DIASS MIDTERM HUHU
theory in social science
"'a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that relate to a specific aspect of life"
placement and follow up
A service of school counseling programs with emphasis on educational placements in course and programs.
Stage four: intervention and problem solving
A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered. B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure. C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come. D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
Enlightenment
Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening
relating with others
Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with other people : for example , within the family or workplace
self awareness
Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others
Applied Social Science
Branches of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social science disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and issues. These are utilized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of the society
principle of justice
Concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless there is some acceptable reason for treating them differently
individual counseling
Considers as the core activity through which other activities become meaningful. It is a client -centered process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and client.
client welfare
Counselor's primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients. They are also expected to encourage client's growth.
dual relationships
Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients avoid the exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients. Counselors should not accept as superiors or subordinates clients'.
Career Assistance
Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment assistance to clients.
respecting diversity
Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, marital status and socio economic status.
standards knowledge
Counselors have a responsibility to read, understand, and follow the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
records
Counselors maintain necessary records for rendering professional services to their clients and as required by laws, regulations, or agency or institution procedures.
professional competence
Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials and appropriate professional experience.
right to privacy
Counselors respect a client's right to privacy and avoid illegal and unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information
groupwork
Counselors screen prospective group counseling / therapy participants to determine those with compatible needs. In group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical or psychological trauma
client rights
Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of the services to be performed and other pertinent information to the client throughout the counseling process. Counselors offer clients the freedom to choose whether to enter into a counseling relationship and determine which professional will provide counseling, except when the client is unable to give consent.
sexual intimacies with clients
Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two years
psychological education
Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behavior
social phenomena
Events, behaviors or trends which take place within society as a result of social influence
problem solving
Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to resolve alone.
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process. It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship. Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal. The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals
group counseling and guidance
Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance through group counseling and group guidance.
restitution
Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior
multiple clients
In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to two or more persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of relationship they will have with each other involved person.
clients served by others
In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental health professional, with clients consent, inform the professional person already involved to develop an agreement .
consultation
Information obtained in consulting relationship is discussed for professional purposes only with persons clearly concerned with the case. Before sharing information, counselors make efforts to ensure that there defined policies that effectively protect the confidentiality of information with other agencies serving the counselors clients.
generality
Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and pass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through political engagement
systematic change
Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate
Experential theory
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change
Pearls - Gestalt therapy
It focuses on the here and now. It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from the outside. The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.
Roger's Person-Centered Theory
It has been described as the "if-then" approach.
research
It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling
referral
It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot provide.
consultation
It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping system improve its service to its clientele.
acquisition of social skills
Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as a maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations, assertiveness, or anger control.
personal needs and values
Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of the clients. Counselors shall be aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior and how these apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their values on clients
self-actualization
Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously conflicting parts of self.
Stage two: assessment and diagnosis
One of the most crucial stages. This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client's condition. It entails analysis of the root causes of problems. The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
fees
Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly explain the clients all financial arrangements related to professional fees.
Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
Berne's Transactional Analysis
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people. It includes evaluating the "three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person". The fundamental goal is for the client to be "autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy."
individual assessment
Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client ; promotes the client's self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand the client better
branches of social science
Social sciences are divided in order to address the different facets of human life according to different perspectives and fields of study
General Moral Theories
The BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice , drawing on virtues perspective also identified a set of personal qualities that all practitioners should possess: empathy, sincerity, integrity, resilience, respect, humility, competence, fairness, wisdom and courage
self acceptance
The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self- criticism and rejection
step five: termination and follow up
The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
cognitive change
The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive thought patterns associated with self- destructive behavior
behavior change
The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive patterns of behavior
social science
The study of society and the relationship of individuals to their environment. Disciplines which provide diverse set of lens that help us understand and explain the different facets of human society.
Ethical Principles
These are the ideas that underpin both personal and professional codes.
prevention
This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention using a social - psychological perspective.
Stage one: relationship building
This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the counselling to succeed. This stage involves establishing rapport, promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth, establishing genuine interaction, promote direct mutual communication helping clients understand themselves, helping client focus and slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.
Principle of Nonmaleficence
This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm
step six: research and evaluation
This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage. Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation. Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.
goals in counseling
To help the counselee deal with both expressed and latent affect
insight
Understanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties , leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions
research and training
Use of data derived from counseling relationships for purposes of training ,research , or publication is confined to content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity of the individuals involved. Identification of the client involved is permissible only when the client has reviewed the material and has agreed to its presentation or publication
minor incompetent client
When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or guardians may be included in the counseling process as appropriate.
empowerment
Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will enable to client to take control of his or her own life
confrontation and clarification
a form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
core values
a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that shape the members behavior in their interaction with their clients and other people
free association
a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.
dream analysis
a method to explore unconscious process using dreams
Military Sociology
a sociological study of the military organization
psychological goals
aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and developing positive self - concept.
career counseling
an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes integrating theory and practice
population studies or social demography
analyze demographic data to define, explain, and foresee social phenomena. It also studies social-status composition and population distribution
sociology of education
analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics, economic systems, and culture affects school and educational systems.
