Early Childhood Education 5025 Praxis Practice
Which of the following strategies is most beneficial for students to use during the publishing stage of the writing process? A.Reviewing and reorganizing the draft B.Typing the final copy on a computer C.Correcting errors in spelling and grammar D.Holding peer conferences
Option (B) is correct. Publishing is the last stage of the writing process, when students share their work with others.
Which part of the ear contains the vestibular system, which is responsible for balance? A.The outer ear B.The inner ear C.The eardrum D.The ear canal
Option (B) is correct. A schematic diagram of the ear shows that the inner ear contains the vestibular system, which is dedicated to balance. Infections of the inner ear can cause dizziness or vertigo.
Research on the conflicts that children frequently deal with supports which of the following observations? A.Children model their actions on those of adults. B.Young girls have more conflicts than boys. C.Children pay more attention to peers than to parents. D.Young boys attend to conflicts among other boys only.
Option (A) is correct. Children learn behaviors indirectly by watching what the important adults in their environments do to resolve conflicts. To learn to resolve conflicts peaceably, children must see adults modeling desirable, socially acceptable behaviors.
Second graders are learning to sing folk songs from various countries of the world. This music activity best supports which of the following social studies objectives? A.Students will recognize artistic creations as expressions of culture. B.Students will recognize that cultures are more alike than different from one another. C.Students will use group social skills to learn how to work together to present a school program. D.Students will recognize the diversity that exists in U.S. schools.
Option (A) is correct. Folk songs are artistic creations and representative of the cultures that produced and immortalized them. By learning such songs, children come to understand that the songs come from long-held cultural traditions and values.
Which of the following is the music played when the president of the United States arrives to deliver the State of the Union address to the United States Congress? A.Hail to the Chief B.The Star-Spangled Banner C.America the Beautiful D.My Country, 'Tis of Thee
Option (A) is correct. Hail to the Chief is the music that is traditionally played by the United States Marine Band to herald the ceremonial arrival of the president of the United States at many public appearances, including the annual delivery of the State of the Union address.
Which of the following are primarily used by the human body for fuel during the first five minutes of intense exercise? A.Carbohydrates B.Fats C.Proteins D.Vitamins
Option (A) is correct. The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body. Glucose is an example of a simple carbohydrate.
Which of the following activities is designed to encourage dramatic play in 3 year olds? A.Reading aloud from a picture storybook while students are seated on a story rug B.Creating a dress-up area where students put on costumes and act out scenarios C.Using poetry to demonstrate rhyming words for the students D.Asking the students to arrange picture cards in a storyboard format
Option (B) is correct. Dramatic play encourages children to become involved in role-playing and acting out familiar routines. Setting up a dress-up area would best provide preschool children with this opportunity.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture's MyPlate, intake of which of the following foods should be reduced in the average diet? A.Fruit and vegetables B.Sugary drinks and sodium C.Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta D.Milk, yogurt, and cheese
Option (B) is correct. The U. S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) MyPlate recommends drinking water instead of sugary drinks and comparing sodium in foods like soup, bread, and frozen meals and choosing the foods with lower numbers.
The ability of the heart to pump oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body during a whole-body workout involving the large muscles is most closed associated with A.flexibility B.resistance C.aerobics D.stamina
Option (C) is correct. Aerobic activities are designed to promote cardiovascular efficiency and fitness of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system. Such activities make the heart beat harder and faster and promote strength and overall fitness.
During a trip to the art museum, Ms. Lott and her pre-K students look at abstract paintings by Piet Mondrian, whose work was characterized by black lines intersecting at right angles and planes in primary colors. When they return to class, the students each make a construction-paper collage using red, yellow, and blue rectangles of various sizes and thin black strips. The teacher asks the students to think carefully about where to place the paper shapes before gluing them onto a white paper base. Which of the following skills is Ms. Lott encouraging the students to use with this activity? A.Tactile sensation B.Guided practice C.Spatial perception D.Artistic diversity
Option (C) is correct. After viewing the paintings of Piet Mondrian, the students are being invited to explore different compositional options through spatial perception to create their own art.
