driver's ed direct

6) "SMOG" for changing lanes

"Signal"- Signal to communicate your intentions. "Mirrors"- Check your mirrors to make sure that there is no traffic approaching from the rear. "Over Shoulder"- Glance over your shoulder to make sure your blind spot is clear. "Go"- When you've determined the lane is clear, gradually change lanes remembering to maintain your speed so that you don't interfere with the traffic already in the intended lane.

6) CVC 21755−Pass On Right Safely

"The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon the right only under conditions permitting such movement in safety."

6) CVC 21750−Overtake and Pass to Left

"The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle or a bicycle proceeding in the same direction shall pass to the left at a safe distance without interfering with the safe operation of the overtaken vehicle."

6) Mechanical Failure: Tire Blowout

*Do NOT apply your brakes forcefully and quickly! Instead, slow down slowly by taking your foot off the accelerator. If you must apply the brakes, apply them lightly when the car has already begun to slow down. two types of blowouts: Front tire and rear tire -rear tire: your car will 'fishtail' -front tire: the car will naturally turn towards the blown out tire since that wheel is now effectively smaller than the full tire on the other side. calmly get off the roadway and change your tire. If you don't know how, you should learn how to properly replace a flat tire with the spare. You'll find complete instructions for changing a tire in your owner's manual or inside the trunk of your car.

4) crosswalks

-A crosswalk is the part of the pavement where sidewalk lines would extend across the street. Crosswalks may be marked by solid white or solid yellow lines. Solid yellow lines indicate a school crossing.

4) flashing signals

-A flashing red light means STOP and proceed when it is safe to do so. Treat this signal as if it were a Stop sign. -A flashing yellow light means slow down (YIELD) and be alert to potential hazards.

4) arrows

-A steady red arrow means stop -A steady yellow arrow means your turning time period is about to end and the signal is about to change to a red arrow -A steady green arrow means you may proceed with the directed turn. You are "protected" from oncoming traffic during the green arrow, but look out for pedestrians and turning vehicles.

9) Avoiding Collisions with Animals

-Animals are most active at dusk and dawn (when they are seeking shelter, food or water) -Usually, you will not see animals until it is too late and they have jumped into the roadway, not leaving much room for avoidance. -Also, avoid low-flying birds and bats Here are several tips you can use to avoid animals: 1. Search for movement along the sides of the roads. 2. At night, search for sudden, unusual lights, which can be identified as a reflection of your lights off animals' eyes. 3. Try to position yourself closest to the centerline of the roadway. 4. If you spot an animal, be aware that there are probably more animals nearby. If Your Vehicle Hits an Animal Attempt to find the owner of the injured or killed animal. If the owner is nowhere to be found, contact the Humane Society or call the local police department. Do not attempt to move or transport an injured animal, and never leave an injured animal to die.

10) Drugs and the law

-Any person convicted of possessing, manufacturing, or selling illegal drugs is subject to a 6-month's suspension of their license. -Presence of Illegal Drugs Constitutes DUI -Presence of Legal Drugs May Also Constitute DUI: The use of any drug (and the law does not distinguish between prescription, over-the-counter, or illegal drugs) that impairs your ability to drive safely is illegal.

6) Skidding: How to stop

-Avoid using brakes -Avoid oversteering & keep front tires in line with intended path -Keep looking in your intended direction -Keep the clutch engaged -Lift foot off the accelerator gradually

6) Windshields and Glare

-Cleaning your windshield (both inside and out) should be done at least once a week. A dirty windshield is not only hard to see out of in normal light, but in direct sunlight or with headlights coming towards you, the dirt makes the windshield opaque -Intense glare usually occurs in the early morning or late afternoon when the sun is low on the horizon. Just as when driving at night, leave yourself ample space between yourself and other vehicles and increase your alertness towards your surroundings. *Invest in some quality sunglasses!! Wearing them in bright sunlight or in reflective snow conditions can ease eye fatigue and increase your ability to see clearly.

2) aggressiveness

-Express frustration -Fail to pay attention when driving/ doing something other than driving (ex: Reading, eating, drinking or talking on the phone) -Tailgate -Make frequent lane changes (whip in and out of lanes to advance ahead) -Run red lights -Speed

14) Common errors made by new drivers

-Failure to scan the driving environment. -Misjudging the speed of other vehicles, particularly oncoming cars. -Braking improperly. -Driving too close to other vehicles. -Driving too fast for the road conditions or for their level of experience. -Overreacting and over steering. -Being overconfident in their driving abilities. -Deliberately speeding. -Inattentiveness or fatigue. -Permitting driving distractions.

3) the clutch system

-Flywheel, which is connected to the engine -Clutch plate, which is connected to the transmission -Pressure plate -Pins (or studs) -Diaphragm spring -Throw-out bearing -Release fork -Clutch housing

11) Motorcycle Dress Code

-Heavy jacket. Leather offers the most protection. -Pants that cover the legs completely. They should fit snugly enough to not balloon or flap in the wind. -Boots or shoes that are tall enough to cover your ankles. -Gloves, which provide gripping and help you protect your hands in a crash.

2) IDPE: Identify, Predict, Decide, Execute

-Identify the potential problem. -Predict how the potential problem will affect you. -Decide what things you can do to avoid the potential problem. -Execute the maneuver that best avoids the potential problem.

6) Mechanical Failure: Power Steering

-It is difficult, but not impossible, to steer your car if you experience a power steering failure. -Steer your car as hard as possible to the right of the roadway. -Slow down and turn on your emergency hazard lights. -Drive onto the shoulder and stop.

8) Other tips about the windshields, mirrors

-Keep Windshield and Mirrors Clean -Ensure Mirrors are Properly Adjusted -Use Your Defrosters -Replace your car's windshield wiper blades in the Autumn -Excessive window tinting or sun screening filters could severely limit your driving view

8) braking system

-Lining and Drum/Disc: With disc brakes, the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper which presses against a piston. The piston squeezes two brake pads against the disc (rotor) attached to the wheel, forcing it to slow down or stop. This is very similar to a bicycle's brakes, where two rubber pads rub against the wheel rim to create friction for stopping. With drum brakes, brake fluid is forced into the wheel cylinder, which pushes the brake shoes out so that the friction linings are pressed against the drum attached to the wheel, causing the wheel to stop. -master cylinder: two separate cylinders in one housing, each handling two wheels (if one side's brakes fail, you will still be able to stop your car) -brake fluid: oil that is designed to withstand very cold temperatures without thickening, and very high temperatures without boiling -parking brake: aka- emergency brake it controls the rear brakes through steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal. it is fully mechanical (so the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a complete brake failure)

6) Urban Driving: Looking Ahead of Traffic

-Look Ahead For Traffic Hazards -Leave Enough Distance To Maneuver -Look Ahead For Signal Changes -Anticipate Signal Changes -Check For Stale Green Lights

10) Illegal Drugs: Marijuana

-Most commonly used illegal drug in the United States -Can reduce short-term memory, coordination, ability to do things requiring concentration (such as driving a car) -Can increase your heart rate and cause anxiety. This lack of coordination and impaired psychomotor skills can last up to 24 hours or longer after ingesting marijuana. Distorts Time and Space causes difficulty in thinking and problem-solving. Driving requires you to respond quickly to sudden, unexpected events. your perception of how much time and distance you need to slow down or stop when approaching an intersection are impaired, along with your thinking and reflexes. Slows Pupils' Response to Light Marijuana causes your pupils to have a sluggish response to light. This can be dangerous behind the wheel, especially when driving at night−You may not notice traffic signals or emergency flashers until it is too late. Possession and License Suspension Possession of marijuana is a misdemeanor under California law.

10) Other facts about drugs

-Most drugs taken for colds, hay fever, allergy, or to calm nerves or muscles can make you drowsy. -Medicines taken together or used with alcohol can be dangerous. Many drugs have unexpected side effects when taken with alcohol. -Pep pills, "uppers" and diet pills can make a driver more alert for a short time. Later, however, they can cause a person to be nervous, dizzy and unable to concentrate. They can also affect vision. -Any drug that can cause drowsiness or dizziness is one you should not take before driving. Make sure you read the label and know the effects of any drug you use.

4) Parking obstructions

-Never park in a manner that causes your vehicle to obstruct the roadway or the view of other drivers, bicyclists or pedestrians -Do not double-park (park alongside another parked vehicle)−Double-parking is illegal and unsafe -Do not park within three feet of a sidewalk ramp for disabled individuals -Do not park on a cross-hatched pattern next to a handicapped parking space (it is not a parking space) -Never park on a freeway or highway, unless it is an emergency.

