Dr. N Contemporary Social Problems Final Exam
Social Security is based on the __________.
Bismarckian approach
According to the logic of the one-drop rule, past President Barak Obama would be racially classified as ____________.
Black
______ are important to consider when accounting for _______.
Communities; differences in life chances
_____ is more likely to occur in communities where opportunities for individuals are difficult to come by.
Crime
__________ are __________ among couples who are older when they marry, have higher educational attainment, and higher incomes.
Divorce rates; lower
__________ is an interdisciplinary field.
Gerontology
______ is a contemporary risk factor for falling into poverty
Income fluctuation
In _____ a caste system has existed for thousands of years
India
______ has not kept up with ____ in the labor market
Inequality; progressive taxation
__________ is associated with higher instances of depression and general poor health.
Long-term joblessness
__________ is one of the most pressing concerns society has about dementia patients.
Provision of care
__________ was a practice used by _________ to determine which neighborhoods would be eligible for housing loans. The practice largely benefitted __________ communities.
Redlining; the Federal Housing Administration; non-white
_______ jobs represent the largest sector of the work economy in the U.S. today.
Service sector
According to a sociologist, which of the following statements about sex and gender is true?
Sex and gender are fundamentally different concepts
__________ has been highly effective in reducing the poverty rate among older Americans.
The Social Security Act
Research shows that less than a third of americans currently have a college degree, which is relatively low considering the high cultural value Americans place on education. A sociological analysis would reveal that the high cost of higher education for average Americans is one _____ this social condition.
Underlying cause of
A web of social relationships linking people to one another is known as:
a social network
An individual who believes that reverse discrimination of whites in employment is a widespread phenomenon in the U.S. today would also likely conclude that __________.
affirmative action policies are harmful
The __________ that experiences the highest rate of poverty in the U.S. today are __________.
age cohort; children under 18
It is difficult to retaliate against the injustices of __________ because this type of prejudice is difficult to prove.
age discrimination
A(n) __________ family is one where both spouses are in the labor force.
dual-earning
Compared to other developed nations, the United States has __________. Statistics on this crime are considered to be very reliable because __________.
higher rates of homicide; data on this crime are reported from multiple sources
As inequality in a population ______, overall health in the population tends to ________
increase; decrease
Over time, U.S. public support for non-heterosexual relationships has __________.
increased
To draw attention to a social problem, claims-makers often engage in which of the following?
interpretation of facts
on average, women ___ than men
live longer
Since the 1970s, __________.
men have been slower to take on traditionally female activities than women have with men's activities
Among inmates in the U.S. today, the rate of diagnosed __________ is more than 50 percent.
mental illness
According to Durkheim, ______ is a driving force for people coming together in societies
religion
When we draw quick conclusions about an individual based on exaggerated assumptions about their circumstances we are employing the use of ______.
stereotypes
In addition to __________, older workers can often be laid off because __________.
stereotypes about age; eliminating their jobs is a cost savings for companies
Research shows that __________ is the most significant factor in explaining why children raised in two-parent families have more favorable social-emotional outcomes.
the presence of financial resources
Since the 1960s politicians across party lines have increasingly supported __________.
"tough on crime" policies
med school in US cost about
$200,000
The average cost of keeping a single inmate in prison for one year is about __________.
$30,000
An average U.S. teacher makes about __________ per year.
$40,000
When social scientists measure social mobility from one generation of a family to the next they do so on a scale of ______ (indicative of perfect mobility) to ______ (indicative of perfect mobility)
0; 1
Today, approximately ______ percent of the U.S. population lives in poverty. However, if we were able to use a measure of ____ to assess the situation, this number would dramatically increase
15; relative poverty
The U.S. welfare state was dramatically expanded in the _____
1930s
The Medicare program as we know it today was formalized in __________.
1965
Rape that occurred within the context of marriage was recognized starting in the __________.
1970s
The deinstitutionalization movement refers to the __________.
1970s movement that aimed to move people with disabilities and mental illness out of asylums
The U.S. employment rate peaked around __________.
1995
In ______, Congress passed a series of laws to reform the welfare system in the U.S. This system is still in place today.
1996
In __________, the Obama administration passed the __________ with the aim of improving the healthcare system in the U.S.
2010; affordable care act
In _________________, same-sex marriage was legalized in the U.S.
2015
About ____ % of spending in the American economy is allocated to social welfare programs
25
The U.S. houses approximately __________ percent of the world's prison population.
25
18) In one large study about hookup behavior among college students, researcher Paula England found that about __________ percent of college seniors had never hooked up and about another _________ percent were virgins.
28; 21
Today, in addition to the many days spent preparing, an average American student in grades three thru eight spends about __________ day(s) a school year taking standardized tests.
3.5
Over the life course, about __________ percent of women report having experienced some form of intimate partner violence.
30
About ______ percent of the population are sexual minorities
4
About __________ percent of college students get a degree from the same institution they started their education at.
40
Today, about __________ percent of Americans rent their home.
40
An average American retiree can expect that about __________ percent of their income will be available to them in retirement from __________ alone. This is significantly __________ than what retired workers in most of the EU can expect.
40; Social Security; lower
Neighborhoods where at least __________ percent of families live below the poverty line are __________.
40; living in concentrated poverty
Today, about __________ percent of Americans are likely to cohabit at some point in their adult lives.
45
The average American sees a doctor about __________ times per year. This is __________ than average doctor visits by people in other comparable nations.
4; lower
The average American works until the age of about __________.
65
Since 1976, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has begun publishing __________ different measures of the unemployment rate. These measures are used to __________.
6; discern a comprehensive view of unemployment
Today about _____ % of minimum-wage workers are adults
70
Today about __________ percent of whites approve of marriage between blacks and whites.
85
In all insurance markets, when __________ people obtain coverage, the costs of the service __________.
?
Which of the following statements would a supporter of affirmative action policies, as they exist today, be most likely to say?
Affirmative action is necessary to offset the generations of institutional discrimination experienced by non-whites
Sociological research on the effect of affirmative action has concluded which of the following?
Affirmative action policies have not entirely alleviated discriminatory hiring practices experienced by non-whites
Research shows that __________ are disproportionately suspended or expelled from school.
African Americans
A local restaurant and bar is hiring wait staff and bartenders for the upcoming summer season. Four applicants have applied for the job: Jerry, a 57-year-old man with over 30 years of bartending experience; Sandra, a 43-year-old women with 25 years of waitressing experience; Ken, a 23-year-old man who just completed his bartender certification; and Jenna, a 21-year-old woman looking for her first restaurant waitress job. After conducting interviews, the manager gives the bartending job to Ken and the waitress job to Jenna. Part of his reasoning is that their youthfulness will draw more business to the restaurant and bar. In fact, no one working in the restaurant or bar is over the age of 30. The __________ would call this restaurant's staffing patterns into question.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Which of the following best describes a sociological perspective on aging?
Age is significant because of social meanings, structures, and processes attached to it.
__________ and __________ have been found to be strongly associated with one's likelihood of developing Alzheimer's.
Age; genetics
_____ do not imply whether a social condition is a social problem or not.
Agreed-upon facts
__________ is best known for his/her research on the complexity of sexual orientation
Alfred Kinsey
according to recent data, ___ are the most likely group to commit suicide
American Indian/Alaska native men
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the relationship between race, crime, and political representation?
B) Blacks and Latinos disproportionately face obstacles to exercising their right to vote because they are also disproportionately convicted of felonies, which suspends their right to vote.
For a social condition to be considered a social problem, it must _______.
Be recognized by social and political actors as a problem
The __________ in the 1940s granted many __________ legal short-term work permits to assist the U.S. with labor shortages during and after World War II.
Bracero Program; Mexicans
Bruce's parents live in a much more affluent community, where the public schools perform better than Jordan's community. What is the most likely outcome for Bruce and Jordan's futures?
Bruce is more likely to obtain a college degree than Jordan
Cal and Fern live in different communities in the same U.S. state. Cal's town has high-quality schools and many extracurricular opportunities for youth and families where they can socialize and build community. Fern's town has schools that are characterized by scarce resources, and there are few opportunities for youth and families. A sociologist would most likely argue that ______ community is the better of the two in terms of life chances, because it has stronger _______.
Cal's; social networks
Today, a child raised in ____ would have a much better chance of achieving social mobility than if they were raised in _____
Canada; The U.S.
______ assumes that economic rewards are the driving force behind individual behavior
Capitalism
__________ is often called the "father" of criminology.
Cesare Lombroso
According to the work of Durkheim, global capitalism is ______
Characterized by organic solidarity
Children in the __________ demonstrate the ways segregation impacts our psychological development.
Clark doll experiments
__________ at prep schools are __________ they typically are at public schools.
Class sizes smaller than
Which of the following is a community consequence of high rates of violence, crime, and neighborhood disorder?
Companies are fearful of making investments in these communities and, in turn, will invest in development and in creating good-paying jobs elsewhere.
You recently read a news article that reported that your state's senator voted to reduce spending on public education in your state. How would a neo-Marxist explain this scenario?
