DO NOT USE - AP BIO Video Quizzes - Sem 1 (Carson)

Replacing a hydrophilic R-group with a hydrophobic R-group is most likely to cause what change(s) in the resulting protein? A. A change in the primary structure of the protein due to the atypical interactions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic R-groups. B. A change in the DNA sequence. C. A change in all levels of the proteins structure, as well as changes to the protein's properties due to atypical interactions between the protein and other molecules. D. A change in the number of codons translated.

A change in all levels of the proteins structure, as well as changes to the protein's properties due to atypical interactions between the protein and other molecules.

The Great Oxygenation Event describes A. the sudden evolution of multicellular plants, which filled the atmosphere with oxygen. B. the sudden evolution of multicellular animals, which required oxygen to breathe. C. the sudden evolution of photosynthetic bacteria, which filled the atmosphere with oxygen. D. the sudden evolution of eukaryotic cells, which led to the evolution of oxygen-breathing mammals.

C. the sudden evolution of photosynthetic bacteria, which filled the atmosphere with oxygen.

In what way are amino acids categorized? A. by the sequence in which they are polymerized B. by the R group, which can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic C. by the type of bonding within the R group D. by the R group, which can be protein or enzyme

B. by the R group, which can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic

Fats, such as cholesterol, are hydrophobic. Similar hydrophobic molecules are found between the layers of the plasma membrane. What conclusion can be drawn based on this information? A. high fat diets are unhealthy and should be avoided. B. cholesterol is nonpolar C. cholesterol is polar D. cholesterol is repelled by the polar tails.

B. cholesterol is nonpolar

The natural tendency for molecules of a substance to spread out evenly in the available space is called ______. A. passive transport B. diffusion C. infiltration D. active transport

B. diffusion

The weak attractions between water molecules, indicated in this picture by dashed lines, are called ______ bonds. A. covalent B. hydrogen C. ionic D. intramolecular

B. hydrogen

In the Miller-Urey experimental design, electrical current was used to simulate the presence of ______, thought to be common on the early earth. A. electromagnetic pulses B. lightning storms C. high wind D. rain storms

B. lightning storms

In ______ transport, no energy is required. This occurs when substances are moving ______ their concentration gradient. A. passive; against B. passive; along C. active; against D. active; along

B. passive; along

The compounds called lipids are grouped together because they have one important characteristic in common. That is A. that they clump together in water B. that they are hydrophobic C. that they contain zero polar functional groups D. that they are made of only carbon and hydrogen

B. that they are hydrophobic

Membrane proteins that need to stay in a specific location on the cell surface are anchored by A. other cells. B. the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix. C. transmembrane proteins. D. glycolipids or glycoproteins.

B. the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix.

Nucleic acids form a twisting helix due to A. the interaction between the nucleic acid and water molecules in the cell cytoplasm. B. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleobases. C. the presence of an extra oxygen atom in ribonucleic acid. D. the bond angles between the ribose sugars and the phosphate ions.

B. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleobases. ????

Which of these statements is true of both carbohydrates and fats? A. they are the only macromolecules to undergo hydrolysis and condensation B. they are both composed of C, H, and O C. they are both composed of C, H, O, N, P, and S D. they are the only macromolecules to contain carbon

B. they are both composed of C, H, and O

The overall energy release or consumption in a reaction is dependent on A. how many bonds are broken during the reaction. B. how many bonds are formed during the reaction. C. All of these are true. D. the energy required to get the reaction started.

C. All of these are true.

These molecular structures represent three types of A. carbohydrates B. monosaccharides C. All of these are true. D. monomers

C. All of these are true.

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells? A. Simple carbohydrate B. Amino acid C. DNA D. Polypeptide

C. DNA

How does the structure of the plasma membrane allow selective permeability? A. Movement of substances always requires energy, which regulates movement. B. Only small molecules can enter and exit the cell. C. Movement of molecules is limited based on size and charge. D. Only small molecules can move in and out of cells.

C. Movement of molecules is limited based on size and charge.

Which correctly describes the path of a newly translated secretory protein? A. Produced by cytoplasmic ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus, remains in the cell cytoplasm B. Produced by rough ER ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus, remains in the cell cytoplasm C. Produced by rough ER ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus, excreted by the cell membrane D. Produced by cytoplasmic ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus, excreted by the cell membrane

C. Produced by rough ER ribosomes, modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus, excreted by the cell membrane

A scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material. Which of the following would be a workable alternate hypothesis? A. RNA, like DNA, is a carrier of genetic information and contains the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine. B. Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA are products of transcription, but they are not translated as is mRNA. C. RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate. D. RNA exists in both single-stranded and double-stranded configurations; however, it is less stable compared with DNA.

C. RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate.

Which is not one of the necessary characteristics of the first biological information storage molecule? A. ability to self-replicate B. ability to form a double helix C. ability to catalyze reactions D. information storage

C. ability to catalyze reactions ???

One component of cell theory is that all living organisms have at least one cell. What's the other component of cell theory? Spontaneous generation all matter is composed of atoms biogenesis (ability to reproduce) water is essential to living organisms

C. biogenesis (ability to reproduce)

In solution, which is the way ions exist in living organisms, ions exist as A.sodium chloride B. complex molecules C. charged particles D. salts

C. charged particles

When the molecules of a substance have reached the point where the concentration across the solution is even, it is called ______. A. passive transport B. active transport C. equilibrium D. diffusion

C. equilibrium

The main component of both plant and animal membranes is A. steroid B. cholesterol C. phospholipid D. fatty acid

C. phospholipid

What is the primary role of the smooth ER? A. To produce proteins that will remain in the cell cytoplasm B. To replicate DNA. C. to produce lipid molecules, including phospholipids and steroids. D. To produce proteins that will be excreted by the cell

C. to produce lipid molecules, including phospholipids and steroids.

A small, membrane-enclosed pocket within a cell is called a ______. A. phospholipid bubble B. liposome C. vesicle D. micelle

C. vesicle

The folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane are called ______. cristae wrinkles thylakoids cellular respiration

cristae

Large particles enter the cell through ______ and exit the cell through ______. A. exocytosis; endocytosis B. ectocytosis; endocytosis C. endocytosis; ectocytosis D. endocytosis; exocytosis

endocytosis; exocytosis

Assembled ribosomes can be found in two locations in the cell. Please mark the two correct locations: nucleus nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm

endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm

Each nuclear pore is lined with a pore complex, which regulates entry and exit of ______. large macromolecules small solutes water DNA

large macromolecules

Which of the following is NOT a volcanic gas thought to have been present in the early atmosphere? carbon dioxide water nitrogen oxygen

oxygen

Which structure is NOT derived from the endomembrane system? peroxisome lysosome smooth ER rough ER

peroxisome

Channels through the plant cell wall that connect adjacent cells and allow exchange of water and small solutes are called ______. plasmodesmata tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions

plasmodesmata

This cell is best identified as ______. abiotic photosynthetic eukaryote prokaryote

prokaryote

It is generally assumed that _______ organisms evolved first. multi-cellular prokaryotic eukaryotic photosynthetic

prokaryotic

The number six (6) at the top left in this periodic table square represents: the number of neutrons. the number of electrons. the charge of the atom. the number of protons.

the number of protons.

At ______, the membranes of adjacent animal cells are physically bound together by proteins that weave through both cell membranes desmosomes plasmodesmata gap junctions tight junctions

tight junctions

A single molecule of water has two of what type of bond? A. ionic B. peptide C. linear D. covalent

covalent

A basic hypothesis is written as an "If... then..." statement, is testable, produces data, seeks to explain a phenomena, and tests only one variable. Which statement is true regarding hypotheses? A. A hypothesis can be valuable even if experimental evidence does not support the hypothesis. The hypothesis should not be changed so it is supported by experimental evidence, and does not need to reveal a new phenomenon in order to be considered "good". A hypothesis that is not supported by the experiment is still considered to be valuable. B. Hypotheses that are not supported by experimental data should be modified after the fact to reflect the results of the experiment. C. Only hypotheses that are found to be supported by data are considered valuable. D. A hypothesis may be valuable even if the experimental evidence does not support the hypothesis, only if the results reveal a new phenomenon.

A. A hypothesis can be valuable even if experimental evidence does not support the hypothesis. The hypothesis should not be changed so it is supported by experimental evidence, and does not need to reveal a new phenomenon in order to be considered "good". A hypothesis that is not supported by the experiment is still considered to be valuable.

Water has a high specific heat capacity; it takes a lot of energy--either gained or lost--to change its temperature. In the physical world, what does this mean? A. All of these are true. B. Under normal conditions, water resists changes in temperature. C. Early organic compounds were protected from breakdown by being dissolved in water. D. Below a certain depth, a body of water does not really change in temperature through the year.