2) carbon monoxide poisoning

-Open your garage door before you start your car -Never run your engine inside a garage or closed area. -In a traffic jam, especially in a tunnel, turn off your engine, if possible. -Keep a reasonable distance between your car and the car in front of you. -Turn off your car's "fresh air" ventilation if you find yourself stuck behind another vehicle for an extended period of time. -Have your car's exhaust system checked to detect potential leaks

4) railroad crossings

-Railroad crossings are marked by double yellow or single white stop lines, and are accompanied by railroad crossing signs (black X with "Railroad Crossing") and flashing warning lights. -NEVER stop your vehicle on a railroad track under any circumstances

4) traffic sign colors and meanings

-Red: STOP -Red On White: Yield or Prohibition -White On Black: Regulation -Yellow: Warning -Orange: Construction -Green: Distance or Directional Guide -Blue: Services -Brown: Recreational (Parks, Campgrounds)

2) Egotism (to fix this, practice courteous driving techniques)

-Signal before changing lanes or merging. -Keep a safe, reasonable amount of space between your car and the one in front of you. -Don't use your horn, unless it is an emergency. -Don't talk on your cell phone. -Never gesture aggressively to a driver or pedestrian.

8) other tips about the horn

-The horn is a warning device to alert other drivers of potentially hazardous or dangerous situations. You should not use your horn casually, or to express frustration or anger. Make sure your horn works by testing it every month. *Use: Use your horn to alert other drivers of potential hazards or accidents, or to alert oncoming drivers of your presence if you are coming around a tight, blind curve. Even if another driver can't immediately see you, your horn can let them know that you are there and help you to avoid a collision. Audible Distance: All motor vehicles on the road must come equipped with a horn and operating in good working condition so that when used, other drivers may hear the audible sounds at a distance of no less than 200 feet.

10) legal limit (BAC) for alcohol

-The legal BAC (blood alcohol content) limit is .08% To put that in an understandable example, an adult weighing 150 pounds, drinking at the rate of 1.5 ounces of alcohol every half hour would need: Two drinks: To reach a BAC of 0.05% Three drinks: To reach a BAC of nearly 0.08% Four drinks: To reach a BAC of 0.10% Six drinks: To reach a BAC of 0.15%

11) Pre-Ride Inspection of a Motorcycle

-Tires: Check the air pressure, general wear and tread. -Wheels, Rims and Spokes: Check these to make sure they are in good condition. -Brakes and Brake Light: Try both brake controls and make sure each one turns on the brake light. -Clutch and Throttle: Make sure they work smoothly. -Chains: Make sure they have approximately one inch of play and that they are properly lubricated. -Horn: Try the horn to make sure it works. -Turn Signals: Check the right and left turn signals to make sure they are working properly. -Headlights and Taillight: Check them and your high and low beams. -Mirrors: Make sure they are clean and adjusted. -Fluids: Check under the motorcycle for signs of oil or gas leaks. Check your oil and fluid levels once a week.

8) Parts of an Automobile: Frame

-aka: "chassis" -the skeleton. it serves as an anchor point for the engine, body and suspension system. -it is extremely rigid and strong and keeps all the parts of the car in alignment. -constructed of heavy steel welded or riveted together.

8) Parts of an Automobile: Body

-an assortment of large steel sections (which have been stamped into specific shapes and welded/riveted together) each section has many jobs: -protect passengers from the elements and in collisions. -provide solid mounts for all other systems. -move vehicle through its surroundings with minimal resistance. the body should also be constructed to make riding in a car bearable for all occupants and work with the suspension to provide a smooth ride and cushion you from the jarring effects of the road. Styles are designed to move your vehicle forward with little up-and-down and side-to-side motion

3) tire tread

-check your tread depth periodically -typical tread depth for most cars is 1/16th of an inch deep -you can perform a coin test to see how deep your tire tread is and if you need to replace them (Google search "tire tread penny test)

8) Taillights

-enable drivers and other highway users to see your car. -help you communicate your intentions to others. when you turn on your headlights, your taillights also come on.

8) parts of an automobile: Engine

-gasoline-powered device that converts gasoline into motion so that your car can move. It is an internal combustion engine (It burns the gasoline internally, which creates motion) There are different kinds of internal combustion engines: Reciprocating engines and diesel engines. There are also Hemi engines and rotary engines. There are many pros to using a reciprocating internal combustion engine: -efficient -inexpensive -reliable -easy to refuel.

6) Where does ice collect?

-ice tends to collect in shady areas, since they are shielded from the sun -cold air is under bridges and overpasses, so ice will tend to freeze first -low points on the road such as dips where water collects will also freeze early On cold days, slow down even more when approaching bridges, overpasses and dips.

Prohibited Passing: Passing Lanes and Pavement Markings (Two-Lane Roadways)

-if you encounter a "No Passing Zone" sign. -you may not pass a school bus stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading schoolchildren. -when approaching the crest of a grade or a curve where the driver's view is obstructed with such distance as to create a hazard. -within 100 feet of any bridge or tunnel. -when approaching within 100 feet of or when crossing any intersection or railroad crossing. -when approaching any streetcar. -road conditions make passing hazardous. -not enough room to pass. -cannot see the roadway far enough ahead of you. -driving in fog, ice or snow. -a is vehicle attempting a left or right turn. -road markings on your side of the roadway are solid. -the lane ahead is closed because of an accident, construction, maintenance or adverse weather conditions.

2) multitasking in the car

-keeping control of the car -observing road signs -watching the roadway and its surrounding areas -being alert to the actions of other drivers and pedestrians

9) Pedestrian rules

-pedestrians may only cross a road in a designated crosswalk or at a controlled intersection -may have to yield the right of way to motor vehicles -hitchhiking is illegal in California crossing the street (international symbols): -Steady "WALK" (or Green/White Walk Symbol)-Pedestrians may cross the street if all traffic has cleared the crosswalk. Steady "DON'T WALK" (or Don't Walk Symbol) -Pedestrians may not enter the crosswalk. Flashing "DON'T WALK"(or Don't Walk Symbol)-Pedestrians should not enter the crosswalk, as the signal will be changing and traffic will be entering the street. If you are already in the crosswalk when it begins flashing, you may finish crossing the street. *make sure to check for vehicles before you cross the street, just to be sufficiently sure that the roadway is clear and crossing is safe*

10) Illegal Narcotics: Heroin

-produce a false sense of well-being or a dream-like state or sleep. -can also cause drowsiness, dizziness, inability to concentrate, apathy and lethargy. Stupor, Coma and Death: Heroin is a powerful central nervous system depressant that can cause constricted pupils, nausea and respiratory depression, which in its extreme cases can result in death. Heroin activates brain regions that produce euphoric sensations, causing stupor or even a coma. It is also psychologically and physically addicting. Because of the danger of an overdose, users can die from consuming the drug. Additionally, they make themselves susceptible to hepatitis, pneumonia, malnutrition and HIV infection from shared needles. Visual Distortion, Reaction Time and Impaired Motor Skills: It causes distortions in your vision, significantly impairs your motor skills and slows your reaction time. These are all essential to safe driving. Illegal Stimulants (Amphetamines, Cocaine and Pep Pills): These significantly stimulate your body's central nervous system. They are sometimes referred to as 'uppers' because they reverse the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks. The abuse of Ritalin is growing among young people and may produce the same effects as the abuse of cocaine or amphetamines, including paranoid psychosis associated with amphetamine intoxication. Effects More Intense than Legal Stimulants: Like legal and milder stimulants, illegal stimulants can cause you to feel over-confident or tense when under the influence, and fatigued when the effects wear off. However, the affects and symptoms are of a more extreme intensity. In overdoses, high fevers, convulsions, cardiovascular collapse and death may occur without medical intervention. Death can be caused by the effects of stimulants on the body's cardiovascular and temperature-regulating systems, accompanied by physical exertion, which increases the hazards of stimulant use.

8) cooling system

-radiator: dissipates the heat that coolant absorbs from the engine. It stores a large amount of water in tubes or passages, which provides a large cooling area in contact with the outside airstream. -water pump: circulates fluid whenever the engine is in operation. uses centrifugal force to operate. -fan and belt: fan works like a thermostat by allowing your engine to maintain a constant temperature. belt is made of reinforced, high-tensile strength cords and synthetic rubber and connects the engine to the cooling fan -thermostat: valve that regulates the temperature and flow of coolant before it passes through the engine. it blocks the flow of coolant to the radiator until the engine has sufficiently warmed up -hoses and antifreeze: antifreeze (coolant) protects the cooling system from extreme temperatures, rust, and corrosion. it prevents radiator from boiling over in hot weather and from freezing in cold weather. Some heat is carried by the antifreeze (coolant) to your engine's heater core to heat the passenger compartment. Antifreeze is also routed to the core through heater hoses, which prevents rust and corrosion.