Cuts in government spending on social programs is an example of the inevitable "fiscal crisis" all capitalist economies eventually contend with
__________ is/are an example of institutional discrimination.
Differing penalties for possession of crack cocaine and powder cocaine
Donna, an 85-year-old woman, was recently rushed to the hospital after experiencing a stroke. Doctors took heroic measures to keep her alive and she is now on life support, something she expressed to her children she never wanted at the end of her life. What could have prevented this situation from occurring?
Donna could have established a DNR order.
During their lifetimes, _______ and _____ were part of marginalized groups.
Du Bois; Addams
________ is a ________ theorist
Durhkeim; structural functionalist
_______ and ______ wrote theories to help make sense of vast societal changes they observed during the Industrial Revolution.
Durkheim; Marx
__________ is a system for classifying people based on perceived cultural similarities, whereas __________ is based on perceived innate physical similarities.
Ethnicity; race
When the government implements policies to remedy social problems it sometimes leads to ________
Expansion of the welfare state
__________ are crimes punished by a year or more in prison, while __________ are punished by less than one year in prison.
Felonies; misdemeanors
______ and _____ place prime importance on thinking about the ways inequalities are rooted in socially constructed categories and perpetuated by power structures
Feminism; critical race theory
__________ have spurred a national debate about gun control in the U.S.
Frequent school shootings in recent years
________ are held constant across social and historical contexts
Gender roles
_______ refers to the integration of politics, economics, and culture across national borders
Globalization
Which of the following puts Americans in the most favorable position for employment in today's economy?
Having a college degree
You have been hired as a sociological consultant by the NFL to investigate the high rates of early onset Alzheimer's reported by retired NFL players. Given what you know about what individuals can do to potentially reduce their susceptibility to the disease, what recommendation might you make to the NFL if they are concerned about reducing players' risk of developing dementia?
Helmets and rules should be revised to reduce the risk of head injury.
given what you know about trends in health disparities and health behaviors, which of the following individuals would be most likely to be a cigarette smoker?
Henry, a middle-aged white man
Given what you know from the text about economic inequality in the U.S., why is an individual's access to home ownership so important?
Home ownership is the primary means through which average American generate wealth
__________ can occur in a facility or in-home.
Hospice care
The "_________ First" approach to alleviating widespread homelessness has been shown to be effective.
Housing
According to a sociological perspective, _____ could be considered a social problem because it negatively impacts a large number of people.
Increased divorce rates
Recent sociological research finds that white families are more likely than black families to own a home. In the study, the researcher explains that this racial gap in homeownership is an example of the intergenerational legacy of housing programs after World War II that restricted access to homeownership for non-whites. This is an example of _________
Institutional racism
Which of the following is a limitation of structural functionalism as a theoretical perspective?
It minimizes the role of conflict as an essential component for social change
Which of the following is true about economic inequality in America in the 1950s?
It was an all-time historical high
__________ has the largest population of people over 65 in the world, which can lead to increased spending on medical care for these individuals.
Japan
Next semester Ken is starting a bachelor's degree program at UC-Berkeley, the same place his grandfather received his bachelor's degree in the 1970s. Given what you know about changes in higher education since Ken's grandfather attended college, it is safe to assume that __________.
Ken will be paying significantly more for his education than his grandfather did.
Kevin and Sal are two men taking part in a random assignment experiment about gender identity. Upon their arrival at the experiment they are both given a survey to complete about gender identity. They do so and then wait for their results to be scored by the researchers. First, the researcher debriefs Kevin and tells him that his survey responses indicate that his gender identity is more feminine than masculine. Next, the researcher debriefs Sal on his results and lets him know that his survey indicates his gender identity is more masculine than feminine. Kevin and Sal are then asked a series of questions about their opinions on homosexuality. Given what you know about other research done on this topic what is most likely the result of the opinion questions?
Kevin will be more likely than Sal to have a negative view of homosexuality.
_________ describes the relationships you have with others through biological, marital, or emotional connections.
Kin
According to _______, the history of all societies is rooted in conflict between social classes.
Marx
__________ is an example of __________.
Mass incarceration; institutionalized racism
Increased precision, efficiency, and calculability are features of the __________ of work.
McDonaldization
__________ is a social welfare program aimed at providing access to healthcare for poor and disabled Americans.
Medicaid
All Americans ages 65 and older are automatically eligible for __________.
Medicare
Which of the following children was most likely to realize benefits from the Moving to Opportunity experiment?
Melissa, who was 3 years old when her family moved to a new community, where they resided for more than a decade
Karl Marx would describe President Donald Trump as a _____, whereas Max Weber would describe him as a ______.
Member of the bourgeoisie; charismatic leader
__________ are more likely than __________ to be homeless.
Men; women
Reading through the day's newsfeed you come across a story about a young person who was arrested at the local mall for stealing an iPad. The story includes a statement from the person explaining they stole the item because they did not have enough money to buy it. The news story also quotes the young person's parent who explains how difficult it has been for their child to find a job that they have the skills for and that pays them enough to save for an iPad. Using strain theory, ____________ explains that crime and deviance occur because of an individual's inability to achieve societal goals through legitimate means.
Merton
______ is the best known for advancing the use of middle-range theories
Merton
Given what you know about the research on children's experiences of divorce, which of the following would you suggest to a family going through the transition of divorce?
Minimizing parental conflict and keeping both parents highly involved with the kids are extremely important.
Which of the following about sexual assault is true?
More often than not, the victim and the perpetrator know each other.
Tanya is a Latina teenager from a working-class family about to start her freshman year in high school. Given what you know about the research on academic performance and school segregation, which of the following high schools is Tanya likely to benefit most from attending?
Mosaic High - a school with a racially and economically integrated student population
According to a structuralist, which following is true about poverty?
Most societies across historical and cultural context have included poverty
The __________ collects crime data from a sample of Americans, whereas the __________ collects crime data from police departments.
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS); Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
During her lifetime, Jane Addams was involved in the women's suffrage movement, advocated for women's right to birth control, and other social issues related to women's rights in society. Social conditions that restrict women's power in society are an example of _____
Neo-Marxism
__________ play(s) a central role in successful in the early stages of prisoner reentry.
Non-profit agencies
Which of the following statements most accurately describes what sociological research has concluded in recent years about race, media bias, and crime?
Non-whites are overrepresented in media coverage of crimes
Expectations that guide our behaviors are referred to as ___
Norms
For her social science master's thesis research, Stacey used data from the U.S. Census, and other government agencies, to document disparities in educational funding across school districts in the country. She found a clear pattern that school districts with higher percentages of non-white students received significantly less funding than districts with mostly white students. In the conclusion of her thesis she argues that such a dramatic educational inequality is harmful to society. Which of the following concepts best applies to this scenario?
Objective approach
Which of the following is the best example of the relationship between institutions and organizations?
Organizations put into practice the norms established by institutions
When manufacturing jobs are ____, very often they are _____.
Outsourced; performed in sweatshops
Imagine you attend a large state university. The governor of the state has recently announced that there will be changes in higher education spending next fiscal year. A few days later, you receive an email from your university notifying you that your tuition and fees will be increasing by a few hundred dollars next year. Given what you know about trends in higher education funding and costs, what is the connection between these two events?
Over time, states have contributed less to funding higher education, which is partially made up for by increasing costs for students.
______ is credited with advancing structural functionalism as a theoretical perspective for understanding social life
Parsons
____________ is a social factor that can help explain the gender disparities observed in sexual assault.
Patriarchy
______________ is a term that helps explain ______________________.
Patriarchy; male dominancy
What major change was made to the U.S. Census forms in 1997?
People were allowed to identify themselves as more than one race.
__________ often fuel the negative beliefs, feelings, or attitudes people can have about people that are different from themselves.
Prejudices
According to the work of Foucault, which of the following are the best examples of surveillance?
Probation and parole
__________ is among the highest economically valued illegal activities in the underground economy.
Prostitution
Weber's work describes the connection between ______ and the rise of early capitalism
Protestantism
Which of the following statements is most demonstrative of essentialism?
Racial identity is inherited.
__________ were disproportionately impacted by risky subprime mortgage loan practices that precipitated the recent housing crisis in the U.S.
Racially segregated neighborhoods
_________ is a form of ____________.
Rape; sexual assault
Julia was charged with a felony and, as a result, is serving time in prison. While there she opts to take advantage of a program available to inmates to earn their GED. Which of the following concepts best explains this situation?
Rehabilitation
__________ has been shown to be associated with reduced likelihood that a couple will divorce, but has also been shown to be a potential contributor to relationship conflict.
Religion
Given what you know about gender, race, and students' performance on standardized tests, which of the following students is likely to have the highest math score on a standardized test?
Sam, a white male
Sandra is a single mom of two young boys..... Which of the following statements is one a structuralist would be most likely to make when analyzing Sandra's situation?
Sandra is up against some powerful social and economic forces in her job search- being a single parent, having limited access to a well-paid job, and only being able to afford living in a difficult community
Recently, former Olympian and Hollywood celebrity Bruce Jenner became Caitlyn Jenner. Which of the following best describes Caitlyn?
She is transgender.
Glenda is a first-generation Mexican American immigrant. Which of the following is true about her experience filling out the 2010 Census?
She was not able to indicate Latina as her race
Which of the following has had the LEAST amount of impact on the working-class job market since the 1950's?
Shifts in parenting styles
Which country's students score highest on the PISA?
