EADP Midterm

KNOW SUITOR SCALE

(least to most) Incident, emergency, disaster, catastrophe, chaos, anarchy

Disaster Relief Act of 1974

-Continued to expand federal role in disaster assistance -created mitigation plan requirement -Added "emergency" declaration type -increased centralization of federal disaster programs -expanded individual and family assistance.

Emergent Norm Theory:

-Developed of new norms or social structures during and after disasters. -Selflessness take control of community impacted by disaster, resulting in more donating and volunteering (norm) -Expansion of organizations, especially VOADS (Social structure) -Organizational re-tasking of personnel (social structure)

Sociopolitical ecology theory

-Focuses on the Human environment system. It posits that competition exists among various social groups over scarce resources throughout all phases of disaster, resulting in winners and losers. -Vulnerable populations (elderly, poor, disabled) not as resilient. -Private sector (i.e. small businesses) also impacted -Guides EM focus toward those at higher risk

Great Midwest Flood of 1993

-Larger than the Mississippi Flood of 1927 -Brought flood mitigation to the forefront of recovery policy

Earthquake Scales

-Richter Scale = magnitude -Moment Magnitude Scale = measures the size of an earthquake based on the energy released. more precise than the richter scale -Modified Mercalli Scale = Intensity - Measures the effect, or intensity, of an earthquake on the Built and Human environments. Generally, lower levels deal with felt impact and higher levels deal with observed structural damage.

Hazard Risk Management (4 steps)

1. Identify and describe the hazards facing the human and/or built environment 2.Assess the risks for each identified hazard (typically though likelihood and consequence/impact) 3. Analyze the hazard risks in relation to one another 4. Prioritize the hazard risks

Phases of Disasters:

1. Mitigation (most commonsensical, Ed's favorite) 2. Preparedness (Most nurtured and developed) 3. Response (Most popular) 4. Recovery (most neglected)

Fed. Assistance changes from 1950-1978

1. Response Capabilities and Requirements - from cooperations to coordination and the deployment of emergency support teams 2. Public Facilities- from repair only to replacement, restoration, and reconstruction. 3. Tax Revenue - from loans to grants and back to loans to replace lost tax revenues (including forgiveness programs) 4: Aid to Individuals - from emergency needs to long-term needs, namely housing assistance 5: Presidential Authority - from limited declaration and coordination authority to ability to provide wide-range of federal disaster assistance with increased discretion.

Four Main Vulnerability Factors

1. Social (human) 2. Environmental (physical) 3. Physical (Built) 4. Economic (human)

Wildfires

1. Surface Fires = most common, burn along the forest floor 2. Ground Fires = usually started by lightning, burn on or just below the forest floor 3. Crown Fires = burn through the forest canopy and can move much more rapidly than other fires.

The Golden Age of FEMA

1993-2001 with James Lee Witt as director

Golden Years of FEMA

1993-2001: James Lee Witt, an experienced emergency manager, led FEMA through a massive reorganization that made FEMA the poster-child of fed. gov.

Emergency Operations Plan

A plan that every local jurisdiction is required to have and maintain for responding to appropriate hazards Must be updated and approved every five years (the state approves the plan and plan updates) Requirements for each local EOP is determined by the state Can be formatted in several different ways, including around ESFs

National Preparedness Goal

A secure and resilient nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risks.

Hazard

A source of danger that may or may not lead to an emergency or disaster

Tsunamis

A wave or series of waves generated by a mass displacement of sea or water. Tsunamis travel as kinetic energy and not traveling water.

DISASTER DEFINITION

According to Fritz: Disasters are social events, i.e. no impact on people = no disaster. They cause social disruption for a specific group of people they necessitate external help Life changes drastically when disaster strikes

Civil Defense Act of 1950

All activities and measures designed or undertaken to minimize the effects of an attack on the US. Make emergency repairs to or restoration of vital utilities and facilities -Resulted in creation of Federal Civil defense admin (FCDA) and a civil defense authority council. -Gave President power to issue a "state of civil defense emergency" - precursor of major disaster and emergency declarations

Dark Ages of Fema

April 1979- Jan 1993: FEMA changed directors almost every year, with 12 directors without prior emergency management experience leading the agency through it's formative years.