6) Space Cushions

-regular road conditions: 3-4 seconds -snow/ice/fog: 12-16 seconds -rain: 6-8 seconds **DURING UN-IDEAL WEATHER CONDITIONS, MAKE SURE TO DRIVE IN THE TRACKS OF THE VEHICLE AHEAD OF YOU**

3) friction between tires and road

-regular road has regular friction -sand has increased friction (harder to move) -ice and water has decreased friction (easier to move)

8) Fuel System

-tank: stores gasoline -pump (mechanical or electric): pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the injectors -filter: prevents large amounts of dirt to enter the gas tank -carburetor/fuel injection (one or the other): ----carburetor: mixes fuel (gasoline) with air so that the engine runs properly. ----fuel injection: provides better fuel efficiency and fewer toxic emissions. it atomizes the fuel (turns it into a fine mist so that it burns easily) -manifold: delivers air to your car's engine. the gasoline injected from the fuel injector is mixed with this air to become an air-fuel mixture.

6) Prohibited Passing: Passing Lanes and Pavement Markings (Freeways)

-there is a lane closure -accident blocking the lane -unsafe weather or road conditions (i.e. snow, fog) -an obstacle blocking the roadway -road conditions are too hazardous to pass safely -it is prohibited if signs or designated markings say so

14) Three-Second Rule

-use optimal driving conditions the more space you have in front of you, the more time you will have to stop if you see a hazard or accident down the road how to apply the Three-Second Rule: when the car or truck in front of you crosses a certain fixed object on the side of the road, (ex: a sign or tree) you should not cross that same point for three seconds. Just count "one one thousand, two one thousand, three one thousand." If you reach that fixed spot before you get to three, you are not leaving enough of a cushion.

4) lane signals

-used to direct the flow of traffic throughout the day, to help ease congestion (like on a freeway) -Lane signals tell drivers the use of each lane. They may indicate if a lane or toll booth is open (or closed)- ex: A green arrow above a lane would mean that you may drive in that lane.

2) physical factors that can affect ability to drive

-vision impairment -hearing impairment -intoxication -hand dexterity and muscle coordination (Muscular weakness or tremors) -Cold, flu, or other illness -Fatigue -Allergies -Sprained or broken bones

6) NO PASSING situations

-without sufficient clearance -on a hill -intersections or railroad crossings -stopped school buses (loading/unloading schoolchildren) -w/i 100 ft of bridge/abutment -w/i 100 ft of tunnel -car ahead is at or near the speed limit (you will have to speed to get around it- unlawful and unsafe) -sight distance ahead is limited -maneuver cannot be completed before reaching a no passing zone

2) emotional factors that affect driving

-you learn from the environment you grew up in (you can learn bad habits by watching your parents do them) -the emotions you bring into the car dictate your actions in the car -heredity- some people can handle stress, anger, frustration, anxiety, and depression better than others in the car

14) Electronic Distractions in a Car

1) CD's/Loud Music- it distracts your attentions from the road, can impair your ability to hear approaching emergency vehicles, and may encourage you to speed without realizing it. Adjusting the volume, changing stations or CDs should only be done when your vehicle is parked. 2) DVD Players/Satellite Televisions- It is not uncommon to see a DVD player or satellite T.V. in someone's visor. Remember, the law states that a television screen cannot be in the view of the driver when the car is in motion. (it can't be anywhere in the front of the car) 3) Navigation Systems- Most navigation systems cannot be programmed unless the vehicle is stationary but they could still cause you to take your eyes of the road. 4) Portable Gaming Systems- people go as far as mounting hand-held game systems in their visors so that they can play while driving. 5) Text Messaging/E-Mails- requires that you take your eyes off of the road to type in an outgoing message or read an incoming message on your hand held device.

10) Two types of BAC tests

1. Breathalyzer: A device that measures the amount of alcohol in your breath. There is a correlation between the alcohol concentration in your breath with the alcohol concentration in your blood. The machine uses this formula to determine your BAC. 2. Blood Analysis: Requires that you have blood drawn by a licensed phlebotomist or physician for analysis. The blood that is drawn from you is sent to a laboratory for analysis. This test directly measures the concentration of alcohol in your blood. This is the most accurate test. 3. Urinalysis: If both the Breathalyzer or Blood Analysis are unavailable or there is a specified condition that warrants such, you may be required to take the urine test. Keep in mind that this test will no longer be your option. The urine is then given to a laboratory for testing. There is also a correlation between the alcohol concentration of your urine and the alcohol concentration in your blood. This formula is applied to determine your BAC.

5) maintaining a safe following distance

1. Check Mirrors for Following Distance of Other Vehicles 2. Before Changing Lanes, Check Direction of Travel 3. After Stopping, Keep Brake Pedal Depressed 4. Keep Rear Lights Clean And Working 5. Choosing an Alternate Path of Travel as an Escape Route

6) Parking: Exiting diagonal or perpendicular parking spaces

1. Check all around you for other traffic and shift into REVERSE (R). 2. Keeping control of the brake with your foot, back out slowly. 3. Once your front bumper is even with the back of the car next to you, turn the steering wheel sharply in the direction you need to go. 4. Glance to make sure your rear fender and front bumper have sufficient space then primarily look over your shoulder to make sure there is no approaching traffic. 5. Once you have successfully exited your spot and you are in your intended lane of travel, straighten out the steering wheel. 6. Shift to DRIVE (D), making sure there is no traffic nearby or another car backing out of a parking spot and proceed forward.

6) Parallel parking: entering a space ***you should have approx. 5 extra feet in addition to the length of your car to work with!***

1. Check for traffic approaching, signal to your right. 2. Driving past the space, pull up to the car in front of the space so that the back of your rear window is aligned with the rear bumper of the parked car and you are about 2 feet away. 3. Check for traffic approaching from the rear again, shift to REVERSE (R) and make sure to cover the brake pedal. 4. Turn your steering wheel to the right using the hand-over-hand method and slowly back up. 5. Once the front of your car is at a 45 degree angle to the curb, begin turning to the left until your wheels are straight. Slowly ease back until your front bumper has cleared the front bumper of the parked car ahead. Double-check to make sure you have enough clearance with the car ahead. 6. When your car is parallel to the curb, turn the steering wheel back to the right straightening out your car. Shift to 7. DRIVE (D) and center your car in the space. Shift to PARK(P) and set the parking brake.

6) Parking: Diagonal or perpendicular spaces

1. Check your mirrors and look over your shoulder to make sure the maneuver can be made safely. Don't forget to tap your brake pedal to warn other drivers. 2. Engage your right (or left) turn signal. 3. Once your mirror is aligned with the first line of the intended parking space, turn the steering wheel sharply in the direction of the parking space. 4. Making sure to check your rear fender and front bumper, enter the space at a very slow, cautious speed. 5. Straighten out the wheels and center your car, making sure not to touch the parking block or curb. 6. Shift to PARK (P) and set the parking brake.

6) Making A U-Turn On A Residential Street:

1. Check your rearview mirrors and slow down to a crawl or stop if necessary. 2. Switch your signal to indicate a left turn, looking ahead for oncoming traffic. 3. Look behind you for traffic that is approaching. Look ahead one more time making sure it's safe in all directions. (Make sure no approaching traffic is closer than 200 feet.) 4. Ease onto the gas pedal gently while rapidly turning the steering wheel towards the left using the hand-over-hand method. 5. Check oncoming traffic in both directions before turning the wheel to the right and backing. 6. Upon the completion of this maneuver, straighten out the steering wheel and check behind you for approaching traffic.

5) avoid being rear-ended by another vehicle

1. Increase Following Distance From Vehicles Ahead 2. Signal Early For Turns, Stops And Lane Changes 3. Brake Smoothly And Gradually 4. Keep Pace With Traffic When Possible

6) Parallel parking: exiting a space ***you should have approx. 5 extra feet in addition to the length of your car to work with!***

1. Looking behind you, shift to REVERSE (R), cover the brake pedal and back up slowly while turning the steering wheel to the right. 2. Stop a safe distance from the car behind you making sure not to bump it, turn the steering wheel to the left and shift to DRIVE (D). 3. Look over your left shoulder, making sure there is no approaching traffic and signal a left turn. 4. Making sure your front bumper clears the car ahead of you, continue turning the steering wheel to the left, covering the brake pedal and moving forward slowly. 5. Upon clearing the rear of the car ahead of you, begin turning the steering wheel back to the right to center your car in your lane.