A. All of these are true.

A small protein is composed of 110 amino acids linked together in a chain. As shown in Figure 1, the first and last five amino acids in the chain are hydrophobic (have nonpolar and uncharged R-groups), whereas the remaining 100 amino acids are hydrophilic (have charged or polar R-groups). The nature of the R-group determines if the amino acid is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. A mutation results in the production of a version of the small protein that is only 105 amino acids long, as shown in Figure 2. Five of the hydrophobic amino acids are missing from one end of the chain. Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water? The diagrams in the options are not drawn to the same scale as those in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

A. BALL WITH proteins on outside

Which of the following is not a property of carbon? A. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are limited to single bonds. B. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are stable. C. Carbon can form bonds to various other atoms. D. Carbon has four valence electrons.

A. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are limited to single bonds.

Why are nucleic acids preferred for storing genetic information over proteins? A. Nucleic acids are easier to replicate with fewer mistakes due to complementary base pairing. B. Proteins should have been chosen to store genetic information. After all, proteins have 20 amino acids to choose from while nucleic acids only have 4 bases. C. Nucleic acids offer more variety because they have 20 bases to choose from while proteins only have 4 amino acids. D.DNA is far superior to RNA because DNA has two complementary strands, which make DNA faster to replicate with accuracy..

A. Nucleic acids are easier to replicate with fewer mistakes due to complementary base pairing.

Which of these was NOT a reactant in the Miller-Urey experiment, designed to mimic the conditions of the early Earth? A. Oxygen gas B. Water C. Methane D. Carbon dioxide

A. Oxygen gas

Which of the following correctly describes the organization of a chloroplast? A. Stacks of thylakoids, called granum, can be found within the inner membrane of the chloroplast. B. Stacks of chlorophyll, called thylakoids, can be found inside the single chloroplast membrane. C. Granum, which are stacks of thylakoids, can be found inside the single chloroplast membrane. D. Stacks of thylakoids, called granum, can be found between the two membranes of the chloroplast.

A. Stacks of thylakoids, called granum, can be found within the inner membrane of the chloroplast.

What will happen to a plant cell if it is submerged in an extremely hypotonic solution? A. The cell will become turgid. B. The cell will become flaccid. C. The cell will burst. D. The cell membrane will lyse.

A. The cell will become turgid.

Two groups of students attempted to re-create the primitive atmospheric conditions of early Earth using the apparatus represented below. Each group ran the experiment with different gas mixtures in the apparatus. Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life? A. The nitrogen (N2) gas and ammonia (NH3) gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids. B. The sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas in experiment 2 could donate the excited electrons required to drive the process of photosynthesis. C. The methane (CH4) gas in experiment 2 could act as the electron acceptor required to complete the process of cellular respiration D. The carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and water (H2O) vapor in experiment 1 could react spontaneously to produce the phospholipids required by the first life-forms.

A. The nitrogen (N2) gas and ammonia (NH3) gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids.

Which statement(s) is/are true regarding the eukaryotic cytoskeleton? (Select all that apply.) A. Three types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. B. When a cell is dividing, a belt of microfilaments forms the cleavage furrow that pinches the dividing cell into two. C. Microfilaments are the thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers. D. Microtubules are responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division.

A. Three types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. B. When a cell is dividing, a belt of microfilaments forms the cleavage furrow that pinches the dividing cell into two. D. Microtubules are responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division.

In this image, the green pentagon represents A. a ribose sugar B. a nucleotide C. a nitrogenous base D. a phosphate group

A. a ribose sugar

All of the following were likely present on the primitive Earth during the evolution of self-replicating molecules EXCEPT A. an O2-rich atmosphere B. simple carbohydrates C. amino acids and nucleotids D. nitrogen E. freestanding liquid water

A. an O2-rich atmosphere

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration is known as _____________ and (does/does not) require energy. A. diffusion; does not B. permeability; does C. active transport; does D. osmosis; does not

A. diffusion; does not

Which of the following is not a required condition for natural selection? A. individuals within a population have varying characteristics B. certain heritable traits are beneficial and help individuals with the trait survive better and produce more offspring C. individuals within a population have had different lived experiences D. variable traits are heritable

