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How to Document Sources in MLA Style: An Overview

Covers the process for developing Works Cited lists and in-text citations advocated in MLA (8th ed.) Explains "containers," a concept new to the eighth edition, including how to use them to develop citations

Use ELLIPSES to

show that you've left out some information

General Format MLA

Covers the basic requirements of page layout for a typical MLA manuscript Includes general guidelines to apply through the document and specific formatting details for the first page of the paper Also provides an image of the first page of a sample essay written in MLA Style

Works Cited Page: Periodicals MLA

Covers the guidelines for developing a citation entry for works found in periodicals (typically articles in circulating publications that have different dates and volume/issue numbers) Lists types of entries depending on the kind of journal (e.g. one paginated by volume), if the source is a magazine v. a newspaper, or the kind of article the source is (e.g. a letter to the editor)

AUTHORS For MLA

, if there are more than two authors, just identify the first author listed and add et al. For example, (Smith et al. 34). If there are two authors, list them both (keeping them in the same order as listed). For example, (Smith and Jones 34).

Who Should Use APA?

APA Style describes rules for the preparation of manuscripts for writers and students in: Social Sciences, such as Psychology, Linguistics, Sociology, Economics, and Criminology Business Nursing Before you adopt this style for your paper, you should check to see what citation style your discipline uses in its journals and for student research. If APA Style is appropriate for your writing project, then use this workshop to learn more about APA and how to follow its rules correctly in your own work.

What is APA Style?

APA Style establishes standards of written communication concerning: the organization of content writing style citing references and how to prepare a manuscript for publication in certain disciplines.

In-Text Citations: The Basics APA

Addresses the basic formatting requirements of using the APA Style for citing secondary sources within the text of your essay Provides guidance on how to incorporate different kinds of references to borrowed material, from short quotes to summaries or paraphrases

In-Text Citations: The Basics MLA

Addresses the formatting requirements of using the MLA Style for citing secondary sources within the text of your essay Offers a few basic rules for using parenthetical citations, including when not to use such citations Includes examples of in-text citations Explains the author-page formatting of the parenthetical citation and how that applies to different types of sources Provides examples of in-text citations based on the kind of source being cited, such as a literary work, an anonymous work, and a work with multiple authors Also describes how to cite a source indirectly referenced in another source

WORKS CITED page (MLA) or REFERENCES page (APA)

After your paper, you will need to include a page of the complete listings of your sources. This information will help your readers go to the original source. Alphabetize the citations by the author's last name or the article title if no author is given. Double-space the entire page. This means each citation is double-spaced without "extra" space between each citation. Title the page Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA). Use HANGING INDENTS so that the first line of each citation is extended to the left margin and subsequent lines of that citation are indented 5 spaces. This helps readers quickly see when the next citation begins.

MLA You do not need to always use the author's name in the sentence. But do always use some sort of introductory phrase to get to the source. For example:

Although citizens may not agree, "The path we offer may be harder, but it leads to a better place, and I'm asking you to choose that future" (Obama 226).

Works Cited Page: Other Non-Print Sources

Applies the basic MLA citation rules to non-print sources you may use in your research, such as interviews and images Provides directions and examples of how to cite video and sound recordings, as well as three dimensional works like sculptures

HOW TO REFERENCE WORKS

Article titles are identified by quotation marks in MLA and italics for APA. Magazine, newspaper, movie or book titles are in italics in both documentation formats.

Why Use APA?

Aside from simplifying the work of editors by having everyone use the same format for a given publication, using APA Style makes it easier for readers to understand a text by providing a familiar structure they can follow. Abiding by APA's standards as a writer will allow you to: Provide readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to locate information of interest to them Allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar formatting Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your audience and their needs as fellow researchers

IN-TEXT CITATIONS - MLA MLAThe FIRST time you reference a particular source example

Barack Obama, in "President Barack Obama's Acceptance Speech" for the 2012 Democratic nomination, said, "As citizens, we understand that America is not about what can be done for us. It's about what can be done by us, together" (226).

N-TEXT CITATIONS -- APA

Basically, readers need to know the author and the year for summarized information and page or paragraph number for quoted material. The only difference from MLA (above) is the information that is needed. So, a typical citation would be: (Obama, 2012, p. 226).

Reference List: Books APA

Builds from the author handout by describing how to properly refer to book-length sources Addresses both the basic format as well as requirements for those unique book sources that require you to note specific details, such as whether it is a translation or part of a multivolume work

Works Cited Page: Books MLA

Builds from the basic format page with a focus on how to create citations for certain commonly referenced book sources Includes guidelines and examples for a variety of books depending on the number of authors, whether the work is a piece is a larger work or the book itself is part of multivolume collection

Reference List: Articles in Periodicals APA

Builds from the previous handout by looking specifically at how to refer accurately to a periodical source Lists types of entries depending on the kind of journal (e.g. one paginated by volume), if the source is a magazine v. a newspaper, or the kind of article the source is (e.g. a letter to the editor)