Singapore
Concerns about the viability of __________ into the future stem from the fact that the program pays out more than it takes in via tax payer contributions.
Social Security
__________ is the most expensive social welfare program in the U.S.
Social Security
_______ does happen, but is usually very slow.
Social change
Which of the following statements about social problems is true?
Social problems can be difficult to solve if doing so removes advantages from groups who have traditionally benefitted from the status quo.
Each day at 6:00 am the Smith twins are woken up by their parents to get dressed and eat breakfast. Then, they take the bus to school. After school, they go to karate class. In the evening they do homework, eat dinner, watch 30 minutes of TV, and then read with their parents before going to bed. Which sociological concept best describes these events?
Socialization
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a sociological perspective on crime and violence?
Sociologists consider the social conditions of society to explain crime and violence.
__________ can be described as a policy based on the principle of color blindness, whereas __________ is one that is color-conscious.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964; affirmative action
Which of the following statements about recent social policy and sexual assault on college campuses is true?
The Trump Administration rescinded a 2011 U.S. Department of Education policy that penalized universities by withholding federal funds if they did not respond to cases of sexual harassment, sexual violence, and assault
You are watching the evening news in your suburban home and hear a story about an arrest for a violent crime and drug conviction that occurred in a poor neighborhood in the nearby major city. Given what you know about race, punishment, and media coverage of crime, which of the following is likely to be true about the news report?
The criminal in the story is a young black man
__________ include relationships with coworkers, friendship networks at work, regular life routines, and positive sense of identity.
The informal social benefits of work
Which of the following statements best explains why we should be cautious when interpreting overall median household income in the U.S. today by racial-ethnic group?
The measure does not account for important variations within racial-ethnic groups.
Which of the following statements about Americans' beliefs about violent crime rates and the reality of violent crime rates is true?
The public believes that violent crime is increasing and violent crime has decreased in recent decades.
Which of the following is the policy that is most responsible for the state of mass incarceration in the U.S. today?
The war on drugs
What do the immorality and oppression frameworks for understanding prostitution share in common?
They both interpret prostitution as a way in which sex workers are hapless victims
Which of the following helps explain why countries like France and Sweden have fewer single-parent households living in poverty than the U.S. does?
They provide more government support to families, effectively lifting them out of poverty
Which of the following statements best explains how companies test DNA samples to determine an individual's genealogy?
They use statistical algorithms to approximate how an individual's gene variants match with averages in a sample of gene variants in socially constructed racial and ethnic categories
Tina lost her job during the Great Recession. Given what you know about the U.S.'s social support programs, what can she likely expect with regards to support from the government while she is looking for a new job?
Tina can expect that, at best, support programs will temporarily replace about half of her previous earnings
A professor at your university has hired you as a research assistant to help with her project on the current state of residential segregation, particularly between white and black populations, in a nearby major city. As your first task, she asks you to interpret the results of statistical analysis of the index of dissimilarity in various neighborhoods in the city. The first neighborhood you are writing about has a predominantly white population with a dissimilarity index of 41. How would you interpret this?
To have a more even distribution of whites and blacks there, 41 percent of white or black residents would need to move.
While doing research for a homework assignment, you come across a report that ranks the sex segregation of various occupational sectors. You notice that the occupations of electrician and truck driver have rankings above 70. What does this mean?
Truck driver and electrician are highly gender-segregated occupations
__________ help illuminate sexual orientation as rooted in genetics and social life.
Twin studies
Advocates against the move to a single-payer healthcare system in the U.S. cite potential shortcomings of such a system (e.g., having to wait longer periods of time to see a doctor or specialist). Data on this issue concludes that __________. And this problem could potentially be alleviated by __________.
U.S. patients already wait longer to see a doctor than do patients in many other countries; dealing with doctor shortages
__________ is the state with the lowest per-pupil education spending.
Utah
Which of the following is the best example of using the sociological imagination to understand the social problem of war?
War can undermine the social institutions of society, such as family and government
__________ manifests both formally and informally, as well as intentionally and unintentionally.
White privilege
Which of the following is the best sociological explanation for the finding that women are less interested in casual sex than men are?
Women are more likely to avoid casual sex to avoid damaging their reputations.
Alzheimer's is caused by _________.
a build-up of plaque on the brain
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which of the following is a nonfamily household?
a cohabiting same-sex couple
Susan and Bob both work full-time. This means they are __________.
a dual-earning couple
The argument that our highly specialized labor market offers a wide variety of jobs for people to use their talents and creativity is considered by sociologists to be __________ because __________.
a false promise; of the prevalence of deskilled service industry
Parents' ability to raise children under the model of "concerted cultivation" is easier when __________.
a family's economic resources are plentiful
A society with more older people than younger people in the population is __________.
a graying society
For most of the twentieth century __________ was possible with __________.
a middle-class lifestyle; a high school diploma
You are hired as a sociological consultant by a policy expert group that is interested in reducing rates of unemployment among U.S. workers. Using your sociological perspective of designing policies, what would you most likely recommend to the exports as they think about designing policies to address this problem?
a multi-pronged approach to this problem including free or lost-cost job training/education, increased unemployment benefits, corporate incentives, and efforts to stimulate economic growth will have the biggest impact
The controversial results of the Moynihan report were based on __________.
a narrow definition of "ideal families" as nuclear, traditional, and heterosexual
Sociological research is guided by _______
a passion to change society
In general, there is __________ relationship between educational attainment and income.
a positive
The age pyramids for Japan and the U.S. share __________ in common.
a post-WW2 baby boom
The small business owners that make up the Chamber of Commerce in your city want to vote in the upcoming elections for a candidate that will represent their interests in Washington. Their most pressing concern is that their elected officials work hard in Washington to reduce the very high costs they incur as a result of providing healthcare benefits to their employees. If this is their most pressing concern, a political candidate that advocates for __________ would be someone they should vote for.
a single-payer system
In order to receive welfare benefits in the U.S. today ______
able-bodied recipients must work or volunteer a specified number of hours per week
Code of the Street is an influential book by sociologist Elijah Anderson. In the book he argues that young people who live in inner city neighborhoods plagued by violence __________.
adopt strategic behaviors in order to protect themselves from becoming victims
Barry is a middle-aged, single male who is in excellent overall health. Recently, he broke his leg and suffered a semi-severe head injury in a skiing accident and had to spend several days in the hospital. He has no health insurance because he claims it is too expensive for him to purchase when he is otherwise a very healthy person. His hospital bills for the injuries totaled more than $100,000 - far more money than he can afford to pay. Barry's decision to not have health insurance is an example of __________. In lieu of a preventive care-focused health insurance plan, he could consider buying __________ to cover him in circumstances like these.
adverse selection; catastrophic insurance
Cal is the hiring manager at a big box retail store looking to hire a part-time employee to help with the cash register for the store's extended hours during the winter holiday season. He interviews Kara, a 73-year-old looking to supplement her fixed income. During the interview, Cal asks a series of standard questions and also asks Kara if she thinks she will be able to handle the store's erratic hours and hectic business, as the position requires being on her feet for a long period of time. Which of the following concepts best illustrates this scenario?
age discrimination
The __________ of a population dictates __________.
age structure; how resources are allocated
Current patterns observed in the mainstream media representations of older Americans are an example of __________.
ageism
Janet is a 60-year-old woman and has been a receptionist at a doctor's office for 30 years. She will not be financially ready to retire for another 10 years or so, but she has recently been notified that her position is being eliminated because the doctor she works for is retiring and, as a result, she is being laid off. Even with her experience, Janet is struggling to find work at another doctor's office. When she is finally offered a position, the pay is far too low compared to what she was making previously for her to accept and be able to make ends meet. Janet's story is characterized by __________, a common experience for older workers in the labor force.
ageism
In a recent campaign speech, a senator running for re-election in your state said, "Divorce among American families has remained high since the 1970s. This is a crisis for the American family." The first sentence of this speech excerpt is an example of _________, whereas the second sentence is an example of ________.
agreed-upon facts; interpretations of facts
Programs like the Harlem Children's Zone (HCZ) are designed to __________.
ameliorate differences in opportunities for children from different social classes
Research shows that academic achievement is highest __________.
among students in low-poverty schools
Marginally attached and discouraged workers are not counted in the official unemployment rate but represent __________.
an important pool of labor resources
Jenna and Nena attend the same high school. Since freshman year, Jenna has taken basic grade-level courses in English, math, and science. Nena has taken similar courses to Jenna, but always at the honors and AP level. When it came time to apply for colleges, Nena had more colleges to choose from because her SAT scores and grades were higher than Jenna's. Sociological research would likely conclude that Jenna and Nena's achievement differences __________.
are an example of how tracking is a self-fulfilling prophecy
When workers are undocumented, they __________.
are excluded from laws and policies that uphold standards for workers' rights and protections
When individuals obtain a college they ____
are likely to earn higher salaries than those without one
Often there ____ factor(s) to consider when trying to solve social problems
are many important
Housing vouchers and public housing units __________.
are programs available to assist homeowners who are temporarily struggling to pay their mortgages
The "1 percent" in America ______
are the most affluent group in the country
Sociological theories _______
are ways of explaining a complex social world
Trends in _________ have the potential to dramatically reinforce social class differences between American families.