A. individuals within a population have varying characteristics

While an organism is developing, a process called "apoptosis", or programmed cell death, leads to suicide of certain cells. An example is in the tail of tadpoles. Once a tadpole is mature enough to turn into a frog, the tail cells receive a "death signal" chemical, and the cell responds by shrinking, breaking up the nucleus, and then being completely destroyed by another frog cell. The chemicals that were within the tail cell are often recycled, and used to build new cells in the main body of the frog. During apoptosis, which cellular organelle does the work of breaking up the nucleus and causing the cell to die? A. lysosome B. mitochondrion C. golgi apparatus D. ribosome

A. lysosome

Active transport is required to A. move substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient. B. move all polar substances across the membrane. C. move all substances across the membrane D. move substances across the membrane along their concentration gradient.

A. move substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

The functions of membrane proteins include A. movement of large and/or polar molecules and communication with neighboring cells B. movement of large and/or polar molecules and defense C. movement of small molecules and defense D. movement of small and/or nonpolar molecules and communication with neighboring cells

A. movement of large and/or polar molecules and communication with neighboring cells

Cell membranes remain flexible and maintain homeostasis due to which structures? A. proteins, phospholipids, lipids B. monomers, fluid mosaic, phospholipids C. proteins, phospholipids, oxygen D. water, lipids, proteins

A. proteins, phospholipids, lipids

In nucleic acids, the ability of nucleotides to base pair is critical for: A. self-replication B. dehydration synthesis C. apoptosis D. polymerization

A. self-replication

This monomer comes in at least 22 different varieties in living organisms. Which part varies and is responsible for the different chemical characteristics of these monomers? A. side chain functional group (R) B. carboxylic acid functional group C. alpha carbon D. amino acid functional group

A. side chain functional group (R)

Most polar molecules are A. soluble in water. B. not soluble in water.

A. soluble in water.

The two main theories that underlie all of biological understanding are A. theory of evolution by natural selection B.atomic theory C. cell theory D. theory of relativity

A. theory of evolution by natural selection C. cell theory

Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of a cell wall? A. to prevent the cell from taking in too much water B. to give structure to the organism C.to prevent the cell from losing too much water D. to maintain cell shape

A. to prevent the cell from taking in too much water

A scientific theory A.may be revised to reflect new evidence B.is an assumption made by scientists C.is universally accepted D.is a hypothesis that has been proven true

A.may be revised to reflect new evidence

Theories have two main components, these are: A.observation; describes a pattern observed in the natural world B.process; identifies a mechanism by which the pattern is created C.pattern; describes an observation in at least one species D.hypothesis; gives an explanation for how a pattern may have been created

A.observation; describes a pattern observed in the natural world B.process; identifies a mechanism by which the pattern is created

In this U-shaped glass tube, a semi-permeable membrane separates two sugar solutions. The concentration of sugar is higher on the right side of the tube than the left side. Sugar cannot pass through the membrane, but water can. Which direction will water move? A. Water is at equilibrium as it is. B. To the right. C. To the left.

B I think .... f two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane, then the solvent will tend to diffuse across the membrane from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution. This process is called osmosis.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded. Given the similarities in structure, you would think RNA would be just as likely to form a double helix--which is true. Why is it not necessary for RNA to be double stranded (and, in fact, advantageous that it is not)? A. It would be too time consuming to have to unwind it when it is needed. B. All of these are true. C. It does not need to be protected against mutation. D. It does not have to last as long in the cell.

B. All of these are true.

Water has a high specific heat capacity; it takes a lot of energy--either gained or lost--to change its temperature. In the physical world, what does this mean? A. Under normal conditions, water resists changes in temperature. B. All of these are true. C. Early organic compounds were protected from breakdown by being dissolved in water. D. Below a certain depth, a body of water does not really change in temperature through the year.

B. All of these are true.

______ occurs when a substance that has been actively transported across the membrane against the electrochemical gradient does some kind of work as it diffuses back across the membrane. A. Proton-motive force B. Cotransport C. Electrolysis D. Hydrolysis

B. Cotransport

Polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. One of these processes is shown. Figure 1. Polypeptide reaction Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in Figure 1? A. It represents a polypeptide chain that is denatured into the primary structure. B. It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction. C. It represents monomers linked by dehydration synthesis. D. It represents a polypeptide chain that folds to form the tertiary structure.

B. It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.

The smallest particle of matter that cannot be further divided without changing its chemical nature is A. an electron. B. an atom. C. a cell. D. a proton.