9) Pedestrians: crossing at a STOP sign

1. Make Sure You Are Seen By Drivers Before Crossing! Crossing at a STOP sign can be dangerous because there are no pedestrian signals. **The most important thing to do is to BE SEEN.** 2. Don't Assume All Cars Will Stop 3. Cross Only at Intersections−Don't Jaywalk (it is illegal!) 4. Walk Facing Traffic (so you can make eye contact with oncoming drivers and they will know to avoid you) 5. Wear bright/reflective clothing 6. Don't wear headphones! you need to be as alert as possible 7. Don't walk on railroad tracks

6) turning: "hand over hand method"

1. Make sure that your right hand is at the 2:00 position and your left is at the 10:00 position. 2. Once the front side-view mirror has entered the curb line of the intersection, turn the wheel to the left with your right hand. (At a major intersection you wouldn't start turning left until your mirror was aligned with the last white line prior to the center yellow line.) 3. Remove your right hand at about the 10:00 position, continue turning the wheel to the left with your left hand crossing over your right hand and grabbing the steering wheel at the 2:00 position. When your right hand reaches the 10:00 position for the second time and your car is straight, start to counter steer. 4. Slightly release your grip and allow the steering wheel to slowly slip through your hands back to a position where it is centered.

10) Prescription Drugs

1. Prescription Narcotics: often associated with painkillers. this group includes codeine, Demerol and morphine. -Narcotics have a definite impact on your motor skills and make driving extremely unsafe. These drugs can cause marked drowsiness, stupor, a false sense of well-being and poor coordination. 2. Depressants: includes sleeping pills, tranquilizers and barbiturates. -Depressants cause profound drowsiness, slowed reactions, and falling asleep uncontrollably. 3. Legal Stimulants: includes caffeine, nicotine and diet pills -They stimulate your body's central nervous system. -Common stimulants can be found in coffee, tea, cigarettes, and some cola drinks. They can cause you to feel over-confident or tense when under the influence, and fatigued when the effects wear off. -Inability to Focus and Aggression Stimulants can cause a false sense of well-being, inability to focus and concentrate, and aggressiveness and impatience.

6) Making A U-Turn At An Intersection:

1. Proceed to the left-hand lane while approaching the intersection. Make sure to turn your signal on to indicate a left turn, check your rearview mirrors, look over your left shoulder and check your blind spot. 2. Make sure that the intersection does not have signs indicating that a U-turn is illegal. Also, the traffic light must be green. 3. Look ahead for oncoming traffic and make sure you have sufficient distance to safely make the maneuver (at least 200 feet). 4. Look to your left and make sure that vehicles are not turning right into the lane you intend to complete your U-turn into. 5. Step onto the gas pedal gently while rapidly turning the steering wheel towards the left using the hand-over-hand method. 6. Upon the completion of this maneuver, straighten out the steering wheel and check behind you for approaching traffic.

6) Making A Three Point Turn:

1. Proceed to the right-hand side of the street. Make sure to turn your signal on to indicate a right turn. Check your rearview mirrors and look over your right shoulder and check your blind spot. 2. Switch your signal to indicate a left turn, looking ahead for oncoming traffic. 3. Look behind you for traffic that is approaching. Look ahead one more time making sure it's safe in all directions. 4. Ease onto the gas pedal gently while rapidly turning the steering wheel towards the left using the hand-over-hand method. 5. When the car is nearing the curb in front, brake gently and quickly. Straighten the steering wheel by turning it to the right. Stop before the front wheel or bumper touches the curb. 6. Shift into reverse and check traffic all around. Back up slowly toward the opposite curb, while turning the steering wheel rapidly to the right. Look over right shoulder when backing. 7. When the car is nearing the curb behind you, brake gently and straighten the steering wheel rapidly. Come to a stop near the curb and with your foot on the brake then shift to drive. 8. Check for traffic again and then move forward into your proper lane.

6) backing up step-by-step

1. Put your left hand at the top of the steering wheel. 2. Place your foot on the brake. 3. Shift to reverse. 4. Check for traffic in all directions. 5. Release the parking brake. 6. Place your right hand on the back of the seat and look over your right shoulder through the rear window. 7. Release the foot brake slowly. Apply the accelerator if needed and be ready to brake to control the speed of the car. 8. Occasionally look quickly to your left. 9. Move slowly and avoid sudden movement of the steering wheel. 10. Turn wheel to the right if you wish to back to the right. 11. Turn wheel to the left if you wish to back to the left. 12. Press the brake gently to stop.

6) How to rock out (mud, etc.)

1. Start slowly in low gear 2. Shift rapidly into reverse 3. Back up until wheels start to spin 4. Shift back to low gear and attempt to drive once again repeat as necessary Note: If you get stuck in deep snow or mud, put boards or tree branches under the tires to help with traction; however, never do this when the tires are spinning, as the car could suddenly 'fly free'

11) Situations where you may find/ have to deal with motorcyclists

1. Your Blind Spot: Remember to check your side mirrors, as well as your rear-view mirrors. 2. When You Turn Left: When you are in an intersection waiting to make a left turn, make sure your turning lane is clear before completing your turn. If there is a motorcyclist in front of you who is signaling to turn left, wait before you begin your turn and make sure the motorcyclist is actually turning left−They may not be aware that their left-turn signal is blinking, and they may even be in the wrong lane, or decide at the last minute to proceed straight across the intersection. If you arrive at an unmarked intersection when both you and a motorcyclist in the opposite lane wants to turn left, yield the right-of-way to the motorcyclist first. 3. When You Turn Right: When you are in an intersection waiting to make a right turn, make sure your turning lane is clear before completing your turn. Check your rear-view mirror to make sure there is no motorcyclist hidden from view before completing your right turn, or you could turn directly in front of a motorcyclist and cause a serious collision. 4. When a Motorcyclist Tailgates You: If you are being tailgated by a motorcyclist, NEVER slam on your brakes. Increase the distance between your vehicle and the motorcyclist. Check your rear-view mirrors often. 5. When a Motorcyclist Passes You: Avoiding potential collisions with motorcyclists requires you to look out for them and anticipate that one may attempt to pass your vehicle. Scan the road ahead and continually check your blind spots and all mirrors in traffic.

6) Mechanical Failure: Accelerator Stuck

1. make sure that it is safe and put the car into neutral 2. begin applying the brakes 3. when it is safe, try to get your car off the roadway completely while still applying the brakes *You do not want to shut off your car until you stop on the shoulder because if you shut off the engine, you also shut off the power steering and power brakes, you may even lock the steering column! Even though neither is desirable, it is better to burn out your engine than to lose your brakes. **Do not attempt to unstick the pedal until your car is safely out of traffic and has come to a complete stop. A stuck accelerator is usually caused by the floor mat inching its way up to the accelerator area and holding down the pedal. Pulling the floor mat down off the pedal will hopefully eliminate this problem from occurring again.

5) before changing lanes

1. signal 2. don't oversteer (this can cause you to lose control of your car) 3. keep pace with the traffic in the lane you are changing to 4. ALWAYS check your mirrors and look over your shoulder to confirm that there are no vehicles in your blind spot

6) Mechanical Failure: Overheating

1. start by turning on the heater turning off the AC. -the heater acts as a second small radiator, which may bring the engine's temperature back to normal -If this is not enough, then you need to pull over to relieve the strain on the engine. If you are near water, you may spray some water on the radiator. Try not to spray the engine. If the car is not completely overheated, then you should keep the engine running at idle until it cools down. The cardinal rule for checking the cooling system of your car is to check it only when the engine is cold. Never check it when it is hot, and always with the engine off. The cooling system is under a great deal of pressure and the water/anti-freeze mixture is very hot! Check the water level at least once a month and change it every 1-2 years

6) black ice

A thin layer of ice on the road. It is difficult to see and is extremely slick. Generally, in the winter asphalt is grey and white. Therefore, if you see a black surface ahead, slow down and brake smoothly and gently. You are probably observing "black ice".

13) BAC ---> chances of collision

After each drink, your chances of being involved in a collision increase substantially. For example, if your BAC is .05%, you are 5 times as likely to be involved in a collision as opposed to being sober. However, if your BAC is .08%, you are 25 times as likely to be involved in a collision than if you hadn't had anything to drink at all.

2) undesirable driver traits

Aggressiveness Egotism Emotional instability Inattentiveness Exhibitionism Irresponsibility

6) passing safely

At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph, you need a 10 to 12 second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely. At 55 mph, you will travel over 800 feet in 10 to 12 seconds. So will an oncoming vehicle. That means you need over 1600 feet (or about one-third of a mile) to pass safely.

