digestive system

the stomach is unique within the alimentary canal because it contains --- layers of muscle

3

adults have --- teeth, they are called ----

32, permanent

how do teeth aid in digestion

accessory digestive organs that are responsible for beginning the mechanical digestion process

the gastric juices produced by the stomach do not include

bile

pulp cavity

blood vessels/nerves

peristalis

bolus is propelled down the esophagus using waves of muscle contractions

peptidase and enterokinase

break down proteins

maltase, sucrase, lactase

break down sugars

digestion/absorption

breaking down food, taking in nutrients

catabolism

breaking down of complex molecules while releasing energy ATP

what happens during deglutition

buccal phase-after chewing and being mixed with saliva, food lump is called a bolus and is forced into the pharynx pharyngoesophageal phase-the epiglottis and uvula block nasal cavity and allow food to travel to esophagus

dentin

calcified connective tissue

what 2 sphincters are located in the stomach

cardiac shpincter, pylonic sphincter

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

causes gall bladder to release bile

3 sections of large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum

maceration

churning process occurs in stomach

the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices in the stomach is called

chyme

submucosa

contains glands, nerve fibers, and blood vessels

cementum

covers dentin

sections of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

egestion

elimination of waste

muscularis

extends in 2 directions-> circular layer, longitudinal layer

rugae

folds of mucosa, stretch when stomach is full

cardiac sphincter

food enters, separates esophagus from stomach

pyloric sphincter

food leaves, seartated stomach from small intestine

Anabolism

formation of complex molecules while using energy

hard palate

forms bony roof of mouth

soft palate

forms rest of mouth

storage of bile

gall bladder

enamel

hard, protects tooth

tongue

helps to push food down through esophogus

Functions of the digestive system

ingestion, propulsion, digestion/absorption, egestion

secretin

inhibits the release of gastric juices when enzyme is very acidic

which of the following terms is incorrectly matched to its type of digestion

intestines-mechanical

haustral contractions

large intestine

mass movements

large intestine

metabolism

life sustaining chemical reactions of the body, 2 types

which type of nutrient requires emulsification prior to digestion

lipids

production of bile

liver

3 layers of muscle in stomach

longitudinal, circular, oblique

proteins lipids and carbohydrates are considered --- because they are needed in large quantities

macronutrients

mastication

mouth

propulsion

movement of food

the layer of the alimentary canal that comes into contact with food is the

mucosa

gastric gland cells

mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells

stomach

muscular sac with thick walls

production of insulin

pancreas

uvula

prevents swallowed food from entering nasal cavity

which of the following is not a function of the liver

producing insulin

which of the following functions of the digestive system would the esophagus be responsible

propulsion

mucus

protect from pathogens

functions of liver cells

removing bacteria and old red blood cells, detoxifying blood from drugs and poisons, storing glycogen and producing fats, manufacturing proteins, storing iron and copper

parietal cells

secrete HCl

pancreas functions

secrete digestive enzymes and secrete hormones

mucous cells

secrete mucus to protect the lining of the stomach

chief cells

secrete pepsinogen

serosa

secretes a slippery, watery fluid, reduces friction as digestive organs contract and move

mucosa

secreting mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones, absorption of nutrients, protection by pathogens (lymphatic tissue)

which is not a main function of the large intestine

secretion of enzymes

what is the name for the slippery outer layer of the alimentary canal

serosa

layers of the alimentary canal (superficial-deep)

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

haustral contractions

slow segmenting movements that last about one minute and occur every 30 minutes or so

mass movement

slower more powerful movements push waste towards rectum 3-4 times a day

segmentation

small intestine

haustra

small pouches give large intestine its lumpy appearance

the thick rings of muscle that regulate the movement of food in the correct direction through the digestive system are called

sphincters

maceration

stomach

production of pepsin

stomach

injestion

take in food

canines

tear and pierce (cupsids)

which of the following is part of the digestive system but not part of the alimentary canal

teeth

which of the following processes occur in the buccal phase of deglutition

the tongue forces food into the pharynx

sphincters and their funtion

thick rings of muscle at certain points, gate keepers allow food to enter and leave at aproximate times

what are villi and where are they found

tiny, finger like projections in the lining of the intestine filled with blood vessels

how do childs teeth differ from adults teeth

toddlers- have 20 teeth adults-32 teeth

premolars

used for crushing (bicupsids)

incisors

used for cutting pieces of food

molars

used for grinding (tricupsids)

within the intestine the blood filled structures responsible for increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption are called

villi

2 types of micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

the external anal sphincter is --- controlled

voluntarily