Drugs and the Brain Exam 2

Ritalin

ADHD treatment; blocks dopamine transporters

Psychedelics defintion

Act on CNS neurotransmitter pathways to produce hallucinatory perceptual experiences

Heavy consumption of caffeine (1.5 grams+) can lead to these effects:

Agitation, anxiety, tremors, rapid breathing, and insomnia

During World War II, armed forces of many countries would use ___ to overcome fatigue

Amphetamines

Categories of psychedelics

Anticholinergic - scopolomine Monoaminergic - mescaline and LSD Glutaminergic NMDA receptor antagonists - Opioid kappa receptor agonist -

Cocaine effects at high doses

Anxiety, paranoia, compulsive behaviors, loss of gray matter

passive smoke

Nonsmoker exposure to toxic agents in cigarette by inhaling the exhaled smoke of smokers

examples of glutaminergic NDMA receptor antagonists

PCP and Ketamine

hallucinations definition

Perceptions in the absence of appropriate sensations

LSD was originally proposed as ___ treatment

schizophrenia

Scopolamine was associated with ___

sorcery, witchcraft, magic

Catecholamines are a blend of ___ and ___

stimulant and psychedelic

sympathomimetics

stimulate sympathetic nervous system and mimic sympathetic arousal

Cocaine was the first ___ in the 1800's and early 1900's

synthetic local anesthetic (Procaine)

Cocaine effects at low doses

Increased energy and alertness, decrease in fatigue and appetite, increased activity and libido, sleep prevention, general feeling of euphoria

Flakka

Second-generation synthetic stimulant related to bath salts "5$ insanity"

Methamphetamine absorption

Vaporized and inhaled in smoke when converted to crystalline form

Caffeine is an _____ to adenosinergic pathway by ___ action

antagonist: blocking receptor

Scopalamine is an agonist/antagonist to the _____ receptor

antagonist; muscarinic acetylcholine

Caffeine promotes wakefulness by

antagonistic activity at adenosine receptors

Phencyclidine is an antagonist/agonist to _____

antagonistic; glutamate

Caffeinism looks like:

anxiety disorder but does not respond to tranquilizers

Nicotine increases risk of ___ and ___ in the coronary arteries

atherosclerosis (narrowing) and thrombosis (clotting)

Caffeine mechanism of action:

blocking all subtypes of adenosine (neuromodulator) receptors

Nicotine induces ___ dependence in the majority of smokers

both physiological and psychological

Catecholamines differ structurally from the normal neurotransmitters

by the addition of one or more methoxy

Caffeine ___ coronary arteries and ___ cerebral blood vessels

dilates; constricts

Coca paste is usually treated with _____ to form the less potent _____ salt

hydrochloric acid; water soluble

Cocaine was originally used in the Incan then Spanish civilizations in order to

improve work capacity, reduce hunger, increase energy

Caffeine improves/impairs glucose metabolism and insulin secretion

improves

Nicotine-induced acetylcholine improves/impairs cognitive performance and arousal

improves

At low doses, amphetamine's major mechanism of action is

increased release of dopamine

Reinforcing effect of caffeine

increased release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex

The effect of THC is _____ heart rate and _____ of brain arteries.

increased; constriction

Cocaine increases/decreases heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

increases

Nicotine increases/decrease metabolism of fat

increases

Nicotine increases/decreases workload of heart

increases

Two phases of LSD

perceptual/sensory and psychic

MDMA is more/less potent and toxic than mescaline

more

Primary addictive substance in tobacco

nicotine

Rewarding effects of nicotine involve

nicotinic receptors on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area; dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens

Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the LONGEST duration of "high"

oral

First morning cigarette =

"positively reinforcing"

Amphetamine mechanism of action at high doses

1. Binds to monoamine oxidase (MAO) to prevent degradation of dopamine 2. Interacts with dopamine containing synaptic storage vesicles, releases free dopamine into nerve terminal

Amphetamine mechanism of action at low doses

1. binds to presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons and induces release of dopamine from the nerve term 2. Binds to dopamine reuptake transporter, causing it to block reuptake

Rewarding affect of nicotine (three ways)

1. nicotinic receptors on the VTA dopamine neurons directly cause dopamine release from these neurons onto the nucleus accumbens 2. nicotine causes glutamate to be released onto VTA neurons from glutamate neurons originating in the frontal cortex. Glutamate then stimulates the VTA neurons to release dopamine 3. nicotine desensitizes nicotinic receptors that are on GABA neurons in the VTA

Methamphetamine half life

11 hours

The organic compound __________ is the active metabolite of THC.