National Flood Insurance Act 1968

Authorized the federal government to provide flood insurance, under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to property owners in jurisdictions that have adopted specific federal land use regulations.

Terrorism: CBRNE

C: Chemical (easy to obtain- sarin gas) B: Biological (difficult to obtain - anthrax) R: Radiological N: Nuclear E: Explosives

Disasters are chose for analysis through:

Combo of: magnitude high visibility unusual location high impact unique threat agent surprise/unprecedented degree disaster declarartion

CONTINUUM OF DISASTER: DISASTER

Community disruption, local capacity overwhelmed, and outside help needed. -the inability to adequately respond without non-routine external help. Major infrastructural damage

COOP : continuity of operations plan

Continuity of Operations (COOP) Plan - A plan to ensure that critical activities, or Primary Missions Essential Functions (PMEFs), continue to be performed during a wide range of emergencies. EOP (overall response for life, property and environmental safety) vs COOP Plan (overall response for uninterrupted, or briefly interrupted, operations)

Galveston Hurricane 1900

Deadliest disaster in U.S. history (6-12 k dead). Issues: Development replaced sand dunes along coast city rejected construction of seawall denial of risk and vulnerability (continues...)

Discussion Based exercises

Discussion Based: SEMINAR: Informal discussion-based exercise, used to teach or orientate participants WORKSHOP: Formal discussion-based exercise, used to build or achieve a product TABLETOP (TTX): Informal group discussion centered on a hypothetical scenario GAME: A simulation of operations using rules, data, and procedures designed to depict an actual or assumed real-life situation

Evolution of new organizational behavior dialogue

Emergent norm theory

Common issues

Equitable distribution of assistance Common understanding regarding role of all stakeholders reactive response and recovery private and political influence on emergency management efforts

Federal Disaster relief act of 1950

Established permanent authority for federal action on disasters. Moved disaster assistance responsibility from congress to POTUS. Committed Federal government to temporary, emergency repairs to facilities and pre-disaster preparedness assistance

SMALL BUSINESS ACT OF 1953 (KNOW)

Established the Small Business Administration, which now provides long-term, low interest loans to small businesses and individuals for physical and economic injuries resulting from a declared disaster. The SBA Disaster Loan Program provides the bulk of the aid available to individual households following a major disaster declaration for individual assistance

April 1, 1979

Federal Emergency Management Agency officially created bringing together agencies managing disaster assistance, insurance, civil defense, and firefighting.

Mid 1960s

Federal civil defense was seemingly focused on warning and sheltering programs and civil defense programs remained financial afterthoughts.

Disaster Relief Act of 1970

First Major expansion of federal role in disasters since the FDRA of 1950. -Restricted reconstruction to pre-disaster conditions -Ensured nondiscriminatory provision of disaster relief -Authorized grants for lost tax revenues

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

Gave FEMA the authority to establish a program of technical and financial assistance for enhanced state and local disaster mitigation. Increased the planning requirements for federal hazard mitigation assistance set forth by the FDRA of 1974

HazMAP plan

Hazard Mitigation Action Plan (HazMAP) Describe the community/jurisdiction and its risk-reducing capabilities Identify the hazards and assess risk Develop an action plan to address each hazard

ICS

Incident Command System

ICS

Incident command system

San Francisco Earthquake and Fires 1906

Issues: Denial of risk and vulnerability Shoddy construction Poor urban planning (narrow streets and inadequate water distribution system)

1930s dustbowl

KNOW THE RELIEF DURING AND AFTER

By 1962

Kennedy had separated the civil defense and disaster relief functions into two organizations - Office of Civil Defense (OCD) and Office of Emergency Planning (OEP)

Storm surge

Masses of water that are pushed toward the shore by meteorological forces. Primary cause of injuries, death, and structural damages associated with coastal storms. Surge height determined by: Expanse and intensity of storm height of the tide at time of landfall slope of the sea floor approaching land (longer and shallower = greater storm surge)

Saffir-Simpson Scale

Measures intensity of hurricanes based on sustained wind speeds. Estimates potential property damage

Flood

Most lethal natural hazard in the U.S, and the world, AFTER extreme temperatures. Most result of other natural hazards (hurricanes, storm surges, blizzards, rainfall, etc).

