Diagnostic imaging Pendergast
Anything below what hounsfield unit is displayed as black on CT imaging?
-750 HU
Pulse wave imaging can detect velocities up to a maximum of __________ m/s.
1.4 m/s
Radiographs of joints must include which of the following?
1/3 of the bones proximal and distal to the joint — both sides of a joint are important to include to rule out any complications
During an x-ray, a tabletop technique is most commonly used for exotic companion animals, except when the species' girth exceeds which diameter?
10-12 cm
Which of the following KV will produce more scatter and secondary radiation?
110 kV — the higher the KV the higher the scatter and secondary radiation
Which of the following hounsfield units on CT imaging appears as white?
1260 HU
To obtain a dorsopalmar view of the interphalangeal joint what should the primary beam angle be proximal to the distal?
15-20 degrees
To obtain a dorsopalmar view of the fetlock joint of a horse, the primary beam needs to be angled _______ degrees proximal to distal.
20 degrees
How long does it take for barium sulfate to travel from the stomach to the colon?
3 hours
What is the correct temperature for an automatic processor tank that is used to develop x-ray film?
35° C / 95° F
Which of the following frequencies will allow for the deeper level of penetration in ultrasound?
4 MHz — allows for the deepest level of penetration — the higher the frequency the less penetration is achieved — 12 MHz frequency provides the best resolution at shallow depths & 9 MHz will penetrate a little deeper than 12 MHz — 5 MHz penetrates deeper than 9, 12 but 4 MHz provides the deepest penetration
What age does the first radiographic appearance of the crane seen in foals occur?
4-22 weeks
Speed of sound through bone is?
4080 m/s — speed of sound through air is 300 m/s — speed of sound through lung is 600 m/s — speed of sound through muscle is 1600 m/s
Which of the following times show the T1 decay response of the tissues using MRI?
546 ms
What is the half of the radioisotope technetium TC 99m used in nuclear medicine studies ?
6 hours — technetium- 99 is a short-lived form of Tc-99 that is used as a medical diagnostic tool, is also has a short half-life of 6 hrs.
To obtain a flexed dorsoplantar radiographic view of the tarsal joint of a horse, at what angle should the primary beam direction be?
60 degrees — to obtain a flexed dorsoplantar radiographic view of a tarsal joint of a horse
What is the typical kilovoltage present on a dental unit?
70 KV — an 110 KV power outlet is required to operate a dental unit.
Overexposure of film can cause:
A false diagnosis of pneumothorax
What does the term pitch refer to in CT
A ratio between the table movement in mm and the CT since thickness
A CT image is
A three-dimensional image or a matrix of foxes — which includes the third dimension of depth
A CT image is:
A three-dimensional image or a matrix of voxels that includes the third dimension of depth
To obtain a cranicaudal view of the brachioantebrachial joint of a horse, how should the leg be positioned ?
Abducted — to separate the elbow from the thoracic musculature
When obtaining a view of the tympanic bull are of small animals should the center of the image occur?
Above the base of the tongue and just below the palate, approximately at the commissary of the mouth.
When retraining a sedated bird for a lateral x-ray where should the wings be properly taped?
Across the humerus
When obtaining a lateromedial view of the carpus of a horse where should the cassette be held?
Against the medial aspect of the leg
When obtaining a dorsalateral -palmaromedial oblique view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held ?
Against the palmar aspect of the carpus
Where should the cassette be held when obtaining a dorsomedial palmarolateral oblique view of the carpus of a horse?
Against the palmarolateral aspect of the leg
All of the following people are allowed to view individual Dosimetry reports, except:
All team members
Which particles have higher linear energy transfer (LET) witch low penetrability?
Alpha and Beta particles
To obtain a lateral projection of the pelvis which area should be used for measurement?