assortative mating
The dominance of the U.S. economy throughout most of the twentieth century was fueled by __________, __________, and __________.
availability of natural resources, skill level of workers, developments in technology
It is increasingly common for households in the U.S. to ___________.
be comprised of one person
Children in high-poverty communities are more likely to __________ than children in low-poverty communities.
be exposed to violence
Why is it difficult to claim that the disadvantages boys face in the education system today are a social problem?
because men make more money than women in the labor force
Early explanations of race and racial inequalities relied on ______ theories of racial difference.
biological
Evolutionary theory is a(n) __________ explanation for gender differences in sexual behavior.
biological
early expectations of racial and ethic differences in health disparities now discreted, used ___ to explain difference.
biological explanations
Children born to ______ women are most likely to be raised in a single-parent home.
black
__________ are incarcerated at rates significantly higher than other groups in the U.S.
black
Today, ________ account for more than one-third of America's prison population.
black men
Today in the U.S., rates of HIV infection, infant mortality, and homicide are highest among _________.
blacks
Historically, __________ have disproportionately lived in high-poverty neighborhoods. This is partially explained by the legacy of __________.
blacks; racism
Today, the unemployment rate for __________ is nearly twice that of __________.
blacks; whites
health disparities are most pronounced when ___ are compared to __
blacks; whites
The ______ own and control capital.
bourgeoisie
Some recent research on the effects of divorce for children finds that ____________ may fare worse than _____________ when raised in a single-parent home.
boys; girls
There are high rates of __________ among public school teachers in the U.S.
burnout
World system theory connects the concept of ______ and ______
capitalism; globalization
Wallerstein's ______ theory is an example of a ______ theory
capitalist world; neo-marxist
research demonstrates that the more _____ a society, _____
capitalist; the less happy people are there
As a result of increased labor market flexibility workers are more likely today than they ever have been in the past to __________.
change careers multiple times over the course of their working years
One limitation of the objectivist approach is that it does not account for______.
change over time
Depending on how it is measured, the ____________ among American couples ranges from 35 to 55 percent.
childbearing rate
Compared to women in the 1970s, women today are more likely to have __________.
children outside of marriage
Research shows that ____ can impact an individual's physical and cognitive development
chronic stress from living in conditions of poverty
Sam is a disabled Vietnam veteran who has not been able to secure a long-term job or a place to live in over 20 years. Sam is an example of the __________.
chronically homeless population in the U.S.
Devon identifies as a man, the gender he was assigned at birth, and is sexually attracted to other men. Which of the following terms best describes Devon's identity?
cisgender gay
Special interest groups and policy experts play an essential role in the _____ stage of the social problems construction process.
claims-making
In the early 1800s, Americans of Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian descent were __________.
classified as distinct racial-ethnic groups
Compared to all other countries in the world, the U.S. __________.
clearly has an aging population, like many other developed nations
The enormous administrative costs associated with the structure of the U.S. healthcare market __________.
coexist with enormous profits generated by private insurance companies
Sociologist, C. Wright Mills is credited with ______.
coining the term "sociological imagination"
Today in the U.S. women surpass men in __________.
college enrollment
College dropout rates among U.S. students might decrease if __________.
college was more affordable for average Americans
Kelly recently told her parents and her best friend that she is a lesbian. Which of the following concepts best applies to Kelly's situation?
coming out
Max is a man living in Detroit whose father worked in an auto industry manufacturing plant building spark plugs for cars. After the plant closed, his father was laid off, and he had to drop out of college because the family could no longer afford the education expenses. Max is now trying to work and live in Detroit, but has few employment prospects that pay enough for him to support himself. When situations like this are widespread, Max and others like him are more likely to __________.
commit crimes to support themselves
Restrictions on employment for individuals with a criminal record __________.
compromise the individual's ability to provide for themselves and their families
When neighborhoods have high rates of __________, they are more susceptible to the risk of eviction and homelessness.
concentrated poverty
Since the 1990s, more Americans live in __________ and __________.
concentrated poverty; gated communities
On most weekdays, after school, Wendy has an activity to engage in. On Monday, she takes piano lessons and on Tuesday and Thursday she has soccer practice or a game. Over the weekend, her family usually visits a local museum or spends time at the public library. Which of the following concepts best describes Wendy's childhood?
concerted cultivation
The works of Marx, Mills, and Weber fall under the umbrella of ______ theory
conflict
Viewing society as the composition of groups that engage in competition for resources is the underlying premise of _______
conflict theory
Reforming a host of social programs, such as access to health insurance, wage subsidies, education, and employment opportunities, would mean expanding the _______.
conservative approach to alleviating poverty
Which of the following would be the best thing for a skeptic of official crime data to do in order to gain a better understanding of trends in crime?
consider data from multiple datasets that report crimes
According to the _____ approach, finding solutions to social problems is an on-going process.
constructionist
given what you know about ways in which the healthcare market operates, who benefits least from the standards and practices used in the market?
consumers
W.E.B. DuBois would describe Jim Crow segregation as ______, whereas Max Weber would describe it as _____.
contributing to "double consciousness"; social closure
The gender revolution __________.
created tensions between women's traditional roles as caregivers and contemporary roles as workers
The privatization of U.S. hospitals __________ and in turn __________.
creates a competitive market; increases costs for consumers
Organizations in the claims-making process may use _____ to generate concern about a social issue they think is problematic.
crime
***The process of changing established systems and norms occurs in stages. First, __________ and then __________.
critical juncture; lock-in
A sociological view of the relationship between __________ and racial socioeconomic inequalities asserts that people develop views and behaviors in response to their social context.
culture
In recent decades __________ has overwhelmingly been replaced by __________.
dating; hooking up
Your chances of being unemployed __________ with increases in educational attainment.
decline
The aging U.S. population, more young people pursuing higher education for longer, and more working aged adults filing for disability may all contribute to a __________.
decline in the number of workers who make up the labor force
Increased availability of affordable housing would likely __________.
decrease homelessness rates
In recent years the U.S. government has __________ spending for __________.
decreased; housing vouchers
There is some evidence that racial segregation of communities has __________ over time and economic segregation of communities has _________ over time.
decreased; increased
divorce rates among younger Americans are ____________ because ______________.
decreasing; fewer of them are marrying in the first place
The most expensive health condition to treat in the U.S. population today is __________.
dementia
One type of __________ is __________.
dementia; Alzheimer's
Ben worked as an animator for many years. He would hand-draw the pictures that were later used to produce cartoon shows on television. New advances in computer technology allow production companies to make cartoons without artists like Ben. When he can find work, Ben is now paid much less for his work and he no longer hand-draws the art. His job has been __________.
deskilled
While driving to school today you passed a sign on the freeway that said "$1,000 FINE FOR LITTERING." Which of the following concepts best explains the purpose of this sign?
deterrence
Educational inequalities between racial groups are best explained by _______.
differences in parental involvement with schooling
During a commercial break from her favorite prime time TV show, Natalie sees a commercial for "Latisse" - a prescription medication to treat "inadequate eyelashes." The commercial claims the product will help you grow "longer, fuller, and darker" lashes. Commercials like this one are referred to as __________ advertising, and are __________.
direct-to-consumer; legal in the U.S., but illegal in most other countries
Assembly line work, which grew substantially during the Industrial Revolution, __________ older workers.
disadvantaged
According to Marx, the part-time factory workers in a General Motors (GM) plant and the shareholders of GM company stock are
distinct social classes
Historically, increased rates of women's labor force participation and increased __________ rates coincide.
divorce
The poverty threshold used by the U.S. government today _______
do not account for cost of living in different places
Scholars and public policy makers __________ that the current role of insurance in the economic market for healthcare creates __________.
do not all agree; moral hazard
Today in the U.S. young women are more likely than their peers in the opposite situation to be sexually assaulted if they ________________.
do not attend college
Recently, Johanna's father lost his well-paid job in corporate management and accepted a lower paid position in a manufacturing plant. Also, Johanna's mother began tutoring part-time to help increase the family's monthly income and cutting back on the family's discretionary and recreational spending. If these difficult times persist, Johanna's family is most likely to experience _____
downward mobility
Since the 1990s, instances of victimization in schools have __________.
dramatically decreased
Like many communities across the U.S. since the 1970s, cities like Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Akron have experienced __________ as a result of __________.
economic decline; a loss of manufacturing jobs
research shows that as __ increases, so too does an individual's use of preventive healthcare
educational attainment
Social constructions ______________.
emerge in cultural and historical context
Americans use __________ more so than people in any other developed nation. Some argue this is because __________.
emergency rooms; Americans lack consistent access to healthcare across the life course
Many current workers will likely have financial difficulty in retirement because __________.
employer contributions to workers' retirement benefits have eroded significantly
Which of the following is a policy reform that could have a substantial impact in terms of reducing the cost of medical care in the U.S.?
encourage the gov. to negotiate the price of prescription drugs, instead of leaving price to the private market
You have been hired by the U.S. federal government as a consultant for a project seeking to reform the education system. Given what you know about this topic, which of the following might you recommend the federal government do to help alleviate educational inequalities in communities across the country?
