Drugs and the Brain Exam 2
Ritalin
ADHD treatment; blocks dopamine transporters
Psychedelics defintion
Act on CNS neurotransmitter pathways to produce hallucinatory perceptual experiences
Heavy consumption of caffeine (1.5 grams+) can lead to these effects:
Agitation, anxiety, tremors, rapid breathing, and insomnia
During World War II, armed forces of many countries would use ___ to overcome fatigue
Amphetamines
Categories of psychedelics
Anticholinergic - scopolomine Monoaminergic - mescaline and LSD Glutaminergic NMDA receptor antagonists - Opioid kappa receptor agonist -
Cocaine effects at high doses
Anxiety, paranoia, compulsive behaviors, loss of gray matter
passive smoke
Nonsmoker exposure to toxic agents in cigarette by inhaling the exhaled smoke of smokers
examples of glutaminergic NDMA receptor antagonists
PCP and Ketamine
hallucinations definition
Perceptions in the absence of appropriate sensations
LSD was originally proposed as ___ treatment
schizophrenia
Scopolamine was associated with ___
sorcery, witchcraft, magic
Catecholamines are a blend of ___ and ___
stimulant and psychedelic
sympathomimetics
stimulate sympathetic nervous system and mimic sympathetic arousal
Cocaine was the first ___ in the 1800's and early 1900's
synthetic local anesthetic (Procaine)
Cocaine effects at low doses
Increased energy and alertness, decrease in fatigue and appetite, increased activity and libido, sleep prevention, general feeling of euphoria
Flakka
Second-generation synthetic stimulant related to bath salts "5$ insanity"
Methamphetamine absorption
Vaporized and inhaled in smoke when converted to crystalline form
Caffeine is an _____ to adenosinergic pathway by ___ action
antagonist: blocking receptor
Scopalamine is an agonist/antagonist to the _____ receptor
antagonist; muscarinic acetylcholine
Caffeine promotes wakefulness by
antagonistic activity at adenosine receptors
Phencyclidine is an antagonist/agonist to _____
antagonistic; glutamate
Caffeinism looks like:
anxiety disorder but does not respond to tranquilizers
Nicotine increases risk of ___ and ___ in the coronary arteries
atherosclerosis (narrowing) and thrombosis (clotting)
Caffeine mechanism of action:
blocking all subtypes of adenosine (neuromodulator) receptors
Nicotine induces ___ dependence in the majority of smokers
both physiological and psychological
Catecholamines differ structurally from the normal neurotransmitters
by the addition of one or more methoxy
Caffeine ___ coronary arteries and ___ cerebral blood vessels
dilates; constricts
Coca paste is usually treated with _____ to form the less potent _____ salt
hydrochloric acid; water soluble
Cocaine was originally used in the Incan then Spanish civilizations in order to
improve work capacity, reduce hunger, increase energy
Caffeine improves/impairs glucose metabolism and insulin secretion
improves
Nicotine-induced acetylcholine improves/impairs cognitive performance and arousal
improves
At low doses, amphetamine's major mechanism of action is
increased release of dopamine
Reinforcing effect of caffeine
increased release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex
The effect of THC is _____ heart rate and _____ of brain arteries.
increased; constriction
Cocaine increases/decreases heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
increases
Nicotine increases/decrease metabolism of fat
increases
Nicotine increases/decreases workload of heart
increases
Two phases of LSD
perceptual/sensory and psychic
MDMA is more/less potent and toxic than mescaline
more
Primary addictive substance in tobacco
nicotine
Rewarding effects of nicotine involve
nicotinic receptors on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area; dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens
Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the LONGEST duration of "high"
oral
First morning cigarette =
"positively reinforcing"
Amphetamine mechanism of action at high doses
1. Binds to monoamine oxidase (MAO) to prevent degradation of dopamine 2. Interacts with dopamine containing synaptic storage vesicles, releases free dopamine into nerve terminal
Amphetamine mechanism of action at low doses
1. binds to presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons and induces release of dopamine from the nerve term 2. Binds to dopamine reuptake transporter, causing it to block reuptake
Rewarding affect of nicotine (three ways)
1. nicotinic receptors on the VTA dopamine neurons directly cause dopamine release from these neurons onto the nucleus accumbens 2. nicotine causes glutamate to be released onto VTA neurons from glutamate neurons originating in the frontal cortex. Glutamate then stimulates the VTA neurons to release dopamine 3. nicotine desensitizes nicotinic receptors that are on GABA neurons in the VTA
Methamphetamine half life
11 hours
The organic compound __________ is the active metabolite of THC.