6) Headlights

Automobiles today come equipped with incandescent, halogen, ultraviolet (not legal in the United States), and even projection arc-lights. -Clean your headlights on a weekly basis. Dirt, road grime, or oil on your headlights will greatly reduce the amount of light they will cast on the road ahead of you.

10) Some BACs and their explanations:

BAC .08% and Over - An adult driver with a BAC of 08% or more is legally intoxicated. BAC .05% - A driver with a BAC of .05% can be found to be intoxicated if in the officer's opinion, the driver is unable to drive safely. This is determined by performing field sobriety tests. In addition, the driver may be on another type of drug which can cause the affects of the alcohol to be exaggerated. Under BAC .01% - An adult driver is assumed to not be legally intoxicated. **A driver under the age of 21 with a BAC of just .01% will lose their license for one year.**

6) Mechanical Failure: Brake Failure

Brake failure occurs when your brake pedal goes all the way to the floor and the car will not slow down. If you experience brake failure, follow these steps: 1. rapidly pump the brakes. sometimes if the car is just low on brake fluid, the pumping action will be enough to get some brake pressure−you need to add brake fluid immediately! 2. downshift to a lower gear. you can downshift even with automatic transmission. lower gears will slow your car down significantly. downshift only one gear at a time (if you have the time). 3. use the emergency (parking) brake. this brake is cable-actuated, which means that it works with cables (not hydraulic) so even if your car has no brake fluid the emergency brakes will work. the emergency brakes lock the rear wheels, so apply them slowly, keeping the release button or handle applied, slowing down and easing your car to a stop with this slow pumping action *aim uphill if possible. Use the gravity of an uphill grade to slow you down 4. locate an emergency runaway vehicle area. (usually towards the end of a steep downhill grade). locate signs posted along the side of the highway stating an emergency runaway vehicle area is soon approaching. When you drive into this area, you will see numerous large yellow containers. They are specially designed for the purpose of stopping your vehicle when brake failure occurs. (you are supposed to crash into them if you have to) 5. If you are on a road where there is a curb, and only if it is safe (meaning that there are no pedestrians, etc.) then you may brush up against the curb or shrubs/bushes to slow you down. **NEVER turn the car off by turning the key. If you turn the ignition off, you may lock the steering wheel or lose your car's power steering.**

8) parts of the brakes

Brake shoes: Steel 'shoes' or pads with the friction material (lining) riveted or bonded to it. they eventually wear out and must be replaced. If they wear through to the bare steel shoe, they can cause severe damage to the brake drum. Brake drum: Iron drums with a machined surface on the inside for the shoes to make contact with. they show signs of wear as the brake linings repeatedly press against the machined surface of the drum. When new ones are installed, the drum should be machined smooth. Disc rotor: Made of iron with highly machined surfaces where the brake pads make contact. Wheel cylinder: A cylinder with two pistons, one on either side. Each piston has a rubber seal and a shaft connecting the piston with a brake shoe. When brake pressure is applied, the pistons are forced out, which pushes the shoes into contact with the drum. Calipers: squeeze the brake pads onto the disc/rotor

2) macula

Centered in the retina, and contains a rich concentration of cone cells. The macula provides you with central vision, color, and allows you to distinguish fine detail. The outer portion, or peripheral retina, contains most of the rod cells, which give you night vision and peripheral vision (movement and objects to the side).

4) PROHIBITION signs

Color: BLACK ON WHITE Shape: Vertical Rectangle or Pennant Types of prohibition signs: No U-Turn No Left Turn No Right Turn Do Not Enter Speed Limit 25 Do Not Pass Pass With Care

4) Services signs

Color: BLUE Meaning: Motorists' Services- alerts drivers to services such as gas, food, lodging or hospitals. Shape: Most are shaped like a horizontal rectangle

4) Recreational signs

Color: BROWN Meaning: Public Recreation And Cultural Interest Guidance (point out recreational areas such as parks and campgrounds or scenic spots) Shape: Most are shaped like a horizontal rectangle

4) Guide signs

Color: GREEN Meaning: Guide signs on freeways and highways tell drivers which lane or exit to take to get to their destination, and how much distance until each street or exit. Shape: horizontal rectangle

4) Construction signs

Color: ORANGE Meaning: alert drivers to conditions or potential hazards where there is road construction or maintenance Shape: Most are diamond-shaped, although some can be shaped like a horizontal rectangle These signs may be accompanied by barriers with or without blinking lights, cones, flags and drums.

4) Warning and Guidance signs for Construction

Color: ORANGE Shape: Diamond or Rectangle Meaning: Warning (Construction/Maintenance) -signs may say "ROAD CONSTRUCTION 500 FEET" or "LEFT LANE CLOSED 1 MILE", or anything pertaining to the condition or activity in a construction or road maintenance zone. -Remember, orange construction zones remind the driver of changed road conditions, and violation penalties are often doubled.

4) STOP sign

Color: RED Shape: Octagon Meaning: Stop

4) YIELD sign

Color: RED ON WHITE Shape: Triangle Meaning: Yield

4) Warning signs

Color: YELLOW Meaning: Warning signs alert drivers to special circumstances, hazards, divided highways, or dangers ahead Shape: Most are diamond-shaped, although some can be shaped like a pentagon, circle or rectangle

2) lens

Concentrates (focuses) light rays onto the retina by bending them−this is called refraction. The lens can change its shape to provide clear vision as distances change and objects become closer or farther away.

4) designated lanes

Controlled intersections have designated lanes for proceeding forward, left or right. Always make sure you are in the correct lane for the action you will be taking.

6) When to use Winter chains

During winter months, always carry chains in your vehicle and make sure to put them on the tires before entering snow or mud. Use chains whenever road signs indicate that chains are required.

10) fatalities in the US due to alcohol/drug-related collisions

Each year, around 18,000 people die in these collisions. (almost ten percent of these deaths occur in the state of California) That breaks down to about 50 people dead per day (or about two people every hour) because of intoxicated drivers About 38% of California's fatal traffic collisions involve intoxicated drivers.

6) Authorized Passing: Passing Lanes and Pavement Markings

Freeways: Freeway driving requires special concentration and alertness. Two-Lane Roadways: Passing other cars on a two-lane road is generally an unsafe maneuver. The risk, if you think about it, is really not worth the few minutes you may save

8) Hours of Use for car lights

Headlights−Your car must be operated with its headlights on during times of darkness and in inclement weather. In addition, you must have your headlights on 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise. Taillights−Your vehicle must have lighting equipment on during times of darkness. Taillights must be on whenever you are required to have your headlights on. Brake Lights−Your vehicle must have its brake lights fully operational at all times. Back-Up Lights−Your vehicle's back-up lights should be fully operational any time you are attempting to back up. Turn Signals−At dawn or dusk, it is wise to use turn signals well in advance of your turn. Emergency Flashers−Use your emergency flashers any time you have an emergency situation as described in the preceding section.

8) Visibility Requirements for car lights

Headlights−Your headlights should be clearly visible to an oncoming car from a distance of about a mile away. Taillights−Your vehicle's taillights must be clearly discernible by any person or vehicle on the highway at a distance of 1000 feet. Brake Lights−Your vehicle's brake lights must be plainly visible from a distance of 300 feet to the rear of the vehicle. Back-up Lights−Your vehicle's back-up lights must be plainly visible from a distance of 75 feet to the rear of the vehicle. Turn Signals−Your turn signals should be plainly visible from a distance of at least 300 feet to the front and rear of the vehicle. Emergency Flashers−Emergency flashers must be plainly visible from a distance of at least 300 feet to the front and rear of the vehicle.

4) Yellow Center Line Markings: Solid Double Double Yellow Lines (Island)

Here you may NEVER pass, turn left or make a U-turn. You should think of this marking as the same as a wall or barrier. Again, NEVER enter or turn across a "double-double" road marking.

4) Yellow Center Line Markings: Solid Line Next To Broken Line

Here you may pass on the broken side only, but you may turn left or make a U-turn from either direction (provided that the particular district allows it).

4) Yellow Center Line Markings: broken line

Here you may pass, turn left or make a U-turn (provided that the particular district allows it).

4) Yellow Center Line Markings: Double Solid Lines On Two-Lane Roadways

Here you may turn left or make a U-turn (again, provided that the particular district allows it). You may not pass over this marking from either direction.

4) Yellow Center Line Markings: Left-Turn Center Lane

Here you may turn left or make a U-turn so long as you enter it first (you may not travel more than 200 feet in this lane, and the district must be OK), but you may not pass in it. You may not park your vehicle in this lane.