At the highest level of the trochanter — to obtain a VD froglet projection or extended him projection, the measurement should be taken at the thickest part of the pelvis.
radionuclides are:
Atoms that emit particles and energy to become stable
In horses dorsopalmar view:
Best to evaluate distal radial growth plate for closures
When obtaining a foremen magnum projection of the skulls of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur?
Between the eyes
What is the caudal landmark used when obtaining a lateral x-ray of the pelvis?
Border of the ischium
What does B-mode mean in ultrasounds?
Brightness
For a lateral avian view, where would the left wings and limbs be positioned?
Caudally to the right wings and limbs
What is the topographic landmark for caudal cervical vertebrae?
Center of the spine of the scapula
To obtain a DV view of the abdomen of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused?
Center over the liver
Films that are properly collimated will have which of the following appearances?
Clear, unexposed areas on all four edges of the film of a finished radiograph
Which of the following allows for measure to of very high blood flow velocities in ultrasound?
Continuous Wave ( CW) Doppler — has two different crystals working together, one sends out signal whereas the other receives a signal.
Which of the following allows for measurements of very high blood flow velocities in ultrasound?
Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler
Fluoroscopy uses
Continuous x-ray to obtain images
To obtain a cuadocranial view of the femororbital joint of the horse, the cassette should be placed against which surface?
Cranial aspect
Which of the following best describes tomography?
Cut or section — Tomos= cut or section in Greek
What view is required for the evaluation of the nasal passages of small animals?
Dorsoventral view, lateral view, rostrocaudal view, Open-mouth view
Tetracycline examples
Doxycycline Minocycline
Which of the following is the best view for detecting distal corner fractures?
Flexed lateral view
What causes grid lines on the entire film ?
Focal-film distance not being in the range of the grid's focus
What does MRI require to highlight injections, tumors, or vascular disease?
Gadolinium — a contrast agent
An unoossified carpal or tarsal bone describes which grade level the ossification index for newborn foals ?
Grade 1 — unnossified carpal and tarsal bone Grade 2 — partial ossification of carpal and tarsal bone Grade 3 — all carpal or tarsal bones mineralized Grade 4 — carpal and tarsal bones fully mineralized
What Level of ossification index for newborn foals does a closed metacarpal and metatarsal physes describe?
Grade 4 — closed metacarpal and metatarsal Grade 3 — closed proximal 3rd metalcarpal or metatarsal growth plate Grade 2 — open 3rd metacarpal or metatarsal growth plate
Which of the following should be avoided when manually restraining a bird?
Grasping the patient around the neck
With what type of diet should oral tetracyclines not be administered?
High calcium. — calcium will chelate tetracycline decreasing absorption, informs Os not to hide in cheese
Which of the following is not considered a key radiographic feature of carpal or tarsal bone immaturity?
Increased calcification — tarsal bone immaturity includes: poor calcification, increased number of visible vascular canals causing increased porosity, abnormally tapered profile, and one or more fringed margins
What does TCG or Time Gain Compensation allow on the ultrasound machine?
It allows adjustment of the gain at various depths
Rads are measured in units of:
KV and mA
When obtaining an x-ray of a vomiting patient, which position is ideal?
Left lateral recumbency — is ideal because gas is moved to the pyloric antrum and can potentially highlight a foreign body. — R lateral can be used but not ideal because of overlying bowl gas moved to the anterior portion of the stomach — DV & VD area a challenge due to the overlying bowl gas as well as the possible risk of aspiration of vomit
Which of the following causes a black irregular border on one end of the film?
Light exposure while still in the box in advance of exposure
The term oblique is used in reference to which of the following?
Limbs
What type of contrast is desired for radiographs of the abdomen and how can it be achieved ?
Low, use a high kvp technique
The amount of radioisotope used for each examination in a nuclear medicine study is measured in which of the following units?
MCI
ultrsound is measured in unit of :
MHZ
For digital radiography, what does the postprocessing step of image manipulation allow?