Which of the following physical activities provides students with the best opportunity for self-expression and social interaction? A.Chasing B.Fleeing C.Dancing D.Dodging
Option (C) is correct. Dance provides students with opportunities to use their bodies to express feelings and attitudes about themselves and others. It encourages students to interpret and move their bodies to different rhythms and to be satisfied with using the body effectively as an instrument of expression.
A school displays a bulletin board with portraits of Sandra Day O'Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan in observance of Women's History Month. Which of the following titles is most appropriate for the bulletin board? A.Hidden Talents B.First Ladies C.Supreme Women D.Inventors All
Option (C) is correct. The bulletin board portraits depict the four women justices who have served on the Supreme Court as of 2015: Sandra Day O'Connor (1981 - 2006); Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1993 - present); Sonia Sotomayor (2009 - present); Elena Kagan (2010 - present).
Groups of third-grade students are creating a mural depicting a tree at various seasons of the year. They will depict the creatures that depend on the tree for shelter and food, what the tree gives to each of them, and how to take care of the tree. Which of the following environmental concepts are the students investigating? A.Community B.Conservation C.Population D.Ecosystem
Option (D) is correct. By studying a tree and how it supports living and non-living things in its environment, the students are learning about the tree as an ecosystem.
Miss Fridley, a kindergarten teacher, is planning an activity that integrates the arts and gross motor skills for an interdisciplinary unit on butterflies. Which of the following student activities best meets her goal? A.Painting butterflies with finger paints on poster boards B.Creating butterfly-shaped kites for use during outside play C.Examining a butterfly in a jar with a magnifying glass D.Pretending to be caterpillars turning into dancing butterflies
Option (D) is correct. Dancing involves arts and requires the use of gross motor skills.
Which of the following art activities for first graders would help them learn about the different textures of materials used in buildings? A.Matting and framing photographs of famous buildings B.Creating a collage using magazine photos of buildings C.Making scale drawings of famous buildings D.Making crayon rubbings of building surfaces
Option (D) is correct. First graders could best learn about the various textures of building materials such as wood, concrete, tile, or bricks by making crayon rubbings. The process of placing paper on the surface and rubbing with a crayon allows students to both feel and see the differences between the textural features of the materials.
Which of the following is caused by a virus? A.Malaria B.Ringworm C.Sickle cell anemia D.Influenza
Option (D) is correct. Human diseases have many different causes. Malaria is caused by a protozoan. Ringworm is caused by a fungus. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease. Only influenza is caused by a virus.
Which of the following activities for preschool children best promotes imagination and curiosity? A.Watching a variety of instructional videos and movies B.Discussing the importance of classroom rules C.Participating in structured games during recess D.Having opportunities for pretend play in daily activities
Option (D) is correct. Pretend play can allow children to use their imaginations and be creative. All children can participate.
A preschool teacher of 2-year-old children provides them with opportunities to sing songs that contain repeated rhymes and word patterns. The activity will best help students by A.providing them with multiple exposures to new words B.reinforcing words they already know C.expanding their vocabulary through context clues D.developing their phonemic awareness
Option (D) is correct. The activity's focus is primarily on language development- helping toddlers develop the ability to hear and identify different sounds that make up spoken words.
A first-grade teacher notices many students in the class have difficulty focusing and behaving, especially in the afternoon. Which of the following is the best way to address the situation? A.Reprimanding verbally students engaged in unwanted behaviors B.Giving tangible rewards to students showing desired behaviors C.Taking away privileges such as recess from students who misbehave D.Providing short movement breaks between instructional blocks
Option (D) is correct. This takes into account the physical and cognitive limitations of young students and their ability to sit still and quiet for long periods of time.
A first-grade teacher provides students with materials and class time to create original pieces of art representing their favorite colors. Which TWO of the following are the most appropriate drawing media for students to use for this project? A.Digital cameras and photos B.Tempera paints C.Colored modeling clay D.Beige craft sticks and glue
Options (B) and (C) are correct. Tempera paints are easy to use and washable, which is very important when dealing with young children. Larger brushes are easier for smaller hands to hold and control. Colored modeling clay is an also an appropriate material for first-grade students to choose and helps students master the use of concrete materials.