encourage the government to play a more central role in ensuring that schools are equally funded
Research shows that many American families today, despite precarious employment and economic circumstances, are often able to pull together enough resources to keep up with essentials. However, research also shows that there is little room for these families in way of emergencies and disruptions in income. According to a structuralist, which of the following would have the least potential to help alleviate this common economic situation?
encouraging all members of the household who are able to work to take on multiple jobs each
A good sociological imagination requires _______.
engaging in critical thinking
According to Arlie Hochschild's research on the second shift, how might a couple avoid creating a "family myth of equality" in their own household?
ensure both partners are actually performing equal shares of all the housework that needs to be done
drawing concrete conclusions about the relationships between income, wealth, and health disparities among adults is difficult because
establishing confidence about the time order and direction of the relationships between variables is complex work
Sean is the Director of Operations at the state's food bank. Every month he is required to send a spreadsheet of data that records the number of families and individuals the food bank reached to federal government office. The federal office is responsible for administering grants to state food banks to assist with their efforts to alleviate hunger in the local population. Which stage of the social problems construction process best applies to this scenario?
evaluation
You have been hired as a consultant by the local school district to help them develop a new set of policies and procedures for dealing with student misconduct. In the process of writing up your proposal, you research and critically evaluate a host of empirical research on this topic. Based on what you find in the research, you present the school board with a student code of conduct that you suggest they implement in the district. Your proposal is an example of _________
evidence-based policymaking
before the affordable care act, it was legal for health insurance companies to __
exclude patients with pre-existing conditions from obtaining coverage
The city you live in has recently passed a new law that specifies two changes to current housing policy and urban development. First, all newly constructed buildings in the city's downtown area must contain a mix of residential and commercial space. Second, no more than 15 percent of the total housing units in the city's private housing market can be categorized as low-income housing. These reforms are an example of __________.
exclusionary zoning
Trevor is visiting New York City for the first time. He wants to be sure he visits Little Italy, Chinatown, and Koreatown. These neighborhoods are known as __________.
exclusionary zoning communities
A city that is interested in lowering the number of evictions experienced by its residents might consider __________.
expanding voucher programs
Women and sexual minorities are more likely than heterosexual men to __________.
experience harassment
Children of incarcerated parents are more likely than other children to __________.
experience homelessness
Social scientists have used _______ to empirically test the limits of how individuals socially construct gender.
experiments
__________ have proven especially fruitful for studying racially discriminatory behaviors in a "colorblind" society.
experiments
Research finds that college men and women are equally likely to __________.
express interest in having relationships
Ex-offenders who serve time as a result of a criminal sentence __________.
face a number of collateral consequences as a result of their criminal record
Gina is a single woman living in a large metropolitan city with a "hot" housing market. As a teacher, she makes about $40,000 per year. She rents a one-bedroom apartment for $1,500 per month. This means she pays $18,000 per year in rent, more than one-third of her annual salary. From this information, housing researchers would conclude that Gina __________.
faces a severe cost burden
In the last 50 years, the ____ has undergone significant transformation. As a result, many people cite this as a source of social problems.
family
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, __________.
family elders lost their elite familial status as landowners
Children in today's American families are likely to experience a series of __________ during childhood.
family transitions
Today, national student loan debt __________ national credit card debt.
far surpasses
During the last 100 years, jobs in the __________ and __________ industries have been on the decline in the U.S.
farming; manufacturing
There is evidence to suggest that __________ payment structures encourage __________.
fee for service; more testing and procedures
Which of the following might help reduce government spending on Medicare, without dramatically compromising access to healthcare for older Americans?
find ways to lower the cost of medical treatments and end-of-life care
Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi are best known for __________.
founding #BlackLivesMatter
According to Durkheim, deviance is __________ for society.
functional ?:
If families embrace __________ in paid and unpaid labor, they may realize additional benefits from being part of a __________.
gender flexibility; blended family
Women are more likely than men to be employed in care occupations such as nursing or teaching. This trend demonstrates the connection between which two sociological concepts?
gender socialization and occupational sex segregation
Full cultural assimilation becomes increasingly more likely with each __________ of a family.
generation
Which of the following has been found to most greatly reduce the negative health outcomes associated with being a victim of sexual assault?
getting counseling
Arguably the most important part of constructing a social problem is _____.
getting media attention
The challenges of living in ___________ are disproportionately experienced by black Americans.
ghettos
Advanced machinery, and particularly computers, have influenced the labor market by eliminating jobs while also __________.
giving employers more tools to monitor the work of their employees
According to the public opinion data in the textbook, since the 1970s, whites' attitudes about racial inequalities __________.
have remained largely unchanged
Solutions to social problems_______.
have to be mulifaced
when groups of individuals display patterns of differing health status according to their social class, race or ethnicity, gender and geographic location, a sociologist would say there are observable
health disparities
Employment in the U.S. is relatively much more important than it is in other developed countries because it is tied to two important elements of well-being: __________ and __________.
healthcare; retirement
Jane Addams won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for ________
her work at Hull House
An internet search of "online dating websites" reveals countless images of, and websites devoted to, happy opposite-sex couples finding love. Which sociological concept best illustrates this phenomenon?
heteronormativity
Research presented in the text finds no difference between outcomes for children raised in _______ and _________.
heterosexual headed homes; same-sex headed homes
Today, Todd and the rest of his fifth grade class are taking a standard test that assesses their reading, math, and science skills. Students who pass the test will advance to sixth grade next year, whereas students who do not pass will repeat fifth grade. This is an example of __________.
high-stakes tests
A community with a __________ index of dissimilarity score will likely have a _________ isolation index score. Together, this means a community is _________.
high; high; very segregated
Government spending on programs to assist Americans with housing __________.
historically favor homeowners
Since the 1970s, rates of __________ have __________ in the U.S.
homelessness; increased
At the very end of life, many individuals with terminal illnesses utilize __________ for care.
hospice
Insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, medical device manufacturers, __________, and __________ are the major interest players in _________.
hospitals; physicians; the healthcare market
Gender-segregated public bathrooms. and the debates occurring about them in contemporary society, illustrate ____________.
how gender is socially constructed
Men outnumber women in the military and, therefore, are more likely to experience life in a war zone. This helps explain __________.
how gendered behaviors explain health disparities between men and women
The Civil Rights Movement is an example of _______.
how monetary resources do not always matter for bringing awareness to a cause
The impact of the Great Migration can be observed using methods of __________.
human ecology
Women and men are most likely to orgasm during sex __________.
if they are in a longer-term relationship
Which of the following concepts best helps explain why harassment of, and violence against, black men by police officers is so prominent in the U.S. today?
implicit bias
The minimum-wage requirements in the U.S. are such that workers can work full-time and still be ________
in poverty
A key factor in the reason why American workers take less paid vacation time than workers in other developed countries is that __________.
in the U.S. paid vacation time is not required by law
American workers work more overtime hours than do workers in comparable nations because __________.
in the U.S., there are no laws protecting workers from being forced to work overtime or having their jobs threatened if they refuse
Due to high rates of ______ among the ________ population, this group is most likely to be disproportionately disadvantaged when exercising the right to vote.
incarceration; black
Your weekly paycheck is an example of _______
income
Research about the state of racial segregation of neighborhoods in the U.S. today is __________.
inconclusive
Historically, economic recessions tend to _____ the poverty rate.
increase
Women's increased labor force participation historically coincides with _________.
increased divorce rates
Since the 1970's economic inequality has:
increased sustantially
The 2014 housing crisis __________.
increased the precariousness of living arrangements for many Americans
The steady rise in median household income realized by American families between 1950 and 1975 is primarily the result of _______
increases in women's labor force participation
As violent crime in a community __________, __________ increase.
increases; negative public health outcomes
A senator in your state is up for reelection. Recently you attended an event to hear the candidate speak about her perspectives on the economy. In her speech, the senator expressed that she is an opponent of increasing the minimum wage. Which of the following is most likely a part of her argument?
increasing the minimum wage will make it more difficult for employers to hire lots of workers, increasing the overall unemployment rate.
Norman is in his early 70s and is looking for housing options where he can enjoy his retirement. After much searching, he has purchased a small one-bedroom condo in a complex for adults ages 65 and over. The condo facility has scheduled activities, a cafeteria that provides the option for three meals a day if he does not want to cook at home, and on-site nursing facilities in a separate building should he need them. Norman's housing situation is an example of what type of long-term care?
independent senior housing
In 2017, the city of Baltimore experienced a series of bomb threats aimed at the city's Jewish synagogues and a swastika that was spray painted on a sign for the Jewish Museum of Maryland. Which sociological concept best describes these events?
individual discrimination
The contradictory American values about ___________ and ___________ can help explain the current state of marriage in the U.S.
individualism; marriage
The coastal town of York, Maine has the ability to raise millions of dollars in taxes and revenue from seasonal tourism that they can spend on their school system. In nearby Sanford, Maine the property values are much lower and they don't have extra income from things like parking meters and fees for town services. Because of this, York is able to spend twice as much per student than Sanford. This exemplifies __________.
inequality as a result of local funding of schools (?)
