reduced perception of pain.

Which is accurate regarding the two types of neuropathy associated with diabetes?

Peripheral neuropathy affects the sensations in the body Peripheral neuropathy affects the nerves between the brain and the spinal cord, thus affecting sensation and causing impairment such as tingling and numbness. Autonomic neuropathy affects the nerves that handle breathing and digestion Autonomic neuropathy affects and damages the nerves that handle daily functions, such as breathing, digestion, and respiration.

Which is the rationale for the lack of ketones in the urine of a person with hyperosmotic hyperglycemic nonketotic state (HHNS)?

The body still produces enough insulin to stop lipids from breaking down A person with HHNS would test negative for serum and urine ketones. This is because the body produces just enough endogenous (self-made) insulin to prevent the breakdown of lipids and fats.

Which is the effect of autoantibodies in a person with type 1 diabetes?

They destroy pancreatic beta cells Autoimmune reactions, such as islet cell autoantibodies, destroy pancreatic beta cells.

Which are predisposing factors for type 1 diabetes?

Viral infection A viral infection that affects pancreatic beta cells can cause a child to develop type 1 diabetes. Family history Family history is a predisposing factor for type 1 diabetes. Genetic factors Genetic factors, such as abnormalities that affect pancreatic beta cell production, can cause a child to develop type 1 diabetes.

Which is a common clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes?

Weight gain A person with type 2 diabetes is usually overweight or obese.

Which is a clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes?

Weight loss Weight loss is common in a person with type 1 diabetes

Which is considered a classic sign of diabetes?

excessive urine output Excessive urine output, known as polyuria, is a classic sign of diabetes. Other classic signs include polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased appetite).

Match the classic sign of diabetes to its correct description.

increased thirst polydipsia increased appetite polyphagia excessive urine output polyuria