A kindergarten teacher puts the shapes above on a whiteboard and asks the students to use their math words to describe what they see. Which of the following student comments contains an error? A.The triangle is outside and above the rectangle. B.The triangle is on the top and has one more side than the rectangle has. C.The rectangle is bigger and on the bottom of the triangle. D.The rectangle has the same number of corners as it has sides.
Option (B) is correct. The triangle is placed on top of the rectangle and it has three sides, which is one less than the number of sides the rectangle has.
To provide a real-world example of a lever, a second-grade teacher should have students use which of the following pieces of playground equipment? A.Slide B.Swings C.Seesaw D.Sandbox
Option (C) is correct. A lever is one of six so-called simple machines that trade off distance for force to yield the same amount of work done. An example of a lever is a seesaw which is usually a long, flat horizontal board that balances and pivots on a support in the middle (the fulcrum), so that when one end goes down, the other end goes up. When significantly different weights (forces) are each placed at an appropriate distance on opposite sides from the fulcrum, the lighter weight travels a greater distance up and down and can balance, or sometimes easily lift, the heavier weight.
"Write about a time when you lost something important you." A third-grade teacher asks students to respond to the prompt shown. The prompt asks students to produce which of the following types of writing? A.Expository B.Informative C.Narrative D.Persuasive
Option (C) is correct. A narrative essay is a story written about a personal experience. The students will respond to the prompt by writing a story to describe their experience.
Which of the following educational goals best states why first graders should receive instruction designed to develop their media literacy? A.Students will understand the United States monetary system and how to spend money wisely. B.Students will learn that all sources of information can be trusted as nonbiased and accurate. C.Students will develop the essential skills of inquiry to become informed, responsible citizens. D.Students will learn to compare products and make good choices when shopping.
Option (C) is correct. According to the Center for Media Literacy, media literacy benefits students by providing them with tools and methods that build the citizenship skills they need to participate in and contribute to a community.
Hedy delivers 1 letter to Harry on Monday, 3 letters on Tuesday, and 5 letters on Wednesday. For the rest of the week, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, the number of letters Harry receives increases by the the same quantity established on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. Which of the following is the total number of letters that Harry receives that week? A.13 B.18 C.36 D.49
Option (C) is correct. According to the pattern in the problem, the total number of letters Hedy will deliver over the course of the six days will be 1+3+5+7+9+111+3+5+7+9+11, which is equal to 36.
A teacher asks preschoolers Dominic and Keira to make sure that each child at their table has an apple. They take several apples from a basket and place an apple in front of each child seated at their table. Dominic then says, "We need more apples for our table, an apple for Keira and an apple for me." Which of the following mathematical understandings is Dominic demonstrating? A.Rote counting B.Cardinality of a set C.One-to-one correspondence D.Estimating a quantity less than 10
Option (C) is correct. By asking Dominic and Keira to give each child an apple (without counting), the teacher is assessing their understanding of one-to-one correspondence. By doing what they were asked, Dominic and Keira show they understand the need to match one child to one apple.
Each student in a math class is given a shoe box containing 20 pennies. The teacher has the student shake the box and then write a number sentence relating the number of heads showing, the number of tails showing, and the total number of coins. Which of the following concepts is most closely aligned to the purpose of the activity? A.Exploring the intuitive meaning of chance B.Recognizing that addition and subtraction are inverse operations C.Recognizing a part-part-whole structure for addition D.Identifying a one-to-one correspondence
Option (C) is correct. By repeatedly performing this activity, students will see that the whole of 20 is composed of the two parts consisting of the coins showing heads and the coins showing tails. The sum of the number of heads and the number of tails equals the total count for all the coins. This experiment can help students learn the addition number facts related to 20.