Magnification, rotation, and contrast adjustment
To obtain a CdCr projection of the humerus of small animals, where should the measurement be taken?
Measure from the table to the midshaft humerus
To obtain a lateromedial view of the femorotibial joint of the horse the cassette should be placed again which surface?
Medial aspect
Contrast that is used for GI studies when contrast is suspected?
Meglumine diatrizoate and Sodium diatrizoate are used together as a water soluble organic iodide solution
To perform an ultrasound in the intercostal region, which transducer would be ideal?
Microconvex probe
When obtaining a VD projection of the skull of small animals where should the centering of the image occur?
Midway between the tip of the nose and just caudal to the occipital protuberance at the base
What is an essential factor when using a nonescreen film to X-ray a snake ?
Movement needs to be minimal
What position should the cassette be placed for the lateromedial view of the tarsal joint?
On the medial surface
The only dental radiographic view that can be made with a true parallel technique is:
Parallel mandibular view
Which of the following is the correct order to process dental film?
Passed through the developer, wash, fixer, then the wash again
To decrease magnification of an x-ray, which of the following would help?
Patients are positioned as close to the x-ray cassette as possible — to increase magnification the patient should be positioned as close the the X-ray cassette as possible
Which of the following correctly defines the term shims in reference to MRI?
Pieces or plates of metal used to correct the magnetic field within the magnet
Hypoechoic
Pixels appear as being dark gray
Hyperechoic
Pixels appear as bright gray
The term hypoechoic means:
Pixels as being dark grey
What is the difference between color Doppler and power Doppler ultrasound?
Power Doppler is sensitive to slow flow and color Doppler indicates direction of flow
What is the amount used to express the douse equivalent that results from exposure to ionizing radiation known as?
REM — Roentgen equivalent man (REM) is the amount used to express the dose equivalent that results from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Distance, time, and shielding are considered the three cardinal rules for:
Radiation protection
In dental radiographs, periapical disease appears as a:
Radiolucent area around the apex of the tooth
Ultrasound uses
Sound waves
To obtain a radio graphic image of both temporomandibular joint of a small animal, which of the following is the best position?
Sternal recumbency
To obtain a radiographic image of both temporomandibuar joints of a small animal, which of the following is the best position?
Sternal recumbency
Which of the following is the most common medical magnets?
Superconducting magnets
What is the term used to describe. A magnets field strength ?
Tesla (T) — most common measurement of magnetism and magnetic equivalency — also used by people to describe the magnetic s field strength
When obtaining a radiograph, the thickest part of the area of interest is placed toward what?
The cathode end of the x-ray tube
When using color-flow Doppler in ultrasound, what do the displayed red and blue colors mean?
The colors show blood flow; blue indicates flow away, and red indicates flow toward
When obtaining a VD Rad of the thorax, what is the cranial landmark?
The manubrium
The term hyperechoic means:
The pixels are bright gray (or white)
Which of the following best describes the NyQuils point in ultrasound?
The point at which the maximum blood velocity is reached
For standard radiographs of the tarsus of a horse, which of the following is the correct weight distribution?
The weight should be evenly distributed on all four legs
What happens to crystals within the ultrasound transducer when strong, short electrical pulses strike them?
They vibrate
Which of the following conditions results from uneven development of film?
Uneven chemical levels
What is a concern of exposure creep with the use of digital x-rays?
Unnecessary patient and personnel exposure because of ionizing radiation — can happen w/both analog and digital systems — it is concerning due to digital systems because it is not clearly recognized creating a concern for patient and personnel exposure due to ionizing radiation. — exposure creep is recognized in an analog system but excessive film blackening
When capturing analog radiographs, which of the following descriptions refers to "splitting the plate"?
Using a lead shield on half of the film to prevent exposure and to allow for 2 views to be obtained on the same film.
