digestive system
the stomach is unique within the alimentary canal because it contains --- layers of muscle
3
adults have --- teeth, they are called ----
32, permanent
how do teeth aid in digestion
accessory digestive organs that are responsible for beginning the mechanical digestion process
the gastric juices produced by the stomach do not include
bile
pulp cavity
blood vessels/nerves
peristalis
bolus is propelled down the esophagus using waves of muscle contractions
peptidase and enterokinase
break down proteins
maltase, sucrase, lactase
break down sugars
digestion/absorption
breaking down food, taking in nutrients
catabolism
breaking down of complex molecules while releasing energy ATP
what happens during deglutition
buccal phase-after chewing and being mixed with saliva, food lump is called a bolus and is forced into the pharynx pharyngoesophageal phase-the epiglottis and uvula block nasal cavity and allow food to travel to esophagus
dentin
calcified connective tissue
what 2 sphincters are located in the stomach
cardiac shpincter, pylonic sphincter
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
causes gall bladder to release bile
3 sections of large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum
maceration
churning process occurs in stomach
the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices in the stomach is called
chyme
submucosa
contains glands, nerve fibers, and blood vessels
cementum
covers dentin
sections of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
egestion
elimination of waste
muscularis
extends in 2 directions-> circular layer, longitudinal layer
rugae
folds of mucosa, stretch when stomach is full
cardiac sphincter
food enters, separates esophagus from stomach
pyloric sphincter
food leaves, seartated stomach from small intestine
Anabolism
formation of complex molecules while using energy
hard palate
forms bony roof of mouth
soft palate
forms rest of mouth
storage of bile
gall bladder
enamel
hard, protects tooth
tongue
helps to push food down through esophogus
Functions of the digestive system
ingestion, propulsion, digestion/absorption, egestion
secretin
inhibits the release of gastric juices when enzyme is very acidic
which of the following terms is incorrectly matched to its type of digestion
intestines-mechanical
haustral contractions
large intestine
mass movements
large intestine
metabolism
life sustaining chemical reactions of the body, 2 types
which type of nutrient requires emulsification prior to digestion
lipids
production of bile
liver
3 layers of muscle in stomach
longitudinal, circular, oblique
proteins lipids and carbohydrates are considered --- because they are needed in large quantities
macronutrients
mastication
mouth
propulsion
movement of food
the layer of the alimentary canal that comes into contact with food is the
mucosa
gastric gland cells
mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells
stomach
muscular sac with thick walls
production of insulin
pancreas
uvula
prevents swallowed food from entering nasal cavity
which of the following is not a function of the liver
producing insulin
which of the following functions of the digestive system would the esophagus be responsible
propulsion
mucus
protect from pathogens
functions of liver cells
removing bacteria and old red blood cells, detoxifying blood from drugs and poisons, storing glycogen and producing fats, manufacturing proteins, storing iron and copper
parietal cells
secrete HCl
pancreas functions
secrete digestive enzymes and secrete hormones
mucous cells
secrete mucus to protect the lining of the stomach
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
serosa
secretes a slippery, watery fluid, reduces friction as digestive organs contract and move
mucosa
secreting mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones, absorption of nutrients, protection by pathogens (lymphatic tissue)
which is not a main function of the large intestine
secretion of enzymes
what is the name for the slippery outer layer of the alimentary canal
serosa
layers of the alimentary canal (superficial-deep)
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
haustral contractions
slow segmenting movements that last about one minute and occur every 30 minutes or so
mass movement
slower more powerful movements push waste towards rectum 3-4 times a day
segmentation
small intestine
haustra
small pouches give large intestine its lumpy appearance
the thick rings of muscle that regulate the movement of food in the correct direction through the digestive system are called
sphincters
maceration
stomach
production of pepsin
stomach
injestion
take in food
canines
tear and pierce (cupsids)
which of the following is part of the digestive system but not part of the alimentary canal
teeth
which of the following processes occur in the buccal phase of deglutition
the tongue forces food into the pharynx
sphincters and their funtion
thick rings of muscle at certain points, gate keepers allow food to enter and leave at aproximate times
what are villi and where are they found
tiny, finger like projections in the lining of the intestine filled with blood vessels
how do childs teeth differ from adults teeth
toddlers- have 20 teeth adults-32 teeth
premolars
used for crushing (bicupsids)
incisors
used for cutting pieces of food
molars
used for grinding (tricupsids)
within the intestine the blood filled structures responsible for increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption are called
villi
2 types of micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
the external anal sphincter is --- controlled
voluntarily