There are 21 red and green crayons in a box. 13 of the crayons are red. How many are green? Student 1: 21−g=13 Student 2: 13+□=21 Student 3: G+13=21 Student 4: 21−13=Δ A teacher asks four students to write a number sentence that represents the word problem shown. Which of the following is represented by a letter or a symbol in each student's number sentence? A.A numerator B.A factor C.An unknown D.A sum
Option (C) is correct. Each student uses a symbol to represent the unknown number in the word problem.
Which of the following activities will best foster the development of students' listening skills? A.Asking students to identify rhyming words from a list of words B.Asking students to identify which picture has a different initial sound from a set of three pictures C.Asking students to summarize a short paragraph that the teacher read aloud D.Asking students to draw a picture and then write a sentence about their drawing
Option (C) is correct. Having students summarize a paragraph the teacher read aloud will encourage students to use listening skills, such as focusing on the teacher, paying attention, and taking note of the main idea.
Jean is willing to hike in the snow, but Jim is reluctant and goes inside because of the frigid temperatures. Which type of context clue in the sentence helps decode the meaning of the underlined word? A.Definition B.Synonym C.Contrast D.Example
Option (C) is correct. Jean is willing to hike in the snow, but Jim is reluctant because he is cold and goes inside; Jim's behavior is contrasted with that of Jean's, thus helping us understand that "reluctant" means "not willing".
A preschool teacher asks children to each find one item in the classroom that is shorter than a provided ruler and one item that is longer. Which of the following methods is an age-appropriate strategy for comparing the objects that the children select? A.Creating a bar graph B.Placing all items end to end C.Lining objects up side by side D.Making a pie chart
Option (C) is correct. Lining the items up next to each other would be a concrete way to teach children to align the ends.
A second-grade teacher is using a globe and a world map while explaining time zones as they relate to direction. The most accurate statement the teacher could make about time zones is that each time zone becomes earlier than the previous one as an individual travels A.north across lines of latitude B.south across lines of latitude C.west across lines of longitude D.east across lines of longitude
Option (C) is correct. Locations west of the International Date Line are one calendar day ahead of locations east of the line.
Which of the following strategies will best help students create engaging oral presentations? A.Preparing notes to read word-for-word during the presentation B.Providing the class with copies of the written report before the presentation C.Writing key words and terms on note cards to refer to during the presentation D.Memorizing the entire report before the presentation
Option (C) is correct. Preparing a note card with main points will provide the student with an outline of ideas to refer to at any time during the presentation yet allow the student to engage with the audience by using eye contact and gesture rather than looking down and reading from notes the entire time.
Which of the following are sight words? A.Stool, paste, green B.Bead, paid, foil C.They, said, does D.Round, white, large
Option (C) is correct. Sight words are frequently occurring words students often find in texts they read. The words "they," "said," and "does" are all sight words.
A kindergarten teacher opens a book to the middle of the story and asks a student, "Where on this page should I begin reading?" It is most likely that the teacher is attempting to evaluate the student's A.ability to draw inferences from text B.phonological knowledge C.concepts about print D.understanding of syntax
Option (C) is correct. Some of the concepts of print that students must learn are that a book has a front and a back; that people begin reading words printed on the page starting at the front of the book, from the top of the page, and moving from left to right; that when readers come to the end of one line, they go to the beginning of the next line; that a period tells the reader to stop and pause; and that a question mark shows that a question is being asked.
Which of the following best describes energy that is produced by vibrations and travels only through a medium? A.Gravitational potential B.Light C.Sound D.Heat
Option (C) is correct. Sound energy is produced by vibrations and travels only through a medium, unlike light, heat (infrared radiation), or gravitational potential energy which can travel through the vacuum of space.
Which of the following activities will best help students understand the structure of a science text? A.Completing a cluster diagram B.Summarizing the text C.Reviewing the subtitles D.Developing questions about the text
Option (C) is correct. Text features help students identify the structure and purpose of a nonfiction text. Examples of text features include the subtitles, headings, titles, graphics, diagrams, and captions.
Which of the following spelling patterns is found in the word "bone"? A.VC B.CVC C.CVCe D.CVVC
Option (C) is correct. The CVCe pattern includes words that have an "e" at the end of the word, which usually makes the vowel of the word sound long.