12) challenges facing drivers on roads and highways

High speeds Tailgaters Merging traffic Roadside emergencies Road rage and aggressive drivers Curves on mountain roads Jaywalkers, animals, debris, and obstacles in the road Railroad crossings Intoxicated drivers Detours and construction zones Wrong-way drivers

6) parking on an incline/decline

If you are parking downhill, turn your front tires to the right. When parking headed uphill with a curb, position your tires away from the curb, then gently let your car roll back so your front tire is touching the curb. If you are parking uphill and there is no curb, turn the wheels toward the side of the road (not toward the lanes where traffic is moving). If the brakes fail, your car will roll away from the center of the road. Again, the key when parking on a steep hill is to make sure your car doesn't roll into other traffic, potentially causing a collision.

10) Zero Tolerance Policy

If you are under 21: -It is against the law to purchase beer, wine, or hard liquor. -It is illegal to have an alcoholic beverage on your person or in your car unless you are with your parent. -The court may take away your vehicle for up to six months if you are convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI). If convicted of a first DUI, you may have to spend time in jail and pay a fine. DMV must revoke your driver license for one year or until you are 18, whichever is longer. You must show proof of insurance, proof of completion for the educational component of a licensed DUI program and pay a DMV reissue fee. Zero Tolerance Law It is unlawful for a person under 21 years of age to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.01% or higher (measured by a preliminary alcohol screening [PAS] test or other chemical test). If the BAC is 0.01% or higher or the person refuses to take, or fails to complete, the test DMV will suspend the person's driving privilege for one year on the first offense.

8) Safety (Seat) Belts

Importance of Safety Belts: Safety belts (seatbelts) reduce injury and fatalities lap belts: allow the passengers' top half of the body to sometimes come in contact with the dashboard or the seat in front of them shoulder belt: the shoulder belt stops the whole body from hitting the dashboard in case of a quick stop

11) Responsibilities of a Motorcycle Passenger

Insist on a Properly Fitting Helmet: If someone wants you to ride as a passenger on their motorcycle, you must wear a proper helmet. Borrowing one is a good idea, unless it doesn't fit you properly. Always make sure you wear a helmet, even if you have to purchase one on your own−It could save your life if you are involved in a collision. Follow Rider's Wearing Apparel Guidelines: The right clothing protects all riders in a collision. You need protection from heat and cold, as well as the hot and moving parts of the motorcycle. Ensure your safety and comfort by following the same clothing items for motorcycle riders in the preceding section (section 6). Lean with the Driver: As a motorcycle passenger, you have some responsibilities. You must sit quietly and not distract the operator in any way. If the operator is entering a curve or driving around a corner, make sure you lean with them so that the motorcycle doesn't tip over or cause the operator to lose control. Keep your Feet on the Passenger Pegs: As a motorcycle passenger, you should also keep your feet firmly on the passenger pegs at all times. This will ensure your safety and prevent you from falling off the motorcycle or getting your foot caught by the wheel.

6) Mechanical Failure: Headlights

It is rare for both headlights to fail at the same time, but if they do, chances are that you just blew a fuse. -Slow down and be aware of surrounding traffic. -If it is safe, turn on the high beams (or vice versa−if the high-beams both go out at the same time, turn on the low-beams). -Keep spare fuses in your car so that you can easily make replacements.

5) driving on slick surfaces

It takes the average car twice as long to stop on a wet or slippery road as on a dry road! You should be extremely careful after the first rain of the season (or the first rain in a long time), since this poses even more of a danger because all of the accumulated oil on the road will be loosened and mixed with the water, making it even slicker than a "normal" wet road.

10) How Alcohol affects your driving ability

Judgment: Drinking alcohol can impair your judgment, awareness of your surroundings and yourself, vision, and your reaction time. Depth Perception: Alcohol affects drivers who are under the influence by impairing their ability to gauge distances, which can lead to a collision. Risk-Taking: Alcohol affects your judgment and conscious. Controlled studies have shown that drivers who were given alcohol, and then were given several driving tasks, experienced an increase in risky driving behaviors. These finding suggests that breath alcohol concentrations within legal standards can alter drivers' decision-making skills and increase their willingness to engage in high-risk behavior behind the wheel.

4) Curb Markings: Yellow

Loading Zones usually reserved for commercial vehicles. Drivers may stop only long enough to unload passengers or freight.

2) retina

Made up of millions of photoreceptor cells (rods & cones), which convert light rays into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. The rods and cones enable you to see in color, and in dim light. Your retinas give you a wide field of vision. Your vision is clear when light is focused directly onto your retina; and blurry when light is focused in front of or behind it.

6) High beams

Make sure to never drive at such a high rate of speed that you over-drive your headlights. If you cannot see far enough ahead of yourself, use your high beams (if conditions permit) DO NOT USE HIGH BEAMS IF: -you are driving in fog, rain or snow (the light will reflect directly in your eyes and reduce your ability to see the road) -you can see the headlights or taillights of other cars on the road ahead of you: If you are driving towards another driver with the high beams on, avoid looking directly into their headlights, as they may temporarily blind you. Guide your car by looking at the road markers on the right-hand side of the road

3) natural laws

Natural laws affecting your vehicle include gravity, friction, inertia and kinetic energy, centrifugal and centripetal force, and force of impact.

4) Parking in relation to a fire station/hydrant

Never park within 15 feet of a fire station's driveway or fire hydrant

14) Hand-Held Cell Phone Usage Law

No person may "drive a motor vehicle while using a wireless telephone unless that telephone is specifically designed and configured to allow hands-free listening and talking, and is used in that manner while driving." In other words, you may use bluetooth/speakerphone, but you may not hold a phone up to your ear while driving THE EXCEPTIONS: -If you are making an emergency call to a law enforcement agency, the fire department, a health care provider or other emergency service agency. -While driving an emergency service vehicle and the use of the cell phone is in the course and scope of your duties. -If you are on private property.

10) Over-the-Counter (Non-Prescription) Drugs these are drugs you can purchase without a doctor's prescription, as well as illicit or illegal drugs.

Over-the-counter drugs can be purchased legally without a doctor's prescription. Although they are typically commonplace, you should read the warning label to see if there are any restrictions to driving or operating any heavy machinery. Cold Medicines Can Make You Drowsy: Read the warning labels before you attempt to drive and be careful, especially if you are combining more than one type of medication. There could be exaggerated side-effects. In fact, many liquid cold medicines are made to be taken at bedtime. Read all instructions for use carefully, even those for herbal remedies. Cough Syrups can contain alcohol: You could actually be convicted of a DUI if the cough syrup affects your ability to drive safely. Read the directions carefully to determine if you can safely operate a motor vehicle. If your cough medicine makes you drowsy or contains any alcohol then you shouldn't drive until it is out of your system.

9) Parked Cars, Backing Up, and Bike Lanes

Parked Cars: A parked car can mean someone is about to exit the car and walk into your lane. It could also mean the car is about to pull into your lane. Backing Up: your visibility is limited. therefore, you are more likely to hit something or someone, such as a small child when you are backing up. to avoid this, back up as little as necessary to get the job done. Don't Drive in Bike Lanes Unless Permitted. It is permitted if you are making a right turn and are within 200 feet of the corner or other driveway entrance. The solid white line of the bike lane will become dashed within this area.

12) Activities people do to change their attitudes

Relaxing music Mediation Tossing aside negative thoughts Keeping positive thoughts Relaxation breathing

4) Curb Markings: Red

Reserved for emergency vehicles−Parking, stopping or standing is PROHIBITED at all times.

4) Curb Markings: Blue

Reserved for vehicles displaying disabled placards or license plates.

4) Curb Markings: Green

Reserved for vehicles to park for a limited amount of time. May be accompanied by a sign on the curb.

4) Curb Markings: White

Reserved for very brief stops, and for loading/unloading of passenger vehicles, or to drop off or pick up mail in an adjacent mailbox.

4) Right Turn On Red signals

Right Turn On Red signals permit drivers to make a right turn at a red light. You should make sure your vehicle is stopped behind the crosswalk−Check for oncoming vehicles and pedestrians and turn when it is safe, keeping in mind that you do not have the right of way.

4) school warnings

School warnings are marked by yellow markings that say "School Xing", and are accompanied by school crossing signs (yellow pentagons with "School Xing"), and flashing yellow lights.

9) pedestrian hot-spots

School zones. Crosswalks and intersections. Residential areas and around school buses. Shopping centers. Parks and beaches.