Abbreviations MLA

Covers MLA standards for abbreviating words commonly used in academic prose Describes the different categories of abbreviations: times, locations, academic references, publishers Includes guidelines for abbreviating information in citations in a Works Cited page

General APA Format

Covers the basic page layout for a typical APA manuscript, including everything from margin widths to the use of headings and visuals Includes a general list of the basic components of an APA paper: title page, abstract, and reference page Also includes a PowerPoint slide presentation with detailed information about the APA citation style

Formatting Quotations MLA

Describes how to format quotations borrowed from secondary sources Addresses both short quotations worked into the writer's own sentences and long quotations that are blocked off as distinct material Also explains how to omit or add in words properly to clarify the meaning of a quotation

Types of APA Papers

Describes the two most common types of APA papers: the literature review and the experimental report Outlines what sections must be included in each type of paper, from introductions to a methods section

APA Stylistics: Basics

Describes three basic areas of stylistic concerns when writing in an APA field: point of view, clarity/conciseness, and word choice Explains how poetic language and devices should be avoided in APA reviews and reports Suggestions and examples are given for each stylistic issue

Footnotes and Endnotes MLA

Explains the necessity for using notes and how to use them effectively in an MLA paper Covers different reasons for why you may use a footnote or endnote to supplement the main body of your paper Describes how to number and format the notes to be consistent with MLA guidelines

In-Text Citations: Author/Authors APA

Focuses on various details about referring to the authors of your sources within your essay, which can be difficult to do efficiently if the source has more than one author or has an unclear author (e.g. an organization) Describes how to cite indirect quotes, electronic sources, and/or sources without page numbers

Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources APA

Focuses primarily on how to reference video and audio texts that are used as sources, from movie clips to sound recordings Notes that personal communication (e.g. an interview or conversation) is not to be included in the reference list.

Reference List: Basic Rules APA

Guides you through the general rules that apply to any reference list developed using APA Style Covers everything from where the reference list appears to the capitalization of words in the titles of sources Serves as a primer on formatting that will be followed in all of the following handouts on creating APA reference entries

Works Cited Page: Basic Format MLA

Guides you through the general rules that apply to any works cited page using MLA Style, from where the page appears and how to list the works Walks you through how to construct a reference entry for different text, starting with a focus on authors Serves as a primer on formatting that will be followed in all of the following handouts on creating MLA works cited entries Includes an example Works Cited Page

APA Stylistics: Things to Avoid

Identifies the risk of bias in language concerning gender, race, disability, and sexuality when writing up research in APA fields Provides links to APA's official guidelines on avoiding bias Offers suggestions on finding alternatives to gendered pronouns and using different descriptors when identifying people in your research

Use SQUARE BRACKETS to insert words that help your readers make sense of the passage (MLA)

In fact, some feel that "it [gossip] can serve a crucial function" (Tannen 95).

IN-TEXT CITATIONS - MLAThe FIRST time you reference a particular source In later references,

In later references, you only need to give the author's LAST name

Use ELLIPSES to show that you've left out some information (APA)

Interestingly, "Although gossip can be destructive... it can serve a crucial function in establishing intimacy" (Tannen, 2005, p. 95).

DISCLIPINES of MLA

LIt, arts humanities

IN-TEXT CITATIONS - MLAThe FIRST time you reference a particular source In later references, In later references, you only need to give the author's LAST name ex

Later in the speech, Obama noted such a journey would be difficult (226)

Who Should Use MLA

MLA Style is typically reserved for writers and students preparing manuscripts in various humanities disciplines such as: English Studies - Language and Literature Foreign Language and Literatures Literary Criticism Comparative Literature Cultural Studies

Reference List: Other Print Sources APA

Offers a short list of other less common print sources you might be citing in your manuscript and how to construct references for them Covers examples such as citing a source that is cited in another, or citing a government document

APA Citations and Reference List

Perhaps the trickiest part to mastering APA Style is understanding the requirements for citing and listing secondary sources accurately. The following pages walk you through the details of writing citations and developing a reference page at the end of your paper. Read these guidelines carefully! It is important that you refer to your sources according to APA Style so your readers can quickly follow the citations to the reference page and then, from there, locate any sources that might be of interest to them. They will expect this information to be presented in a particular style, and any deviations from that style could result in confusing your readers about where you obtained your information.

Works Cited Page: Other Common Sources MLA

Provides guidelines on how to reference other sources you may encounter during research that are considered books or non-periodical works Includes works that you might likely use but that have unusual publication information, such as a government document, pamphlet, and dissertations

Footnotes and Endnotes APA

Recommends using footnotes or endnotes to avoid long explanations in the text Covers two basic kinds of notes: bibliographic and digressive

What is MLA Style?

Style establishes standards of written communication concerning: formatting and page layout stylistic technicalities (e.g. abbreviations, footnotes, quotations) citing sources and preparing a manuscript for publication in certain disciplines.