Cultural Sociology
analyzes the development of social institutions, norms and practices.
theories
are made in an attempt to explain social phenomena
Assessment and Accountability
assessing the effectiveness of counselor's activities. and an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-supported institutions be held accountable for their actions.
development goals
assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.
remedial goals
assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
autonomy of individuals
based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of choice. counseling cannot happen unless the client has made a free choice to participate
group and families
counselors clearly define confidentiality and parameters for the specific group being entered, explain its importance, and discuss difficulties related to confidentiality involved in group work. information about one family cannot be disclosed to another member without permission.
Conceptual Ability
counselors have the ability to understand and assess client's problem; to anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember information about the client.
personal beliefs and attitude
counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by client and self
mastery of techniques
counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention
personal soundness
counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
Openness to learning and inquiry
counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client's backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge
interpersonal skills
counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ; empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality , responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language.
enhancement goals
enhance special skills and abilities.
political sociology
examines how social structure affects and influences politics
public law
examines legal systems, civil rights, and criminal justice
business economics
examines the behavior of companies and firms by studying the factors that result in profit maximization, price setting, production goals, and the role of incentives.
history of medicine and public health
examines the history of public health and human medicine
medical sociology
examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of people
exploratory goals
examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
applied sociology
focus on the use and proper application of sociological theories, methods and skills to examine data, solve problems and communicate research to the public.
Communications
focuses on how humans use verbal and nonverbal messages to create meaning in various contexts across cultures using a variety of channels and media
Adler's Individual Theory
focuses on the role of cognition is psychological functioning. Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways.
international relations
focuses on the study of political relationship and interactions between and among countries
Labor Economics
focuses on the study of the decision- making and behaviors of employees and the relationships between employers and their employees.
code of ethics
help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the counseling profession.
reinforcement goals
helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine
preventive goals
helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
cognitive goals
involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
physiological goals
involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
child and adolescent counseling
is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that promote optional development.
Environmental History
looks into the history of the interaction of humans with the environment
mental health counseling
manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires patience, humility, kindness and compassion.
behavioural
methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.
group counseling
offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from observing other group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have similar concerns ; members are encouraged to offer help to others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the client's family origin
social work
practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their individual and collective well-being.
Counseling
provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives
marriage and family counseling
refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.
school counseling
refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling's exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.
cognitive
reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on "defeating cognitions". EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES - focus on the client's "affective or emotional domain"
environmental psychology
studies effects of environment on behavior and experience. e.g. crowded situations
Human Geography
studies how people create cultures in their natural environments
Psychology
studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions
political science
studies human behavior in relation to political systems, governments, laws, and international relations.
Physical Anthropology
studies human biological nature, particularly its beginning, evolution, and variation in prehistory
archaelogy
studies human life in the past through the examination of things left behind by the people.
personality psychology
studies human nature and difference among people
Public Administration
studies national and local governance and the bureaucracy
experimental psychology
studies of humans and animals examines how and why learning takes place
comparative politics
studies politics within countries and analyzes the similarities and difference between among countries
domestic politics
studies public opinion, elections, national and local governments
urban sociology
studies societal life interactions in urban areas through the application of sociological methods like statistical analysis and ethnographies
Enviromental Economics
studies the allocation of natural resources
economics
studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods and services in society.
Economic History
studies the development of economic institutions and other economic factors.
Cultural Anthropology
studies the development of human culture based on ethnologic, linguistic, social, and psychological data analysis. It explains how people in other societies live and affects their environments to their respective lives
biographies
studies the history of great persons in history
social history
studies the history of ordinary lives of people like women, children, ethnic groups, and the different sectors of society from historical point of view
political history
studies the history of political institutions.
business history
studies the history of the development of businesses, companies, and industries
Monetary Economics
studies the nation's production, inflation, income, interest rates, and monetary policies
Physical Geography
studies the natural features of the earth, including land, water, and atmosphere
Rural Sociology
studies the social life of people in rural areas
developmental psychology
studies the ways people change and behave as they go through their life
history
systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies
sociology
systematic study of people's behavior in groups
demography
the scientific study of human populations across time
Anthropology
the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time
geography
the study of interaction between people and their environments.
Ability to understand and work within social system
this would be comprised of awareness of family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual orientation, or age group.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces such as unconscious processes. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.