The part of the control panel on a standard X-Ray machine hat provides Manuel Adjustment of the transformer to allow for inconsistent electrical output is the:
Voltage compensator
Contrast optimization
ability of an imaging system to display thick and thin regions and regions of low and high atomic number suitably in one image
Before imaging the coffin bone in horses, which of the following tasks should be performed in preparation?
all of the above: - hood should be trimmed to the new sole level - the horseshoes need to be removed - the sulcus should be packed with radiolucent material
Which particles have high linear energy transfer (LET) with low penetrability?
alpha particles and beta particles
Which contrast is commonly used for GI studies when perforation is not suspected?
barium sulfate
How does cerebrospinal fluid appear on a true T1- weighted image of MRI?
black
Which of the following types of tissue absorb the most radiation?
bone
IV contrast used with CT imaging will help to view all of the following, except:
bone marrow
In horses the flexed lateral view is most accurate in detecting
carpal fractures and showing fragment mobility.
Which of the following ultrasound artifacts will likely be produced when the sound wave strikes a metal object or pocket of air?
comet tail
For an avian lateral view, where should the dependent limb be placed compared to the contralateral limb?
cranial
In which of the following circumstances should water-soluble organic iodides be avoided?
dehydrated patients — they draw excessive amount of water to the bowel, causing patients to become more dehydrated.
In which of the following circumstances should water soluble organic iodides be avoided?
dehydrated patients — water soluble organic iodides should be avoided in dehydrated patients becuase they draw excessive amounts of water to the bowl causing the patient to become more dehydrated.
in horses lateral view is best for:
evaluating major fracture dislocation and conformational abnormalities
How often should X-ray equipment in a veterinarians office be tested?
every 2 years
Which of the following image receptors is used in dental imaging?
film and phosphor plates
Which of the following is not considered physical restraint
gloved hands
What is the caudal landmark for obtaining an abdominal x-ray in the lateral position?
greater trochanter of femur
What is the term used to describe an area that indicates higher radiation has been emitted in nuclear medicine?
hot spot — an area that shows an indication of higher radiation
The area of interest when obtaining an x-ray should be closest to what?
image receptor
When imaging the lumbosacral vertebrae in the lateral position which of the following should be done to ensure proper exposure?
increase KVP
How is gadolinium that is used in MRI excreted from the body?
kidneys — ensure function of kidneys before administration.
When viewing a lateral radiograph, the cranial part of the animal is in which direction in relation to the illuminator?
left
What does the color blue indicate on nuclear medicine study?
low activity
MRI uses
magnetic fields
To obtain a lateromedial view of the femorotibial joint of the horse, the cassette should be placed against which surface?
medial aspect
Which of the following is the best view of the carpal joint for detecting slab fractures?
medial oblique
Which radiographic view provides the best option for detecting slab fractures in horses?
medial oblique view — best for detecting slab fractures
How does the adjacent bone density appear in fresh carpal chips in horses?
normal
In which imaging modality is technetium 99m used?
nuclear medicine — used for nuclear scintigraphy
Which type of magnet consists of two slabs of magnetic material facing each other?
permanent magnets
Which of the following best describes the term fulcrum ?
point of interest — usually the central point at which a lever rotates — in CT imaging the fulcrum is the point of interest within a patients body.
Fluoroscopy can cause:
radiation burns if too close to skin or long exposure
What is an isotope termed when it is radioactive>
radioisotope
Which element is found within the transducer of an ultrasound machine?
special ceramic crystals material called piezoelectrics
To obtain a caudocranial view of the tibia of a small animal the patient should be in which of the following positions?
sternal recumbency
radionuclides
substances that emit radiation (particles) spontaneously; also called tracers
You are looking at your dental radiograph and notice that the tooth is elongated. This happened because the beam was perpendicular to the:
tooth
A deformity, in which the interior angle of the joint, viewed frontally, is > than 180 degrees is known as what?
valgus deformity
A deformity, in which the interior angle of the joint, viewed frontally, is <180 degrees, is known as what?
varus deformity