Use Quotation marks to identify exact phrasing used from the original. For example (MLA),

Tannen notes that "gossip can be destructive" (96)

Use PARAPHRASES for short passages that you restate in your own words

These are used for 1-3 sentence passages where you use the exact ideas, but not the exact words. Do not follow the original structure of the passage

GENERAL NOTES

These notes may be found in both the alphabetic index and the tabular list. These notes typically provide information related to a specific section or subsection. Example:In the fractures section of the tabular list, (See page 1781 of ICD-9-CM, near the middle of the page) the following note appears: Note: A fracture not documented as closed or open should be designated (coded) as closed.

Use SUMMARIES for larger amounts of text that you restate in you own words

This keeps your paper from being overwhelmed by the "voices" of your sources. Be sure to represent the information objectively and true to the original intent.

Use QUOTATIONS for exact wording from the original

Use quotation marks to indicate to your readers that you are using exact phrases or sentences from the original work

Why Use MLA?

Using ---Style properly makes it easier for readers to navigate and comprehend a text by providing familiar cues when referring to sources and borrowed information. Editors and instructors also encourage everyone to use the same format so there is consistency of style within a given field. Abiding by ---'s standards as a writer will allow you to: Provide your readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to locate information of interest to them Allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar or complicated formatting Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your audience and their needs as fellow researchers (particularly concerning the citing of references)

Works Cited Page: Electronic Sources MLA

Walks through the basic requirements and unique qualifications for constructing references for different types of electronic sources Covers more standard sources, from online periodicals and scholarly databases to less conventional sources like emails and video recordings found online Includes OWL suggestions on how to cite weblog entries and comments posted to blogs (NOTE: consult your instructor to find out if these are acceptable research sources to use)

Reference List: Electronic Sources APA

Walks through the requirements and unique qualifications (see the Notes throughout the page) for constructing references for electronic sources Covers sources from online periodicals and scholarly databases, to emails.

Reference List: Author/Authors APA

Walks you through how to construct a reference entry for different text starting with a focus on author Notes how the references are different depending on the number of authors or if there are multiple works by the same author

LEAD-INS or ATTRIBUTIONS or SIGNAL PHRASES

When you use a secondary source, your goal is to integrate it seamlessly into your paper. Just dropping in a quotation is lazy and ugly ! Remember: the FIRST time you reference a particular source, provide information about that source so that your readers have useful information. Give the FIRST AND LAST NAME of the author and other information you know about him/her or the article. Alter the words you use to introduce the secondary source. Always saying "According to..." or "Someone says..." gets quite boring. So, think of effective verbs such as: acknowledges, admits, argues, asserts, concludes, describes, explains, maintains, refutes, shows, speculates, states, suggests, warns, etc.

Use a Single Quotation mark to show that words were quoted in the original (APA)

While Tannen (2005) suggests there are ill effects from gossip, it's not harmful "if it is not 'talking against' but simply 'talking about'" (p. 96).

APA Formatting and Writing Style

You should start by becoming familiar with the general formatting requirements of APA Style, as well as the different standards for writing that are expected among APA writers. Because APA is different than other writing styles, you should pay attention to everything from general paper layout to word choice. The following pages will introduce you to some of these basic requirements of APA Style to get you started in the right direction.

MLA Formatting and Notation Style

You should start by becoming familiar with the general formatting requirements of MLA Style, as well as the different standards for notation that MLA writers are expected to use. Because MLA is different than other writing styles, such as APA, you should pay attention to every detail of the Style, from general paper layout to abbreviations. The following pages will introduce you to some of these basic requirements of MLA Style to get you started in the right direction.

APA note

You will reference page numbers if you are using a PDF or a book (or other document with actual page numbers). For HTML articles (such as from our library's databases) you will number the paragraphs and the citations will be (Obama par. 3) for MLA or (Obama, 2012, para. 4) for APA. Websites have no page numbers, so the references would just be (Obama) or (Obama, 2012).

MAL most frequently used in

disciplines within the humanities

citing your sorces is important and doing so can help establish

ethos

BLOCK FORMAT

for long passages (more than 4 lines typed in your paper).

Use a Single Quotation mark to

how that words were quoted in the original

Use Quotation marks to

identify exact phrasing used from the original.

HOW do we document the use of the secondary sources? IN-TEXT CITATIONS -

identifying where you got the ideas/wording within your paper.

AUTHORS For APA

if there are two authors, list both with an ampersand: (Smith & Jones, 2009, p. 34). For three to five authors: (Smith, Jones, Stewart, Streep, & Connery, 2009, p. 34) for the first use, after that, switch to (Smith et al., 2009, p. 34). For six or more, use (Smith et al., 2009, p. 34).

Use SQUARE BRACKETS to

insert words that help your readers make sense of the passage

IN-TEXT CITATIONS - MLAThe FIRST time you reference a particular source

provide information about that source so that your readers have useful information. Give the FIRST AND LAST NAME of the author or authors and the article title. If you know any information about the author, you could include it as well.

DISCLIPINES of APA

psychology, edu and social sciences

HOW do we document the use of the secondary sources?END CITATION -

the full bibliographic information so that readers may go to the original source.