NIMS

National Incident Management System

NIMS

National incident management system

Natechs

Natural disaster creates a technological disaster (i.e tornado over industrial park - chemical release)

Before 1950s:

No overarching legislation or policy EM Policy, legislation, and practice created ah hoc in response to individual disasters. 128 separate laws passed by Congress between 1803 and 1950 to deal with disaster relief for individual disasters Federal response and recovery efforts were disaster specific. Federal gov seen as not having the ability nor responsibility for deal with "acts of God" Voluntary organizations primary disaster relief organizations flood control was the only hazard with federal legislation and programs (Army Corps of engineers)

Severe Winter Storms

Occur when extremely cold atmospheric conditions coincide with high airborne moisture content resulting in rapid and heavy precipitation of snow and/or ice. Three main types: snow sleet freezing rain

Operations Based

Operations Based: Drill: A supervised activity that tests a specific operation or function of a single agency Functional (FE): A single or multi-agency activity designed to evaluate capabilities and multiple functions using simulated response Full-Scale (FSE): A high-stress multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional activity involving actual deployment of resources in a coordinated response, as if a real incident had occurred

1957 Asian Flu (H2N2)

Pandemic did not result in disaster declaration despite 70,000 deaths. Trend for not issuing declaration for these types of events continues to this day.

CONTINUUM OF DISASTER: EMERGENCY

Predictable, handled locally Common, everyday occurrence Any incident, human-caused or natural that requires responsive action to protect life or property.

Fed. Prep and Mitigation 1950-78

Prep: from dual-track programs of civil defense and natural disaster management to the beginning of an "all-hazards" approach paradigm Mitigation: from reactive, short-sighted disaster management to hazard avoidance, reduction, and mitigation.

National Preparedness Goal and how to achieve it

Prevention: Prevent, avoid or stop an imminent, threatened or actual act of terrorism. Protection: Protect our citizens, residents, visitors, and assets against the greatest threats and hazards in a manner that allows our interests, aspirations, and way of life to thrive. Mitigation: Reduce the loss of life and property by lessening the impact of future disasters. Response: Respond quickly to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic human needs in the aftermath of a catastrophic incident. Recovery: Recover through a focus on the timely restoration, strengthening and revitalization of infrastructure, housing and a sustainable economy, as well as the health, social, cultural, historic and environmental fabric of communities affected by a catastrophic incident.

National Preparedness Goal core capabilities

Primary Core Capabilities: Planning: Conduct a systematic process engaging the whole community as appropriate in the development of executable strategic, operational, and/or community-based approaches to meet define objectives. Public Information: Deliver coordinated, prompt, reliable, and actionable information to the whole community through the use of clear, consistent, accessible, and culturally and linguistically appropriate methods to effectively relay information regarding any threat or hazard and, as appropriate, the actions being taken and the assistance being made available. Operational Coordination: Establish and maintain a unified and coordinated operational structure and process that appropriately integrates all critical stakeholders and supports the execution of core capabilities.

Drought

Primary impacts: famine, wildfires, and flooding Secondary impacts: conflict such as "water wars" Measured by 1) Standard Precipitation index 2) Palmer Drought Severity index 3) crop moisture index

CONTINUUM OF DISASTER: CATASTROPHE

Regional impact, infrastructure compromised. Aid slow to arrive. -Widespread destruction -external help becomes significantly more difficult to obtain and complex (emergency declaration will speed this up, especially if declared well in advance of impact. Total disruption of most daily routines Government may be crippled and political vacuums may occur. Response and recovery becomes federal play area

Hurricane Betsy (1965)

Set precedent for long-term disaster relief assistance, including the sale of temporary housing, and set the groundwork for the National Flood Insurance Act 1968

Preparedness (TDEM)

