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theory in social science

"'a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that relate to a specific aspect of life"

placement and follow up

A service of school counseling programs with emphasis on educational placements in course and programs.

Stage four: intervention and problem solving

A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered. B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure. C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come. D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

Enlightenment

Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening

relating with others

Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with other people : for example , within the family or workplace

self awareness

Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others

Applied Social Science

Branches of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social science disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and issues. These are utilized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of the society

principle of justice

Concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless there is some acceptable reason for treating them differently

individual counseling

Considers as the core activity through which other activities become meaningful. It is a client -centered process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and client.

client welfare

Counselor's primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients. They are also expected to encourage client's growth.

dual relationships

Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients avoid the exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients. Counselors should not accept as superiors or subordinates clients'.

Career Assistance

Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment assistance to clients.

respecting diversity

Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, marital status and socio economic status.

standards knowledge

Counselors have a responsibility to read, understand, and follow the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice

records

Counselors maintain necessary records for rendering professional services to their clients and as required by laws, regulations, or agency or institution procedures.

professional competence

Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials and appropriate professional experience.

right to privacy

Counselors respect a client's right to privacy and avoid illegal and unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information

groupwork

Counselors screen prospective group counseling / therapy participants to determine those with compatible needs. In group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical or psychological trauma

client rights

Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of the services to be performed and other pertinent information to the client throughout the counseling process. Counselors offer clients the freedom to choose whether to enter into a counseling relationship and determine which professional will provide counseling, except when the client is unable to give consent.

sexual intimacies with clients

Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two years

psychological education

Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behavior

social phenomena

Events, behaviors or trends which take place within society as a result of social influence

problem solving

Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to resolve alone.

Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals

Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process. It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship. Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal. The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals

group counseling and guidance

Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance through group counseling and group guidance.

restitution

Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior

multiple clients

In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to two or more persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of relationship they will have with each other involved person.

clients served by others

In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental health professional, with clients consent, inform the professional person already involved to develop an agreement .

consultation

Information obtained in consulting relationship is discussed for professional purposes only with persons clearly concerned with the case. Before sharing information, counselors make efforts to ensure that there defined policies that effectively protect the confidentiality of information with other agencies serving the counselors clients.

generality

Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and pass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through political engagement

systematic change

Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate

Experential theory

It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change

Pearls - Gestalt therapy

It focuses on the here and now. It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from the outside. The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.

Roger's Person-Centered Theory

It has been described as the "if-then" approach.

research

It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling

referral

It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot provide.

consultation

It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping system improve its service to its clientele.

acquisition of social skills

Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as a maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations, assertiveness, or anger control.

personal needs and values

Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of the clients. Counselors shall be aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior and how these apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their values on clients

self-actualization

Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously conflicting parts of self.

Stage two: assessment and diagnosis

One of the most crucial stages. This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client's condition. It entails analysis of the root causes of problems. The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.

fees

Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly explain the clients all financial arrangements related to professional fees.

Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy

REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.

Berne's Transactional Analysis

Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people. It includes evaluating the "three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person". The fundamental goal is for the client to be "autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy."

individual assessment

Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client ; promotes the client's self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand the client better

branches of social science

Social sciences are divided in order to address the different facets of human life according to different perspectives and fields of study

General Moral Theories

The BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice , drawing on virtues perspective also identified a set of personal qualities that all practitioners should possess: empathy, sincerity, integrity, resilience, respect, humility, competence, fairness, wisdom and courage

self acceptance

The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self- criticism and rejection

step five: termination and follow up

The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.

cognitive change

The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive thought patterns associated with self- destructive behavior

behavior change

The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive patterns of behavior

social science

The study of society and the relationship of individuals to their environment. Disciplines which provide diverse set of lens that help us understand and explain the different facets of human society.

Ethical Principles

These are the ideas that underpin both personal and professional codes.

prevention

This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention using a social - psychological perspective.

Stage one: relationship building

This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the counselling to succeed. This stage involves establishing rapport, promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth, establishing genuine interaction, promote direct mutual communication helping clients understand themselves, helping client focus and slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

Principle of Nonmaleficence

This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm

step six: research and evaluation

This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage. Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation. Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.

goals in counseling

To help the counselee deal with both expressed and latent affect

insight

Understanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties , leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions

research and training

Use of data derived from counseling relationships for purposes of training ,research , or publication is confined to content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity of the individuals involved. Identification of the client involved is permissible only when the client has reviewed the material and has agreed to its presentation or publication

minor incompetent client

When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or guardians may be included in the counseling process as appropriate.

empowerment

Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will enable to client to take control of his or her own life

confrontation and clarification

a form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.

core values

a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that shape the members behavior in their interaction with their clients and other people

free association

a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.

dream analysis

a method to explore unconscious process using dreams

Military Sociology

a sociological study of the military organization

psychological goals

aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and developing positive self - concept.

career counseling

an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes integrating theory and practice

population studies or social demography

analyze demographic data to define, explain, and foresee social phenomena. It also studies social-status composition and population distribution

sociology of education

analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics, economic systems, and culture affects school and educational systems.