9) pedestrian hot-spots DETAILS

Schools: Use extreme caution and look-out for pedestrians when driving near schools. Children walking to school may dart into the road without notice. Other motorists may be dropping off children near the school, and children may exit the vehicle on the wrong side, stepping into the roadway. Bus Stops: Watch for pedestrians around bus stops. Some passengers may have small children with them who can be unpredictable. Passengers may be loading/unloading the bus or standing on or near the roadway. Use caution at all times. If you find yourself stuck behind a bus, wait for the bus to rejoin traffic, or change lanes if you can do so safely. School Buses with Red Lights Flashing: you must stop for any school bus with its red lights flashing−This is the same as a STOP sign. School buses are stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading schoolchildren, and you must remain stopped until every child has exited the school bus. Even if the bus' lights have stopped flashing, you should not proceed if there are children in the roadway.

14) Other Distractions

Smoking: The act of lighting a cigarette and smoking presents a significant distraction when you drive. Burning materials in your vehicle also reduces your attentiveness behind the wheel. Passengers: Talking to your passengers redirects your attentions from the road and driving to the conversation. You should let everyone know that you need to focus on your driving and getting to your destination safely. Reading: If you are reading directions or a map, you should pull over to the side of the road and stop your vehicle to find the information you need. Better yet, its always wise to plan ahead and map out your route in advance. Never read while your car is in motion. Eating and Drinking Drinking coffee is the number one distraction under the eating and drinking category.

4) stop line/ limit line

Stop lines are white lines painted across the traffic lanes at intersections, and are a foot wide (or more). When stopping at an intersection, you are required to stop your car before these lines

2) reaction time

The amount of time required to physically respond to an emergency situation. An example of reaction time in a stopping situation would be the time required to move your foot from the gas pedal to the brake pedal.

2) pupil

The black portion of your eye in the center of the iris. Your pupils shrink (constrict) to prevent too much light from entering the eye. Conversely, your pupils enlarge (dilate) to permit more light to enter.

2) cornea

The clear, transparent coating surrounding the eyeball. Light enters your eye through the cornea.

2) iris

The colored portion of your eye, which controls the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting the pupil.

10) Fines And Penalties−DUI (First Offense Conviction Requirements)

The punishment: -48 hours to six months in county jail. -A fine, which is $390.00 to $1,000.00. -Up to six month's suspension of your driver's license. -The court may also impound your car for 30 days at your expense if you are the registered owner. Length of License Suspension or Revocation If you did not take, or you failed to complete, a chemical test: First offense−License is suspended for one year. If you took a chemical test and the test showed 0.08% BAC or more: First offense−License is suspended for four months.

10) Fines And Penalties−DUI (Third Offense Conviction Requirements)

The punishment: -Imprisonment in county jail for not less than 120 days nor more than one year. -A fine, which is up to $1,000.00. -A three-year suspension of your driver's license; you must also participate in an alcohol treatment program -You have to reapply for a driver's license and file proof of insurance (SR-22) and complete a state-approved Drinking Driver Program. Numerous counties throughout California have instituted a pilot project allowing home detention instead of a jail sentence for persons convicted of driving with a suspended or revoked license while driving recklessly or driving under the influence. Length of Suspension or Revocation If you did not take, or you failed to complete, a chemical test: -Second offense in ten years−License is revoked for two years. -Three or more offenses in ten years−License is revoked for three years. If you took a chemical test and the test showed 0.08% BAC or more: -One or more prior offenses in ten years−License is suspended for one year.

10) Fines And Penalties−DUI (Second and Subsequent Offense Conviction Requirements)

The punishment: -Not less than 90 days and no more than one year in county jail. -A fine, which is up to $1,000.00. -A two-year suspension of your driver's license. -Your vehicle may be impounded for up to 90 days. The DMV will allow you to drive after your suspension only if you file a special certificate of insurance (SR-22) with the department.

3) gravity

The tendency of masses to move towards each other.

11) Tips for Motorcyclists: Don't Expect to be Seen

To decrease your chances of being involved in a collision, you can do the following: -Be visible: Wear proper clothing and use your headlight (even in daylight). Keep your motorcycle in the best lane position to see around you and be seen. -Keep aware of road conditions: Watch road conditions and be prepared to drive around hazards in the roadway. -Brake: Use your front and rear brakes for everything but leisurely stops. -Maintain an adequate space cushion: Keep a safe distance from other vehicles when following, being followed, riding in the lane, passing or being passed. To ensure you are rising in your lane properly, follow the path of the left wheel of the car ahead of you. -Communicate your intentions: Use the proper signals and brake light. -When Carrying Passengers: Make sure to allow for sluggish handling when carrying a passenger.

8) Signaling and Dimming distances for car lights

Turn Signal−You must activate your turn signal at least 100 feet before turning. Dimming Distance−You have to dim your high beam headlights if an oncoming car is closer than 500 feet or you are following a car closer than 300 feet.

8) Emergency Flashers

Turn on your emergency flashers when: - your car is stopped on or within 10 feet of the roadway, if there has been an accident -if you are in a funeral procession -you are moving at an extremely slow speed

14) Instances when you need to leave an extra space cushion

When it is raining: remember, you need twice the distance to stop on a wet road! When you are being followed by a tailgater: If a driver is following too closely you will want extra space to stop slowly so that the person behind you can react in time to avoid a collision. When you are pulling a trailer: the weight of your vehicle is greater, so it will take longer to stop. When you are following a motorcycle: If the rider falls, you'll want to avoid a collision. When you are following a vehicle that blocks your view: 18-wheelers or vans can block your view ahead. You will have less of a chance of seeing potential problems far ahead. You need to leave more space for better reaction time.

2) Inattentiveness

When you are behind the wheel of your car, the most important responsibility is safe driving. Distractions such as talking on a cell phone, reading the paper or a map, drinking coffee, or combing your hair will increase the time it takes you to react, which in turn will increase your chances of getting into a collision.

4) Parking in relation to the edge of the pavement

When you park at a curb, you must park within 18 inches of it. Do not park at the end of the curb or in front of a driveway.

8) Parts of an Automobile: Steering system

When you turn your car, your front wheels don't really point in the same direction (turn at the same angle). The inside wheel follows a circle with a smaller radius, it makes a tighter turn than the outside wheel. two most common types of steering systems: 1. rack and pinion steering: converts the rotating motion of the steering wheel into a linear motion 2. recirculating-ball steering: found on many trucks and SUVs. has ball bearings that recirculate through the steering gear as it turns. the balls reduce friction and wear in the gear and reduce slack in the gear Power steering enables your car to respond easily to the steering wheel, whether at highway speeds or inching into a narrow parking place and is normal equipment for almost all automobiles.

4) White line markings

White lines that are parallel to the roadway mark the lanes for traffic moving in the same direction. -Broken: If the white line is broken, you may make a lane change from lane to lane. -Solid: If the white line is solid, it usually signifies the outer edges of the roadway or pavement, or a shoulder. -Lines With Arrows: White lines with arrows direct you into lanes from which you can drive straight or make turns.

9) Pedestrians (from the driver's POV)

Yield Right of Way to Pedestrians -If you have the right of way and a pedestrian jaywalks in front of you or blocks your vehicle, let them pass and complete your traffic maneuver -A pedestrian cannot stop a driver unnecessarily in a manner that causes his vehicle to block a crosswalk or sidewalk *Note: If you approach a blind or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a white cane or using a guide dog and you fail to yield the right of way or fail to take all reasonably necessary precautions to avoid injury to the pedestrian, you are guilty of a misdemeanor.

2) depth perception

Your ability to judge the distance of objects around you

2) speed perception

Your ability to judge the speed of your car and of the vehicles ahead, behind, and especially of those coming towards you.

2) vision

Your ability to manage visibility in your driving environment. Excessive amounts of alcohol can even cause double vision

2) coordination

Your ability to turn the steering wheel, release the brake pedal and depress the accelerator in the proper manner.

8) Safety Equipment: Lighting−Purpose and Use

a car MUST have: -headlights -taillights -turn signals -corner lights -parking lights -back-up lights a vehicle's lights determine how well the driver can see the environment around them and how others in your environment see them. *it's illegal to drive with only your parking lights on*

2) carbon monoxide

a deadly, odorless and colorless gas contained in your car engine's exhaust fumes.

6) Passing on the Right

a driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another vehicle if they are: -on a highway within a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in the direction of travel. -on a highway outside of a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of sufficient width and clearly marked for three or more lines of moving traffic in the direction of travel. -on a one-way street. -on a highway divided into two roadways where traffic is restricted to one direction upon each of such roadways. -you may also pass on the right when the vehicle you are passing is making or about to make a left turn.

2) highway hypnosis

a state when you're 'hypnotized' by the road because of driving for long periods of time. Make a focused effort to keep your eyes moving and continually scanning the roadway to remain alert.