TDEM - The process of identifying the personnel, training and equipment needed to plan, build, deliver, sustain and improve operational capabilities. The Local Preparedness Bible Provides a list of standards for local emergency management programs and rates programs based on requirements met General Standards: Planning (Legal documents, Emergency Operations Plans, and Standard Operating Procedures) Training (required courses based on position) Exercises (specific number and types of exercises)

Texas Bible of Emergency management

TDEM 100

A funnel cloud only turns into a tornado IF it makes contact with the ground

TRUE

A general disaster declaration made by two different political parties won't diminish chances

TRUE

Stafford Act

The Stafford Act is a 1988 amended version of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974. It created the system in place today by which a presidential disaster declaration or an emergency declaration triggers financial and physical assistance through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Act gives FEMA the responsibility for coordinating government-wide relief efforts.

Mass Movements

The horizontal or lateral movement of large quantities of physical matter. Typically occur over non-leveled land, but can also affect flat areas.

Risk

The likelihood of a hazard leading to an actual disaster event and the consequences of that event should it occur. -The product of realized hazard risk is an event and/or emergency -Risk is a result of hazards interfacing with the human or built environments N

RISK

The probability that an event will occur

Earthquakes

The severity of an earthquake can be measured in terms of intensity (observed effects of the physical and built environment) and magnitude ( the amount of seismic energy released at the rupture location, or focus/hypocenter) The EPICENTER is the point on the surface that is directly above the hypocenter

Squall Line

The tornadoes are typically weaker and don't last as long as supercell tornadoes. Usually seen on radar by a bow echo/ bookend vortex

Disasters do or do not usually result in mass hysteria and chaos

They do not!

Not a result of the Mississippi flood of 1927

Widespread adoption of non-structural mitigation

All hazards approach

approach and manage all hazards from all phases

AED (Automated external defibrillator

by elevator first floor

EARLY FEMA

civil relocation, sheltering, and continuity of government programs. Fall of SU shifts FEMA's civil defense function to homeland security and spurred the integration of terrorism-based disasters into emergency management

operation based

drill

Not an example of a national technological disaster

earthquake leading to a tsunami

Modified Mercelli measures

earthquakes

Continuum of disaster

emergency, disaster, catastrophe (KNOW DEFINITIONS)

Natural Hazard

exist in the natural environment (physical)

1950 - 1961 Admin

federal administrative structure for civil defense and disaster relief was centralized, but the implementation functions were very decentralized.

The fifth phase of recovery

finger pointing

1995 heat wave

five day heat wave in mid-July 1995, mostly over central US. 830 deaths, 525 in Chicago.

Discussion based

games/ table top / know all of them

NOT PART OF EMERGENT NORM THEORY:

guidelines should be guided toward populations with higher risk

Technological/ Man-made hazards

hazards that exist as a result of technological innovation and human development 1. Structural fires 2. transportation and utility infrastructure failure 3. dam/levee failures 4.hazardous materials incidents 5.nuclear accidents

Common characteristic across all hazard phases

impact will be same

Sullivan's Suggestions for San Francisco

improved water distribution and fire service

Catastrophe

more than local and national government can handle

Mutually exclusive emergency management phases

none - everything interacts

Compounding Natural disasters

one natural disaster helps create another and the problem is compounded by people living in at-risk areas (i.e. melting of 3 feet of snow - flooding - flooding)

Agent generic

plan for general impacts

Alaskan Earthquake of 1964

set precedent for significant federal role in post-disaster reconstruction and the replacement of lost tax revenue due to reductions in jurisdictional tax bases.

How people compete for resources

sociopolitical ecology theory

Interaction of built, human, and natural environment

system's theory

Resiliency

the ability to resist, recover, and absorb a disaster

System's Theory

the interaction between the built, physical and human environment

Before 1900 Galveston Hurricane, sea wall was not a priority

true

Effective emergency management needs input from everyone

true

Fritz - life changes when disaster strikes

true

Intensity of a tornado will change throughout path

true

Most federal disaster is tied to NIMS

true

Slow moving disasters are given less importance

true

Systems Theory does not involve

virtual disasters