DNA and protein synthesis chap 10

Review the basic scientific contributions that helped lead to the discovery of DNA's discovery

Franklin was able to to get sets of high definition photos of DNA fibers. Watson and Crick used her ideas.

What is rRNA?

It is made in the nucleus. It makes 2 ribosomal subunits. It is the site of translation. It also anazlyses mRNA

Explain Chargaff's base pairing rules in terms of purines and pyrimidines and compare the percent relationships between complementary base pairs within a cell.

The base pairing rule says not in DNA the percentages are about equal. The purines are Adenine and Guanine. The pyrimidines are Cytosine, Thymine, (and uracil only in rna.)

Use the analogy of a twisted ladder to thoroughly describe the structure of DNA

The twisted ladder is also called the double helix. On the outside of the twisted ladder, sugar and phosphates bond together by a covalent bond. The sugar is deoxyribose. The ladder steps are built up by nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. Adenine bonds with Thymine. Cytosine bonds with Guanine.

Compare and contrast replication and transcription

They both occur in the nucleus. The result of DNA replication is to form 2 identical DNA molecules with complete sets of chromosomes. The result of Transcription is to release mRNA.

What is mRNA?

mRNA is complementary to DNA. It uses Uracil and not Thymine. It carries genetic code from a portion of DNA in the nucleus, to ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm

Defined the term complementary base pair and give me examples that exist in DNA.

Complementary base pairs are nucleotide bases linked in DNA. In DNA, Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

Distinguish between a codon and an anti-codon, and state where each is found

Condone is located on the mRNA molecule. Anticodon is located on the tRNA molecule. The codon determines the position of the amino acid. The codon brings the specified amino acid by the codon

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of structure and location within a cell

DNA is located in the nucleus. RNA is located in the cytoplasm. DNA has longer strands than RNA. RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded.

Write out what the acronym DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Summarize the main features of DNA replication. Please include the enzymes involved and their functions.

First off, DNA replication occurs in the S phase of interphase in the nucleus. Two strands are twisted together to form a double helix.the Helicase splits the double helix. It brakes the hydrogen bond of the nucleotides. The place where the helicase starts to split is called the replication fork. Two strands are formed. On each strand, DNA polymerase grabs free nucleotides and matches them up with their complementary base pairs. Enzyme called Ligases glues the DNA strands together. Topoisomerase realizes the stress the is built by the twisting. This process allows new cells to get a complete set of chromosomes. The result of replication is two separate and identical DNA molecules formed.

Explain the relationship between the molecule DNA and the term "gene"

Genes are made up of DNA. They are codes for the production of a protein.

State the type of chemical bonding that occurs between Purines and pyrimidines

Hydrogen bonds

State the primary function of DNA

It stores hereditary information required to build cells and tissues

Given the sequence of DNA bases, be able to state the complementary base pairs: ATTGGCTA

TAACCGAT

Summarize the process of transcription. Please include the enzymes involved and their functions and also the promotor

Transcription occurs in the nucleus. First step is initiation. An RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at a specific Promoter sequence. The second step is elongation. A DNA molecule is unzipped by RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase moves along DNA and attaches free nucleotides complementary to the DNA strand. The final process is termination. The RNA polymerase reaches terminator region and falls off DNA. mRNA is released

What is tRNA?

Transfers amino acids in the cytoplasm to ribosome.

Summarize the process of translation

Turns sequences of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into sequences of amino acids that form proteins. The first step is initiation. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at the start codon. (AUG) The second step is elongation. An mRNA codon attaches with a tRNA anticodon. Peptide bonds occur between the previous amino acid. The ribosome moves down mRNA. One codon at a time. The final step is termination. The ribosome reaches a stop codon. A polypeptide chain or protein is released.

Giving a strand of DNA be able to state the complementary RNA strand ATCGATCG

UAGCUAGC