11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC

LSD is metabolized by the enzyme

2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD

Half life of caffeine

3-10 hours

Major cocaine metabolite; metabolite of cocaine and ethanol

Butyrylcholinesterase (BE); Cocathylene (more toxic than cocaine itself and longer half life {150 minutes})

______ receptors are the most abundant G-protein coupled receptors in the CNS

CB1

_____ is the most abundant nonpsychoactive ingredient in marijuana.

CBD

Caffeine is metabolized by the ___ enzyme

CYP-1A2

Nicotine is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme; metabolite is

CYP2A6; cotinine

two categories of monoaminergic psychedelics

Catecholamine and serotoninlike

Amphetamine's two isomers

Dextroamphetamine (more potent) and Levo- or l-amphetamine (less potent)

__________ is being investigated as a possible antidepressant since injections produce rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant populations.

Ketamine

Examples of serotoninergic psychedelics

LSD, DMT

Forms of cocaine:

Leaf, coca paste, hydrochloride powder, freebase, and crack

__________ is marijuana's primary psychoactive ingredient.

THC

Half life for nicotine

about 2 hours

Cocaine half life

about 50 minutes

Scopolamine affects _____, and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) affects _____

acetylcholine; serotonin

Nicotine is an acetylcholine antagonist/agonist by acting on acetylcholine _____

agonist; receptors

CBD is an _____ to _____ receptors

agonist; serotonin

MDMA is an agonist/antagonist to _____

agonist; serotonin

Cocaine Absorption

all sites; when snorted 70-80 percent is biotransformed by liver before it reaches brain; injection of cocaine hydrochloride bypasses all barriers and goes straight into bloodstream reaching brain in 30-60 seconds

THC impairs

all stages of memory

At low doses, MDMA is ___________ while at high doses it produces __________ pharmacological effects

amphetaminelike; hallucinogenic

Cocaine hydrochloride

coca paste treated with hydrochloric acid to form less potent, water-soluble salt; can be absorbed through nasal passageways however when heated it is decomposed so cannot be inhaled as smoke

Nicotine dilates/constricts blood vessels in skin

constricts (faster aging)

Chronic methamphetamine use results in _____ gray matter and _____ white matter in the brain

decreased; increased

Caffeine ___ risk of cardiovascular disease and ___ risk of diabetes

decreases; decreases

The primary mechanism of tolerance to THC is a(n) _____ receptors.

downregulation of CB1

Methamphetamine was originally synthesized from

ephedrine

Crack cocaine

freebase that prepared before selling; mixed with baking soda and water and heated

Dependence on cocaine can produce widespread brain damage of _____

gray matter

Freebase cocaine

insoluble in water, but is soluble in alcohol, acetone, or ether; heating freebase converts cocaine to a stable vapor to be inhaled; very potent and dangerous to make

In caffeine blocking adenosine receptors, dopamine...

is released into the prefrontal cortex

Evidence suggests that tea and coffee drinkers may experience

less cognitive decline with aging

caffeine is ___ soluble

lipid and water soluble

One of cocaine's beneficial effects:

local anesthetic

3 prominent actions of cocaine

local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor, powerful psychostimulant

Amphetamine has a __________ half life compared to cocaine

longer

Amphetamine has a longer/shorter half life than cocaine

longer

The risk of a lethal overdose of LSD is

low

Caffeine heightens/lowers risk of cardiovascular disease

lowers

examples of catecholamines

mescaline, MDMA

Subjective effects of LSD are mediated at the

post-synaptic serotonin receptors

Basuco (coca paste)

produced a brief 2 minute 'high' when smoked, rapidly addictive

Combination of cocaine and ethanol:

produces a metabolite in liver that is more toxic than and potentiates the effects of cocaine

The _____ phase of LSD takes place during the drug's maximum effect

psychic

The term psychotomimetic refers to the activation of

psychotic states

Genetics affects an individual's response to caffeine by altering the

rate of metabolism

Caffeine increases/reduces risk of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease

reduces

Cocaine's major mechanism of action is

reuptake blockade

Cocaine blocks the ___ of all monoamine neurotransmitters

reuptake; mainly dopamine

Greatest byproduct of caffeine

theophylline; paraxanthine; theobromine

Scopolamine is found in many ____ medications

travel sickness