Men outnumber women in the military and, therefore, are more likely to experience life in a war zone. This helps explain __________.
information asymmetry
Mandatory retirement could be interpreted as __________.
institutional discrimination
Which of the following concepts best explains the persistent racial wealth gap in the U.S.?
institutional discrimination
In 2017, the __________ part of the ACA was repealed, a mechanism that was initially put in place to help counteract the potential for widespread __________ in the health insurance market.
insurance mandate; adverse selection
The advantages of attending prep schools and elite colleges and universities are __________.
intergenerational
Today, most Americans publically approve of
intermarriage between whites and non-whites
Since the 1980s rates of __________ have increased, but are still relatively low.
interracial marriage
A feminist theorist would assert that ______ helps illuminate nuances in the social hierarchy
intersectionally
According to he Gini Index, the U.S. _______
is about average in terms of economic inequalities
Students' participation in extracurricular activities __________.
is higher at prep schools
What was the outcome of the "war on poverty"
it reduced poverty rates in the U.S. dramatically at first
Which of the following company employees is likely to be paid the highest salary
jim, the company's Chief Financial Officer. He has worked for the company for 6 months
Which of the following theories best explains why ex-offenders may face significant difficulty finding employment upon release?
labeling
The __________rate is an alternative measure of the __________ rate, as it specifically looks at the number of U.S. adults who are under 65 and not in prison who are working.
labor force participation; unemployment
Over the last century, the number of different majors available for students to pursue at colleges and universities has increased dramatically. This situation reflects the trend of __________ in the modern economy.
labor market specialization
The U.S. has the __________ in the developed world.
largest incarcerated population
According to the information provided in this chapter, the U.S. might look to model government policies in the Netherlands and Denmark if it wanted to __________.
legalize and regulate prostitution
Given what you know from the reading about the challenges faced by ex-offenders with their reentry into the community after serving prison time, which of the following policy suggestions would have the LEAST likely impact for improving conditions associated with re-entry?
lengthening the time ex-offenders are supervised in probation
Today, on average, men do ______ housework and childcare than woman typically do.
less
Creating a public option for insurance is an ACA reform suggested by __________.
liberals
The __________ is a sequence of stages, usually marked by significant cultural events or social transitions, that people move through as they age.
life course
The average length of time members of a population can expect to live is referred to as __________.
life expectancy
Data on intimate partner violence are ___________.
likely an underestimate of the prevalence of the crime
According to C. Wright Mills, a trouble is _____.
linked to a person's character or immediate relationships
The chronic stress of __________ has been shown to impact brain development.
living in poverty
children ___ are at risk for health programs in later life
living in poverty
Tim is late for work and, consequently is pulled over by the police for speeding. If Tim wants to appear in court to contest his fine, which jurisdiction would he most likely be dealing with?
local
Schools are largely funded through __________, which results in __________.
local taxes; differential funding between communities
Experimental research shows that families who experience homelessness benefit most from __________.
long-term use of a housing voucher to assist with paying rent in the private housing market
You are completing a research project for your sociology class and are focusing on the question of "Why do people choose to get married?" In the process of doing interviews with recently married couples, you find that they most frequently cite ______ as a very important factor in the decision to get married to their partner. In your paper, you indicate that this finding is reflective of studies done using larger, national samples on this same topic.
love
Countries with high inequality are also typically characterized by ______
low social mobility
An opponent of expanding the welfare state would most likely argue that _____
low-performing schools would benefit most from privatization
Compared to other developed nations, the U.S. ranks __________ in high school completion rates and students' scores on international standardized tests are relatively __________.
lower low
Children's exposure to violence has been associated with __________.
lower academic performance
Americans between the ages of 16 to 24, compared to other age groups, have the highest rates of unemployment. Researchers argue that this has long-lasting effects such as __________.
lower average pay, bouts of unemployment throughout one's working years, and lower subjective well-being
Research on sex work has found that forms of prostitution that charge higher prices typically have __________.
lower risk of violent victimization
Neighborhoods that were "redlined" in the 1930s thru the 1950s were __________.
majority black
As a result of hyper-segregation, schools with __________ students are __________.
majority non-white disproportionately poor
Brown v. Board of Education __________.
mandated the racial desegregation of public schools
While the unemployment rate is much lower for college graduates (7.2%) than for those without a college degree (19.5%), this is seen as a paradox because __________.
many college graduates are underemployed and have taken jobs that would typically be filled by people without college degrees
One way researchers have studied how poverty rates compare between countries has been to distinguish between _______ and _____.
market income; disposable income
A "young" country, like Sudan, is likely to invest resources in __________ programs.
maternal welfare
A leader in the local chapter of #BlackLivesMatter has just spent her day calling her representatives in Congress and several local media outlets about the unjustified arrest of an unarmed black teenager in her community. Which stage of the social problems construction process best applies to this scenario?
media attention
Better living conditions and __________ have increased the life expectancy for average Americans.
medical advancements that can sustain life
___ is a health insurance program funded entirely by the fed. gov. for Americans over the age of 65
medicare
__________, a widely popular social insurance program in the U.S., is modeled after a __________ approach to the healthcare industry.
medicare; single-payer
It is not uncommon to find widespread __________ and __________ among the U.S. homeless population.
mental illness; disability
Children from __________ families are more likely to realize success in navigating bureaucracies later in life than children from __________ families.
middle-class; poor
Since the 1940s, there has historically been an overrepresentation of __________ working in the agricultural industry.
migrant workers
According to demographic transition theory, an aging society has likely undergone __________.
modernization
Compared to parents in the 1960s, parents today spend ______ time with their children.
more
Advances in technology have made medical care in the U.S. __________.
more expensive
the economic resources, self-governance abilities, and critical thinking capabilities of ___ help explain the positive relationship between education and health
more highly educated
On average, Americans work __________ workers in Europe and __________.
more than; are not guaranteed any paid time off
African Americans are __________ likely to __________ than any other racial-ethnic group.
more; live in residentially segregated neighborhoods
Cultural expectations about __________ create tensions between the ways women balance work and family responsibilities.
motherhood
When compared to similar countries and over time, the U.S. divorce rate is ______________.
much higher
A business in the 1960s paid __________ for healthcare coverage for its employees than businesses do today.
much less
Kendra is an 11-year-old girl who lives with her mom, dad, little brother Jason, paternal grandmother, and Spot (the family dog). Kendra's family is a __________.
multigenerational household
The time period after World War II when the U.S. market for healthcare was being established and formally offered to workers as a benefit from their employers would be the __________ phase of path dependency.
narrowing
The U.S. unemployment rate is watched by politicians, researchers, the news media, and other institutions because it is seen as an important indicator of the __________.
nation's economic health
Between 1985 and 2015, the percentage of the employed population in the U.S. that were age 65 and older __________.
nearly tripled
Labor market mismatch happens when __________.
newly educated workers do not have the skills or experience required by potential employers
Since the adoption of __________ in the __________, rates of divorce have __________.
no fault divorce; 1960s; decreased
Sociological research shows that children are __________ when their parents work for pay.
no worse off
A sociologist concerned with the long-term economic implications of racial segregation would argue that racially segregated neighborhoods are most problematic because __________.
non-white neighborhoods also have disproportionately lower housing values
Wearing sweatpants to a job interview, standing still in the middle of a busy sidewalk, and sticking chewing gum to the underside of a desk are examples of deviations from _______
norms
Today, women are more likely to __________ than men.
obtain a college degree
During the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. economy was very dependent on __________ and economic growth began to slump when __________.
oil; prices skyrocketed
Results of a recent experiment that sent out fictitious resumes to real job ads found that __________ and _________ workers got the least number of callbacks, suggesting that our cultural biases about "good workers" are complex.
older; male
Public officials in your town are in the process of approving a proposal from a private company that burns medical waste to build a new facility in your community. Officials are positive about the proposal because they believe it will bring well-paying job opportunities to the community. Given what you know about environmental health, which of the following areas of town is the facility likely to be closest to?
on the outskirts of town, where the most affordable housing options are and most residents are renters
__________ is related to __________.
opportunity hoarding concerted cultivation
According to Durkheim, hunter-gather societies are characterized by _____
organic solidarity
The ______ we are enrolled in or join play an important role in our development as social beings over the course of our lives.
organizations
Increased labor costs typically result in __________.
outsourcing
Research shows that men and women in poor communities tend to prioritize __________ over __________.
parenthood; marriage
Which of the following is the best example of an infraction?
parking violation
__________ helps to explain how and why changing the momentum of established ways of doing things is difficult.
path dependency
Some cities have utilized __________, with great success, to help alleviate chronic homelessness.
planned communities with secure housing
The cases of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Eric Gardner are examples of __________.
police using excessive force against unarmed black men
Sociological research finds that the precarious workers most vulnerable to wage exploitation and unsafe working conditions in the U.S. are __________.
poor and/or undocumented
According to Wilson's work on "marriageable men," __________.
poor women have a difficult time finding partners that they think are suitable for marriage
Predictions about __________ are based on estimates of fertility, mortality, and migration.
population growth and decline
a sociologist that studies health and medicine is most likely to focus on
population health
***Research demonstrates a clear __________ association between _________ and the distribution of health disparities in the U.S. population. However, explaining how and why this relationship exists is complex.
positive; socioeconomic status
According to demographers, a country that has low mortality rates, low fertility rates, and high life expectancy is __________ demographic transition.
post
Dramatic shifts in employment circumstances, including career changes, are __________.