B. an atom.

Dr. Robert Hazen has worked to develop a hypothesis that explains the origin of life on Earth. His work has focused on hydrothermal vents, which are cracks in the ocean floor. Water heated by molten rock beneath the crust escapes from these vents at very high temperatures, producing hot, high‑pressure environments at the vents on the ocean floor. In order to provide evidence that these vents may be areas where life originated, which of the following states a null hypothesis Hazen might have used to begin his research? A.Organic molecules were transported to the hydrothermal vents via a meteorite, thereby seeding them with precursors for more complex molecules. B.Chemosynthetic organisms can best develop in the hydrothermal environment, manufacturing nutrients for other living things to feed on. C.The temperatures and pressures found in hydrothermal vents resemble conditions described in currently accepted origins of life hypotheses. D.Organic waste sinking to the ocean floor would have used the unique hot water environment as an energy source to begin manufacturing food.

C.The temperatures and pressures found in hydrothermal vents resemble conditions described in currently accepted origins of life hypotheses.???

Although lipids are diverse, all lipids are ______ because they are composed mostly of ______ bonds. A.hydrophilic; water soluble B.hydrophilic; nonpolar covalent C.hydrophobic; nonpolar covalent D.hydrophobic; water soluble

C.hydrophobic; nonpolar covalent

Large biological molecules are called ______. A. micromolecules B. polypeptides C.macromolecules D. organic compounds

C.macromolecules

Which of the following questions about the origin of life on Earth is most scientifically testable? A.Can simple organic molecules form spontaneously in an oxygen-free atmosphere? B. Did life originate to make the universe a better place? C. Why were the earliest life-forms created using only twenty amino acids? D. Was catalytic RNA used by ancient organisms as a stepping stone to acquire protein enzymes?

Can simple organic molecules form spontaneously in an oxygen-free atmosphere?

The radioactive isotope used for carbon dating is Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14

Carbon-14

Similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells include all of the following, except: Cells contain chromosomes Cells have ribosomes Cells contain membrane-bound organelles Cells are bound by a plasm membrane.

Cells contain membrane-bound organelles

Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions involve removing or adding ______ to macromolecule subunits. A. -C and -H B. -COOH and -H C. -C and -O D. -OH and -H

D. -OH and -H

The energy supply most often used for active transport is ______. A. glucose B. ADP C. fat D. ATP

D. ATP

Figure 1 is a diagram of water molecules at the air-water interface at the surface of a pond. Figure 1. Alignment of water molecules at air-water interface Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface? A. Ionic bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide an electric charge, which attracts the feet of the insect, keeping it on the surface. B.Polar covalent bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide adhesion, which supports the weight of the insect. C. Covalent bonds between water molecules and the air above provide cohesion, which causes tiny bubbles to form under the feet of the insect. D. Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.

D. Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.

Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties? A. It is an ionic compound. B. It contains hydrogen atoms. C.It contains oxygen atoms. D. It forms hydrogen bonds. E. It is nonpolar.

D. It forms hydrogen bonds.???

Which of the following best explains why water dissolves ionic compounds better than other liquids? A. Ions become surrounded by a sphere of water called a hydration sphere, which prevents them from interacting with other ions. B. Ionic compounds are liquids and water dissolves liquids better than solids. C. Both seawater and animal cells contain dissolved ions. D. Positive ions are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atom, and negative ions are attracted to the partially positive hydrogen atoms.

D. Positive ions are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atom, and negative ions are attracted to the partially positive hydrogen atoms. ????

Which of these correctly describes the chemical evolution hypothesis? A. Complex organic compounds formed spontaneously on the early earth and were metabolized by early organisms to form the simpler molecules found in the modern atmosphere. B. Complex organic compounds formed in space and rained down onto the early earth contained in water droplets. C. Simple compounds that existed in the early oceans were catalyzed to form complex compounds by early enzymes. D. Simple compounds that existed in the early atmosphere combined through chemical reactions to form the large, complex compounds found in cells today.

D. Simple compounds that existed in the early atmosphere combined through chemical reactions to form the large, complex compounds found in cells today.