Cultural Sociology

analyzes the development of social institutions, norms and practices.

theories

are made in an attempt to explain social phenomena

Assessment and Accountability

assessing the effectiveness of counselor's activities. and an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-supported institutions be held accountable for their actions.

development goals

assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.

remedial goals

assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development

autonomy of individuals

based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of choice. counseling cannot happen unless the client has made a free choice to participate

group and families

counselors clearly define confidentiality and parameters for the specific group being entered, explain its importance, and discuss difficulties related to confidentiality involved in group work. information about one family cannot be disclosed to another member without permission.

Conceptual Ability

counselors have the ability to understand and assess client's problem; to anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember information about the client.

personal beliefs and attitude

counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by client and self

mastery of techniques

counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention

personal soundness

counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.

Openness to learning and inquiry

counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client's backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge

interpersonal skills

counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ; empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality , responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language.

enhancement goals

enhance special skills and abilities.

political sociology

examines how social structure affects and influences politics

public law

examines legal systems, civil rights, and criminal justice

business economics

examines the behavior of companies and firms by studying the factors that result in profit maximization, price setting, production goals, and the role of incentives.

history of medicine and public health

examines the history of public health and human medicine

medical sociology

examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of people

exploratory goals

examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.

applied sociology

focus on the use and proper application of sociological theories, methods and skills to examine data, solve problems and communicate research to the public.

Communications

focuses on how humans use verbal and nonverbal messages to create meaning in various contexts across cultures using a variety of channels and media

Adler's Individual Theory

focuses on the role of cognition is psychological functioning. Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways.

international relations

focuses on the study of political relationship and interactions between and among countries

Labor Economics

focuses on the study of the decision- making and behaviors of employees and the relationships between employers and their employees.

code of ethics

help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the counseling profession.

reinforcement goals

helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine

preventive goals

helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.

cognitive goals

involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills

physiological goals

involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health

child and adolescent counseling

is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that promote optional development.

Environmental History

looks into the history of the interaction of humans with the environment

mental health counseling

manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires patience, humility, kindness and compassion.

behavioural

methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.

group counseling

offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from observing other group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have similar concerns ; members are encouraged to offer help to others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the client's family origin

social work

practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their individual and collective well-being.

Counseling

provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives

marriage and family counseling

refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.

school counseling

refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling's exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.

cognitive

reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on "defeating cognitions". EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES - focus on the client's "affective or emotional domain"

environmental psychology

studies effects of environment on behavior and experience. e.g. crowded situations

Human Geography

studies how people create cultures in their natural environments

Psychology

studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions

political science

studies human behavior in relation to political systems, governments, laws, and international relations.

Physical Anthropology

studies human biological nature, particularly its beginning, evolution, and variation in prehistory

archaelogy

studies human life in the past through the examination of things left behind by the people.

personality psychology

studies human nature and difference among people

Public Administration

studies national and local governance and the bureaucracy

experimental psychology

studies of humans and animals examines how and why learning takes place

comparative politics

studies politics within countries and analyzes the similarities and difference between among countries

domestic politics

studies public opinion, elections, national and local governments

urban sociology

studies societal life interactions in urban areas through the application of sociological methods like statistical analysis and ethnographies

Enviromental Economics

studies the allocation of natural resources

economics

studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods and services in society.

Economic History

studies the development of economic institutions and other economic factors.

Cultural Anthropology

studies the development of human culture based on ethnologic, linguistic, social, and psychological data analysis. It explains how people in other societies live and affects their environments to their respective lives

biographies

studies the history of great persons in history

social history

studies the history of ordinary lives of people like women, children, ethnic groups, and the different sectors of society from historical point of view

political history

studies the history of political institutions.

business history

studies the history of the development of businesses, companies, and industries

Monetary Economics

studies the nation's production, inflation, income, interest rates, and monetary policies

Physical Geography

studies the natural features of the earth, including land, water, and atmosphere

Rural Sociology

studies the social life of people in rural areas

developmental psychology

studies the ways people change and behave as they go through their life

history

systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies

sociology

systematic study of people's behavior in groups

demography

the scientific study of human populations across time

Anthropology

the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time

geography

the study of interaction between people and their environments.

Ability to understand and work within social system

this would be comprised of awareness of family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual orientation, or age group.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces such as unconscious processes. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.


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