potentially difficult and disruptive
sociological research finds that families who _________ have more favorable familial experiences.
practice flexibility in breadwinning and caregiving
To help make ends meet while raising her two young children, Jenna starts watching other families' children in her home on a part-time basis. At the end of the week, the families she works with pay her in cash and let her know what their needs are for next week. Jenna's work is an example of what sociologists refer to as __________.
precarious work
Attendance at an elite, private __________ can play an important role in gaining access to an elite college or university.
preparatory school
President Lyndon B. Johnson's statement, "You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair," describes the difference between support for ________ versus the support for ________.
principle of equality; the implementation of policies that might help create more equality
Felons are most likely to serve out their sentence in __________.
prison
At restaurant you overhear a parent telling their young child to say "thank you" to the waiter for bringing the food they ordered. A sociologist would say that in this situation, the parent is teaching the young child about ________
prosocial behavior
The 1950s cultural model of middle-class family life __________.
proved to be an ultimately unsustainable way to organize family life
Research studies such as Moving to Opportunity, planned communities, and housing voucher programs are most directly intended to __________.
provide us with a better understanding of how housing matters for life outcomes, and how we can best address social problems related to housing
Which of the following proposals would a structuralist argue to be most effective for lessening the impact of growing up in poverty on children?
providing families with enough support to provide consistent access to life's necessities
Gene is a single father of two young children living in Washington, D.C. He is employed by the city as a facilities employee and makes approximately $40,000 per year. Recently, he received an eviction notice from his landlord because he is three months behind on the rent. He pays $1,300 per month for the one-bedroom apartment he shares with his two young children. Looking for help, Gene calls the city's housing authority to find out if he is eligible for housing assistance. The housing authority worker tells him he is not eligible for __________ because he makes more than the amount specified by the federal government's poverty guidelines for his family size of three to be considered living in poverty ($20,780). However, he could be put on the city's waitlist for __________, which might help him afford an apartment more easily in the years to come.
public housing; a housing voucher
You have just received a phone call from the Local University Poll. The interviewer asked you a series of questions about your opinions on gun control. Which stage of the social problem construction process best applies to this scenario?
public reaction
Brown vs. Board of Education ruled that __________.
public schools could not legally be racially segregated
Professor Karen recently contributed an article to the "Huffington Post" where she discusses, for the general public, the implications of findings from her recent research. This type of scholarship is an example of ______
public sociology
Residential segregation typically occurs along lines of __________.
race and social class
The grouping of Americans of European descent, such as Italian, Irish, and Jewish, into a general racial category of "white" exemplifies __________.
race as a social construction
In a lecture given by your professor in Social Problems class, you are shown a number of maps that use U.S. Census data to display the geographic distribution of different racial and ethnic groups across the country. When the data is collected and displayed by racial and ethnic category it is valuable to our sociological understanding of the world, but also subtly contributes to the process of _______, or understanding how contemporary society chooses to group racial and ethnic groups together or apart from one another.
racial formation
In general, __________ groups are larger than distinctions made about __________ groups.
racial; ethnic
Chicago, New York, and Miami are some of the most _________ cities in the U.S.
racially segregated
The work of W.E.B. Du Bois was largely overlooked by academics in his lifetime because of _______.
racism
A sociologist would argue that __________.
racism is learned via the process of socialization
Sam, a stay-at-home parent, and John, a medical doctor, are divorcing. In court, the judge rules that, in addition to child support, Sam is entitled to __________ from John.
receive alimony
Some victims of sexual assault are said to experience a "second assault" when they report their abuse. This refers to _________________.
receiving negative reactions from others they tell about the incident
During a(n) __________, unemployment tends to __________.
recession; increase
Technological advancements have impacted the labor market and have ultimately __________ and __________.
reduced the skills needed for many jobs; made it easier for work to be outsourced
When a population's birth rate does not maintain a country's population size, the country is struggling with __________.
replacement fertility
Social class privileges are _______
reproduced via the education system
Given what you know about the persistence of the gender gap in pay between men and women workers in the U.S., which of the following policies would best help to close this gap?
requiring wages for part-time work to be the same as they would be if the employee was full-time
When schools feel unsafe __________.
research shows that student learning suffers
White flight and redlining are terms used to describe __________.
residential segregation
High-poverty communities are also __________.
resource poor
Family plays an important role in the opportunities children are afforded in life, but sociological research finds that ____________.
resources provided by communities and extended networks also matter
The earliest form of criminal punishment was __________.
retribution
Today, most women in professional or managerial jobs __________.
return to the labor force quickly after having children
Today in the U.S., being a women, having less than a high school diploma, and being non-white are _____
risk factors for living in poverty
The term "million-dollar blocks" refers to __________.
sections of American cities where the government has spent millions of dollars on convicting criminals for committing street crimes
Researchers are interested in understanding the state of __________ because it is an essential component for stability in all other areas of life.
secure housing
Although __________ is technically illegal today, it still occurs through well-established patterns in the social structure of society.
segregation
Segregation of neighborhoods also leads to __________.
segregation in schools
Middle-range theories encourage ________
self-fulfilling prophecies
Sociologist who study the impact of stigmatizing labels on an individual's sense of self-concept find that those who labeled as "deviant" are more likely to commit crimes than those who are not labeled as such. This is an example of the power of ________
self-fulling prophecies
Since graduating from college in 2000, Trevor has been in four different serious romantic relationships, each of which lasted for about 5 years. Given this information, a sociologist would describe this as an example of __________.
serial relationships
Most jobs available in the U.S. economy today are __________ sector jobs. This model of economy is known as __________.
service; post industrial
Individuals who identify as LGBTQ are __________.
sexual minorities
How one expresses __________ can change over the life course.
sexual orientation
Anita is moving to a new city and decides that instead of selling her current apartment she will use it as a property to generate some side income. To do so, she lists it as a short-term rental property on Airbnb and HomeAway.com. The services provided by these and other websites are part of the growing __________.
sharing economy
On average, college administrators earn salaries that are __________ those of CEOs.
significantly less than
After work Zander picks up his toddler-aged daughter from daycare. As he leaves the daycare parking lot, his wife texts him to ask if he can pick up milk on his way home. Before he gets to the grocery store the toddler has fallen asleep in her car seat. Instead of waking her, Zander decides to run quickly into the store to grab milk. In the 5-minutes he is gone, out of concern for the little girl, someone has called the police. When Zander returns to the car the officer tells him he is being charged with __________.
simple neglect
The vast majority of young people in America do not obtain a college degree. This often results in __________.
slow workplace advancement and periodic bouts of unemployment
In his work, Weber describes four types of ________
social action
According to a sociologist, we are all ______.
social beings
Sherri is an Asian American women. She has two school-aged children. She works full-time as a shift supervisor at a local big box store, but still has difficulty making ends meet. The theoretical contributions of Karl Marx would likely emphasize Sherri's _____ to make sense of her common life experiences.
social class
The gap in academic achievement observed among students in the U.S. is largely explained by __________.
social class differences
The exclusion of women from playing golf on certain courses is an example of_____
social closure
policing is an example of_____
social control
The impact of living with Alzheimer's often results in the experience of _________.
social death
Durkheim would describe societal norms as ______
social facts
Research demonstrates that there is an important relationship between __________ and desistance.
social integration
Families both provide and are impacted by _______
social problems
______ can play important roles at many stages of the social problems process such as documenting the social condition, making policy recommendations, and participating in policy evaluation
social scientists
Older Americans today benefit from __________, which was not the case for this same age group prior to the 1930s.
social welfare programs like Social Security and Medicare
The process whereby we learn about race and ethnicity, along with other key aspects of social life, is referred to as __________.
socialization
Masculinity and femininity are ________
socially constructed ideas about gender
Difficulties faced by homeless families versus homeless single men are __________.
somewhat different
An increased demand for __________ is one unintended consequence of widespread high-stakes testing in public schools.
special education
Say you live in a state where marijuana is decriminalized. In this situation, being fined for the possession of small quantities of marijuana would most likely be handled by __________ governments, whereas being arrested for the trafficking of marijuana across state lines would most likely be handled by __________ governments.
state; federal
Making the assumption that all couples who divorce have done so because they have not put enough effort into their marriage is an example of _____.
stereotype
Research shows that exposure to _____________ may affect self-concept, confidence, and performance on tasks.
stereotypes
The __________ we hold about race can fuel our __________.
stereotypes; implicit biases
Social institutions typically delineate ____, whereas organizations specify ____ for social life.
stereotypes; rules
At school today, Lena was confronted by some other girls in her class. They made comments to her about her family being a mess because both her dad and brother are currently serving time in prison. Which of the following concepts best applies to Lena's experience?
stigma by association
According to __________ theory, an individual is likely to deviate when they feel that the institutionalized means for obtaining success are not realistic for them.
strain
Research shows that offenders of __________ are more likely to be punished than offenders of __________.
street crime, white-collar crime
Imagine you are moving into a dorm at the start of the academic year. After spending all day moving in, you decide to go to get some food. While you are gone, someone breaks into your room and takes your brand new laptop. This is an example of __________ crime, and more specifically, __________ crime.
street; property
Valerie is a sex worker. What type of prostitution puts her at the highest risk of exploitation and violent victimization?
streetwalker
Research suggests that exposure to varying levels of _______ can account for some of the racial and ethnic disparities observed about health.
stress
some research finds that there are connections between poverty, ___, and ___
stress; premature birth
Conflict theory emerged in the 1960s in response to the limitations of ______
structural functionalism
Research has found that tracking practices in schools lead to __________.
students having inequitable exposure to material
Research shows that when teachers are more highly educated and rigorously trained __________.
students' academic performance is better (?)