3) banked curve

allows you to negotiate the curve safely at a higher speed (think luigi circuit)

8) anti-lock brakes (ABS)

an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking. this prevents the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and helps avoid uncontrolled skidding. the best way to utilize ABS is to apply continuous firm pressure until stopped (floor the brake pedal)

14) Adjusting Driving for Adverse Weather Conditions

at no time should you drive faster than the conditions of the weather and road permit, regardless of the posted speed limit or maximum speed sign Fog: Patches of fog may suddenly roll in,making your normal field of vision smaller. If you must drive in the fog, drive at a speed which allows you to react to the things that you can see with your limited visibility. Reduce your speed, but keep moving when entering a fog bank, and watch for slow-moving vehicles ahead. Rain: The first general rule for driving in the rain (or on a wet road) is to slow down. Drive in the tracks left by the vehicle ahead of you. Be as smooth as possible. Don't make quick stops or abrupt turns. Leave extra space to brake, since it takes TWICE as long to stop on a wet road as opposed to a dry one. Slow down through deep water. Shifting to a lower gear is also recommended. Snow: The flakes in the air reduce your ability to see. If it is snowing heavily enough, it can cause a "white out," which is like driving in a very dense fog. Treat it as such. Again, here you need to slow down, use low beams, and also chains if allowed. If you regularly drive in the snow, you should consider getting snow tires for the winter.

2) defensive driving

being thoroughly aware of your surroundings and anticipating the actions of others

3) centrifugal and centripetal force

centrifugal: if an object is being swung around on a string the object seems to be pulling on the string. In actual fact the person holding the string is doing the pulling centripetal: the force maintaining the circular motion of an object centrifugal force is non-existent force, and is actually the absence of a centripetal force. Centripetal force is a 'center seeking' net force that is required to keep moving objects in a circular path.

8) Parts of an Automobile: Electrical System

consists of: -battery: distributes power to everything in the car that needs electricity through your car's wiring (i.e. ignition, headlights, power windows, seats and doors, radio, windshield wipers, courtesy lights) -alternator: main source of electricity for the battery, connected to the engine by a belt. -starter motor -ignition system -lighting system

2) Exhibitionism

deliberately performing an action to attract attention (ex: speeding, tailgating, racing, or showing off)

3) kinetic energy

energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion. The kinetic energy of an object is equal to the amount of work needed to establish its velocity and rotation, starting from rest.

3) parking on hills

if your car is pointed uphill, turn your wheels towards the street when parking if your car is pointed downhill, turn your wheels towards the curb when parking

3) factors determining force of impact

impact distance, vehicle speed, and weight of the vehicle

8) Parts of an Automobile: Suspension System

keeps your car's wheels in contact with the road and provide a comfortable ride for its passengers. Has springs, which suspend the car's 'sprung' weight and support the car's body evenly by compressing and rebounding with each up and down movement. Bouncing and swaying caused by driving is reduced by shock absorbers. Larger vehicles, such as SUV's or trucks, may also have struts and sway bars as components of their suspension systems.

2) Emotional instability

may govern how we react to certain traffic situations. Ex: If you are having a 'good day', someone tailgating you or cutting you off may not affect your driving at all. But if you are experiencing emotional instability from stress in your life, an everyday traffic annoyance could quickly become a dangerous traffic altercation or collision.

6) Passing a Bicycle

motor vehicle drivers passing a bicyclist that is traveling in the same direction are to pass with NO LESS THAN 3 FEET between the motor vehicle and ANY part of the bicycle or rider

3) gears

move up in gears as your speed increases driving uphill: use lower gears to send more 'climbing power' to your engine

2) other factors that can affect ability to drive

music, conversation (between passengers, passenger to driver, or on the phone)

2) items extending out of the back of a vehicle

nothing can extend beyond 4 feet out of the back of your vehicle and must be visible to other drivers through the use of red or orange flags or tape.

14) Acceleration Skid

occurs when the gas pedal is applied too quickly and firmly. the sudden acceleration usually involves only the rear wheels in a rear-wheel drive vehicle and the front wheels in a front-wheel drive vehicle. rear-wheel drive vehicle: back end of your vehicle to skid side to side or possibly to spin around. front-wheel drive vehicle: the front end would skid side to side or possibly spin around. To regain control, ease off the gas pedal and try to steer to straighten out your car. If your car starts to spin when the rear wheels are skidding, you should turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. If the rear of the car is skidding toward the left, steer toward the left. Conversely, if the front of the car is skidding, you should try to turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction of the skid. For instance, if the front of the car is skidding toward the left, steer toward the right. Ultimately, when skidding, the solution is too steer in the desired direction.

14) Cornering Skid

occurs when your tires lose traction because you turned too fast. If this occurs, your steering control will be momentarily lost and your car will probably skid away from the turn. To regain control, take your foot off the accelerator as quickly as possible and attempt to steer to straighten the car. Keep in mind that if you get into a skid, you are not helpless. With any type of skid, the most important thing you can do is to respond quickly and accurately. Your ability to remain calm and to concentrate on the necessary corrective measures that you need to take will greatly help your chances of pulling out of any skid.

2) optic nerve

rests directly behind the retina, and transmits signals from the photoreceptor cells directly to your brain. Each eye transmits a signal of a slightly different image and inverts them. When the images reach the brain, they are corrected, and combined into one image. This response is called visual processing.

photoreceptor cells

rods and cones

2) Irresponsibility

showing complete disregard for the concerns and safety of others. Examples of irresponsibility -Excessive speeding, and failure to observe speed limits in school zones. -Weaving in and out of traffic. -Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. -Failure to ensure that passengers are wearing seat belts and children are in proper child safety seat(s). -Parking in an emergency lane. -Tailgating. -Driving when you are too sick or fatigued to do it safely.

8) Back-up Lights

signal to other drivers that you have shifted into reverse and intend to back up

6) Vehicle Position−Before and After U-Turn

start a U-turn from the left-most lane of the road, move forward checking for pedestrians, bicyclists and turning vehicles, execute your turn, and proceed into the right-most lane.

8) Turn Signals

tell other drivers that you plan to turn or to change lanes If you have to signal manually of your intent to turn (i.e. when riding a bike), these are the arm signals: -Left turn: Driver's left arm stretched out of the car, directly straight. -Right turn: Driver's left arm stretched out of the car bent upward, with hand and fingers pointed toward the sky. -Slow/stop: Driver's left arm stretched out of the car bent downward, with hand and fingers pointed toward the road.

5) driving in the rain

the California DMV handbook recommends that you drive 5-10 mph slower in the rain, half your normal speed on packed snow and that you slow to a crawl on ice.

5) tailgating

the act of following another vehicle too closely

3) friction

the resistive force that occurs when two surfaces travel along each other when forced together. It causes physical deformation and heat buildup

3) inertia (Newton's first law of motion)

the tendency of an object to maintain its state of uniform motion (or stillness) unless acted on by an external force

8) Sprung weight

the vehicle's weight supported by shock absorbers.

8) Brake Lights

turn on when you are braking so other drivers are aware that you are slowing down

8) Safety Equipment: High/Low Beams

uppermost lights must be able to reveal a person/vehicle at least 350 feet ahead. lowermost lights must be able to reveal a person/vehicle at least 100 feet ahead. *the high-intensity portion of the beam should NEVER be directed to strike the eyes of approaching drivers* **the law states that whenever you have your windshield wipers on, you must also have your headlights on**

10) Synergistic Effect

when more than one drug is used, the effects combine and are much worse. (-ask your doctor if the drugs you are taking can be combined with driving safely) (-also, NEVER combine any drugs with alcohol)

3) static friction

when your tire's tread comes into contact with the road

14) Braking Skid

will occur when you lock your wheels by applying the brakes too firmly. If your wheels are locked and the car is skidding, the vehicle will skid no matter which way the steering wheel is turned. Once you release the brakes to unlock the wheels and the wheels start moving forward and turning again, steering control will soon return as well as your ability to apply brakes again. Anti-lock brakes will help avoid the problems involved with a braking skid.

6) U-turns

you can make a U-turn at any intersection that has a stop sign, a green light, or green arrow as long as it is not posted otherwise

5) signal early for stops, turns, and lane changes

you must signal your intention to turn at least 100 feet prior to turning.

5) passing other cars (one-lane road)

you need a 10-second to 12-second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely at speeds of 50 to 55 mph Passing is considered unsafe and is prohibited by law in the following situations: -Upon meeting or overtaking, from either direction, any school bus stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading schoolchildren. -When approaching the crest of a grade or a curve where the driver's view is obstructed with such distance as to create a hazard. -Within 100 feet of any bridge or tunnel. -When approaching within 100 feet of or when crossing any intersection or railroad crossing. -When passing any streetcar.