11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC
LSD is metabolized by the enzyme
2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD
Half life of caffeine
3-10 hours
Major cocaine metabolite; metabolite of cocaine and ethanol
Butyrylcholinesterase (BE); Cocathylene (more toxic than cocaine itself and longer half life {150 minutes})
______ receptors are the most abundant G-protein coupled receptors in the CNS
CB1
_____ is the most abundant nonpsychoactive ingredient in marijuana.
CBD
Caffeine is metabolized by the ___ enzyme
CYP-1A2
Nicotine is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme; metabolite is
CYP2A6; cotinine
two categories of monoaminergic psychedelics
Catecholamine and serotoninlike
Amphetamine's two isomers
Dextroamphetamine (more potent) and Levo- or l-amphetamine (less potent)
__________ is being investigated as a possible antidepressant since injections produce rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant populations.
Ketamine
Examples of serotoninergic psychedelics
LSD, DMT
Forms of cocaine:
Leaf, coca paste, hydrochloride powder, freebase, and crack
__________ is marijuana's primary psychoactive ingredient.
THC
Half life for nicotine
about 2 hours
Cocaine half life
about 50 minutes
Scopolamine affects _____, and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) affects _____
acetylcholine; serotonin
Nicotine is an acetylcholine antagonist/agonist by acting on acetylcholine _____
agonist; receptors
CBD is an _____ to _____ receptors
agonist; serotonin
MDMA is an agonist/antagonist to _____
agonist; serotonin
Cocaine Absorption
all sites; when snorted 70-80 percent is biotransformed by liver before it reaches brain; injection of cocaine hydrochloride bypasses all barriers and goes straight into bloodstream reaching brain in 30-60 seconds
THC impairs
all stages of memory
At low doses, MDMA is ___________ while at high doses it produces __________ pharmacological effects
amphetaminelike; hallucinogenic
Cocaine hydrochloride
coca paste treated with hydrochloric acid to form less potent, water-soluble salt; can be absorbed through nasal passageways however when heated it is decomposed so cannot be inhaled as smoke
Nicotine dilates/constricts blood vessels in skin
constricts (faster aging)
Chronic methamphetamine use results in _____ gray matter and _____ white matter in the brain
decreased; increased
Caffeine ___ risk of cardiovascular disease and ___ risk of diabetes
decreases; decreases
The primary mechanism of tolerance to THC is a(n) _____ receptors.
downregulation of CB1
Methamphetamine was originally synthesized from
ephedrine
Crack cocaine
freebase that prepared before selling; mixed with baking soda and water and heated
Dependence on cocaine can produce widespread brain damage of _____
gray matter
Freebase cocaine
insoluble in water, but is soluble in alcohol, acetone, or ether; heating freebase converts cocaine to a stable vapor to be inhaled; very potent and dangerous to make
In caffeine blocking adenosine receptors, dopamine...
is released into the prefrontal cortex
Evidence suggests that tea and coffee drinkers may experience
less cognitive decline with aging
caffeine is ___ soluble
lipid and water soluble
One of cocaine's beneficial effects:
local anesthetic
3 prominent actions of cocaine
local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor, powerful psychostimulant
Amphetamine has a __________ half life compared to cocaine
longer
Amphetamine has a longer/shorter half life than cocaine
longer
The risk of a lethal overdose of LSD is
low
Caffeine heightens/lowers risk of cardiovascular disease
lowers
examples of catecholamines
mescaline, MDMA
Subjective effects of LSD are mediated at the
post-synaptic serotonin receptors
Basuco (coca paste)
produced a brief 2 minute 'high' when smoked, rapidly addictive
Combination of cocaine and ethanol:
produces a metabolite in liver that is more toxic than and potentiates the effects of cocaine
The _____ phase of LSD takes place during the drug's maximum effect
psychic
The term psychotomimetic refers to the activation of
psychotic states
Genetics affects an individual's response to caffeine by altering the
rate of metabolism
Caffeine increases/reduces risk of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease
reduces
Cocaine's major mechanism of action is
reuptake blockade
Cocaine blocks the ___ of all monoamine neurotransmitters
reuptake; mainly dopamine
Greatest byproduct of caffeine
theophylline; paraxanthine; theobromine
Scopolamine is found in many ____ medications
travel sickness