From No Child Left Behind (NCLB), as a society we have learned that __________.
students' academic success is not best assessed through state-level or national standards (?)
In your social problems class this semester, your professor assigns a project that requires you to interview someone who is a social minority about their lived experiences. The goal of the assignment is for students to connect with each other and learn from each other's experiences. The goal of the assignment is an example of _______.
sympathetic knowledge
Sam is a teacher. This means his occupation is __________ and he works in the __________ industry.
teacher; education
Research about child support __________.
tends to underestimate the amount that is contributed by the paying parent
As public opinions become more favorable and public policies become more inclusive of sexual minorities, we can reasonably expect __________.
that homophobia, transphobia, and anti-gay harassment will become less widespread
The Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges overturned __________.
the Defense of Marriage Act
Redlining, white flight, and other trends in residential segregation are most directly the result of which historical U.S. event?
the Great Migration
When compared to other countries, it is clear that _____ does ____ to reduce poverty than others do
the U.S.; less
A patient in __________ will pay an average of over $4,000 per day to stay in a hospital. This is among the highest costs for medical care in the world.
the US
healthcare in ___ is the most expensive in the world.
the US
The most expensive place in the world to obtain a college education is in __________.
the United States
The poverty line in the U.S. was originally based on ____
the average cost of food for a family in the 1960s
A potential shortcoming of the Libertarian proposal for healthcare reform is that__________.
the benefits we realize from the Hippocratic Oath would have to be abandoned
there are no best practices in place that clarify ___ for patients
the cost of medical care and procedures
There is an inverse relationship between __________ and __________ in the U.S.
the crime rate; the incarceration rate
Black Panthers and Black Lives Matter are organizations that came out of social movements to raise awareness about racial disparities in _________.
the criminal justice system
The gains in educational attainment and employment that women have realized since the 1950s is primarily the result of
the feminist movement
A significant contributor to inequality in the American education system is explained by __________.
the funding structure of schools
Research on violence and bullying among LGBTQ youth finds __________.
the gender nonconforming youth were more likely to be victims
As a result of __________, women's lives have changed dramatically in the last 50 years.
the gender revolution
Nate is looking to earn some extra money during his summer break from college. He decides to become a Lyft driver. When he tells his parents, Nate's dad expresses his opinion that the job is a bad idea because it offers no long-term employment security, benefits, investment in Nate's future work life, or protections. This and similar jobs are characteristic of work in __________.
the gig economy
In most affluent, democratic nations, the development of health insurance was the primary responsibility of __________, except in the case of __________.
the government; the US
Research has not been able to adequately explain __________ with data about the use of doctors and facilities, the aging population, or poor health behaviors.
the high medical care cost in the US
Which of the following best explains the steady increase in the U.S. prison population over the course of the last several decades?
the increased criminalization of drugs and drug users
One of the most important advantages deskilling has given to employers is __________.
the interchangeability of workers
The shift from manual labor to professional services occupations over the last 100 years indicates that __________.
the labor market requires more specialization and training for many jobs
Early onset Alzheimer's can dramatically reduce __________.
the length of the quality-of-life years
Today, _____ in the U.S. is about ______
the median household income; $60,000
According to the information in your textbook, research demonstrates that there is a positive association between homicide and __________.
the number of guns in circulation in a society
The way facts are interpreted and, in turn, given attention by the media and public helps explain the differences between _____ and _____.
the objectivist; the constructivist approach
When sociological theories are used to understand social problems, they tend to emphasize ________
the origin of problems
__________ delineate(s) the difference between deviance and crime.
the penal code
The statistic that about 70 percent of whites today agree that "blacks should overcome prejudice and work their way up in society, like Irish, Jewish, and other minorities did at one point in history," demonstrates __________.
the phenomenon of white privilege
As __________ increase(s), the cost of purchasing healthcare coverage __________.
the population age; increases
Since 2000, __________ has outpaced __________.
the price of rent; renters' average income
Interpreting data from an age pyramid can help us infer __________.
the proportion of a country's population that is dependent
In Durkheim's view, the American flag and a $1.00 bill are examples of _____
the sacred
Sociological research shows that, in heterosexual families, women today take on more of the burden of ________ than men.
the second shift
Sociologists are primarily concerned with______.
the study of groups
Which of the following fueled the severity of the recent Great Recession?
the subprime mortgage industry
Valerie is a 30-year-old single woman with no children. Last year she finished a graduate degree and moved out of her parents' basement into an apartment of her own. She is searching for the right partner to be in a committed relationship with, but has not found that person yet. At Thanksgiving, Valerie's grandmother asked her when she might be getting married and having children and said, "By the time I was your age I was married and had all three of my children." Sociologists would most likely point to changes in _________ in order to explain Valerie and her grandmother's different experiences at this stage of life.
the transition to adulthood
the accumulated effect effect of stress from lifelong exposure to racial prejudice and discrimination is referred to as ___.
the weathering effect
What do sociologist marx, du bois, and addams have in common?
they all mixed scholarship and activism in their careers
When a rural community houses a federal prison, __________.
they receive more government resources because their population is inflated
An opponent of an approach to primarily dealing with poverty in the U.S. via programs that promote "family values" would most likely argue that ______
this approach is not productive because changes in the structure of the economy, gender norms, marriage and parenthood have far outpaced efforts to restore the "traditional family"
Why does the U.S. encourage people to continue working for as long as possible?
to offset the economic expense of social welfare programs that support senior citizens
Laura and Anne have been in school together since the first grade. They worked well together and were always in the same class. Once they got to middle school, Laura was put into a class of students that were labeled "high achieving" and Anne was in a class for the "average" students. This exemplifies __________.
tracking
Scott has bachelor's degrees in graphic design and computer science, but he has only been able to find part-time freelance work. Scott's situation is an example of __________.
underemployment
The __________ makes up about __________ percent of the country's GDP.
underground economy; 10
Since the 1960s ______ in the U.S. has dramatically declined
union membership
___ played an important role in securing securing access to good healthcare benefits for workers
unions
Raising one's children, assisting elderly relatives, and cleaning one's house are examples of __________.
unpaid care work
The classic Bronzeville study is an example of __________.
urban ethnography
While walking down the street, Kyra notices a homeless man. She thinks to herself,"that man must be homeless because he is unemployed. Im sure that is because the economy is really struggling. Good paying jobs are hard to come by these days." Sociologists would say that Kyra is _______ to make sense of this situation
using her sociological imagination
Kevin is at a baseball game. Before the game starts he stands, removes his hat, and puts his hand over his heart during the national anthem. Kevin's behaviors, which he views as necessary ways of acting in this situation, are an example of what type of social action?
value rational
In an ideal meritocracy, research would find a _____
very low association between parents' and children's incomes
Research shows that heterosexual couples __________ in long-term relationships.
want to pair with people like themselves
Americans might fare better in the future global economy if __________.
we reconsider the implications of the increasing costs of higher education
Owning a home, possessing a retirement fund, and owning stock are examples of ______
wealth
In 2017, many high-profile men in the media
were accused of being sexual assault perpetrators
Today, there is considerable debate among sociologists about __________.
whether or not race will decline in significance in the future
In recent years, the car manufacturer Volkswagen admitted to installing software in their vehicles that would help more cars pass tests for environmental emissions standards. This is an example of __________.
white collar crime
Christine and Aidan live in a diverse, urban neighborhood. Next year, their daughter will be starting kindergarten. After doing some research about the local public schools, they are not overly impressed by the data on students' academic performance in the school district, the high student-teacher ratio, or the limited availability of high-quality extracurricular activities. To give their daughter the best education possible, Christine and Aidan decide to put their house on the market and look for a new home in a nearby suburb, a less diverse and more affluent community with higher-quality schools. These events illustrate __________.
white flight
Historically, how __________ is defined was a key component to becoming a full American citizen.
whiteness
Rates of Alzheimer's are highest among __________.
whites
By 2045 the U.S. Census Bureau projects that __________.
whites will comprise less than 50 percent of the population
Intergenerational asset accumulation helps explain _______.
why the racial wealth gap persists
Students __________ are more likely to benefit from academic tracking practices.
with highly educated parents
In an experiment that sent fake job resumes to real job ads, women applicants __________ got more callbacks, whereas men applicants with the same characteristics had no difference in the callbacks they received.
without children
Research shows that ______ are particularly vulnerable to falling into poverty after a divorce
women
Research shows that _______ are particularly vulnerable to experiencing financial hardship after a divorce.
women
The demand for long-term care services increased when __________.
women increasingly entered the labor force
The ____ in America live in ______
working poor; relative poverty
Compared to the 1980s, the state of racial desegregation in U.S. schools today is __________.
worse off
One unintended consequence of concerted cultivation is that _________.
young people today feel overly pressured to be very busy and accomplish goals