Figure 1 represents a nucleic acid fragment that is made up of four nucleotides linked together in a chain. Figure 1. Nucleic acid fragment Which of the following characteristics of Figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA? A. The identity of each nitrogenous base B. The type of bond linking the nucleotides together C. The charges on the phosphate groups D. The 5′ to 3′ orientation of the nucleotide chain

D. The 5′ to 3′ orientation of the nucleotide chain?

The sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum are called _______. lumen lysosomes folded vesicles cisternae

cisternae

Plants are able to move water up their roots and stem against gravity. As water evaporates from the leaves, hydrogen bonds between water molecules all the way down the stem and roots create a sort of rope to pull more molecules up. This is an example of ______. -cohesion -adhesion -covalent bonding -surface tension

cohesion

By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory chamber atmosphere that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Stanley Miller obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller was attempting to model early Earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller's experiments best support which of the following hypotheses? A.The molecules essential to life today could not have been carried to the primordial Earth by a comet or meteorite. B. The molecules essential to life today did not exist at the time Earth was first formed. C. The molecules essential to life today were initially self-replicating proteins that were synthesized approximately four billion years ago. D. The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth conditions.

D. The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth conditions.

Molecular geometry directly influences: A.how molecules interact and react with one another B. the nutritional profile of a fatty acid C. the shape of the DNA molecule D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following terms best describes the reaction that resulted in the bond outlined by the pink box? A. combustion B. hydrolysis C. decomposition D. dehydration synthesis

D. dehydration synthesis

Membrane lipids and proteins are synthesized in the A. Golgi apparatus. B. mitochondria. C. nucleus. D. endoplasmic reticulum.

D. endoplasmic reticulum.

Starch and glycogen are both more easily broken down than cellulose and chitin because they A. are made up of glucose monomers B. form large sheets with linking hydrogen bonds C. None of these is correct. D. form long chains or branched structures

D. form long chains or branched structures

When a solution has a lower concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm, the solution is said to be ______. A. hypertonic B. isotonic C. osmotic D. hypotonic

D. hypotonic

When a solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm, the solution is said to be ______. A. hypertonic B. osmotic C. hypotonic D. isotonic

D. isotonic

Why isn't the mitochondria considered to be part of the endomembrane system? A. it is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope B. it is not involved in protein synthesis C. it is a status structure D. its structure is not derived from the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, or cell membrane

D. its structure is not derived from the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, or cell membrane

Harold Urey and Stanley Miller conducted an experiment which simulated the conditions that would occur on a very early Earth. Inside an enclosed glass chamber particular gases were exposed to different conditions thought to have occurred on Earth, such as electricity (lightning) and heat. The results from this experiment provided evidence that A. early Earth's strongly reducing atmosphere was too severe to support life. B.organic gases could generate inorganic molecules that were essential to the origin of life on Earth. C. the following gases were present in Earth's early atmosphere: hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O). D. organic molecules, such as amino acids, could be generated from gases in earth's early atmosphere.

D. organic molecules, such as amino acids, could be generated from gases in earth's early atmosphere.

The discovery of ______ in the 1960's gave us new insight on the possibility of nucleic acid as an early biochemical catalyst. A. RNA B. enzyme substrates C. mitochondria D. ribozymes

D. ribozymes

Which of the following is NOT a volcanic gas thought to have been present in the early atmosphere? A.carbon dioxide B.water C>nitrogen D.oxygen

D.oxygen

The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct? A. ATP B. Urea C. Carbon dioxide D. Oxygen E. Water

E. Water

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water? A. Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule B. Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules C. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules D. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules E.Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

E.Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

True or false? Mitochondrial DNA is stored in the nucleus of the cell. True False

False

The RNA World hypothesis proposes that A. RNA is single stranded. B. RNA was the earliest genetic information storage molecule. C. All living organisms are RNA based. D. Modern RNA was derived from DNA found in the earliest organisms.

RNA was the earliest genetic information storage molecule.

Which of the following organisms have cells with a cell wall? (Choose all that apply.) Toadstool mushroom Bullfrog Lion Daffodil flower

Toadstool mushroom Daffodil flower

Artificial selection by breeders and horticulturists was already happening by the time Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection. True False

True

True or False? Experiments seeking to recreate early Earth conditions have successfully produced lipid molecules. True False

True

The simplest unit of matter that can be classified as living is ______. an enzyme an amoeba the nucleus a cell

a cell

Which is most effective at transporting materials in and out of a cell? a large square cell a cell with a low surface-to-volume ratio a cell with a high surface-to-volume ratio a large round cell

a cell with a high surface-to-volume ratio