While planning a science unit, a teacher decides to include several activities that will have children handle, examine, and experiment with soil samples. Which of the following terms best describes the activities? A.Reasoning activities B.Classification activities C.Multisensory activities D.Problem-posing activities
Option (C) is correct. The activities are designed to address multiple senses like sight, sound, smell, and touch.
5+4=95+4=9 4+5=94+5=9 Which of the following properties of operations is best illustrated by the mathematical statements shown? A.Additive inverse property B.Additive identity property C.Commutative property of addition D.Associative property of addition
Option (C) is correct. The commutative property of addition means that the order in which the addends are added does not affect the result of the addition.
A preschool teacher provides a water table and various containers for children to use to investigate ways water can be stored and transferred. After a few weeks, the teacher introduces funnels and colanders to the center. Which of the following is the most appropriate focus question for the teacher to pose as children explore these new items? A.Why does the water always run down the funnel? B.Which of the containers will hold more water? C.What do you think will happen when the water is put into the colander? D.How does the shape of the container affect the shape of the water?
Option (C) is correct. The question focuses children to explore and find their own answers and understanding. This sets a purpose that is developmentally appropriate for preschoolers.
A preschool teacher is introducing the concept of living and nonliving things. The most appropriate introduction of the concept would be to ask children to A.create a chart of the characteristics of living and nonliving things B.sort pictures of living and nonliving things in a learning center C.describe what they observe of objects and organisms in the classroom aquarium D.role-play living and nonliving things in a game of charades
Option (C) is correct. The teacher introduces the difference between living and nonliving things by using a familiar classroom object that contains living fish and plants and nonliving rocks and a thermometer. The activities in the other options can be used once the children grasp the basic difference.
19+17+15+13+7+5+3+119+17+15+13+7+5+3+1 Which of the following is another way of writing the sum of the numbers shown? A.4×184×18 B.4×194×19 C.4×204×20 D.4×214×21
Option (C) is correct. There is a pattern in the numbers in the list, and the numbers can be paired up. When pairing 19 and 1, 17 and 3, 15 and 5, and 13 and 7 are paired, the numbers in each pair add up to 20. There are four such pairs, so the sum of the eight numbers is 4 x 20.
At the end of a second-grade reading unit, a teacher reads the following sentences in a child's response journal. This is a long tail. Their onced was a sun. He worked in a coal mind. He was sooty. Then he found a garland. That is a red gem. The child needs help with which of the following? A.Synonyms B.Antonyms C.Phonics D.Homophones
Option (D) is correct. In the scenario, the child has made several homophone errors, including confusing the word "sun" with the word "son" and the word "their" with the word "there".
Which of the following concepts is a second-grade teacher introducing by having students understand the consequences of breaking rules? A.Demand B.Tolerance C.Diversity D.Justice
Option (D) is correct. Justice refers to the process of using laws to fairly punish law breakers.
Which of the following classroom activities provides first-grade students with the most meaningful practice in counting? A.Counting the number of trees in 20 acres of forest B.Connecting dots to order numerals from 1 to 20 C.Matching numerals to sets of objects D.Determining the number of school days before the next holiday
Option (D) is correct. Meaningful counting is characterized as a counting activity that provides students with practice counting in a relevant context.
A class is reading a story in which the main character is facing a dilemma. Which of the following activities is most likely to encourage the students to think ahead and collaboratively generate solutions to the character's dilemma? A.Categorizing the characters in the book into groups of major and minor importance B.Having students independently make a list of five possible solutions C.Showing the students a video version of the story D.Having students work in small groups to role-play possible solutions
Option (D) is correct. Only option (D) involves the students in collaborative problem solving about a book they are reading together.
Which of the following activities would best help 3 year olds develop a respect for differences among people in the classroom? A.Watching a video about community groups showing compassion B.Taking a field trip to a local business to see different job responsibilities C.Writing a story about a time that they couldn't do something D.Reading a book about a child with a disability and relating it to their lives
Option (D) is correct. Reading literature is a great way to model appropriate behaviors and teach about how people are different in their abilities and talents.
Mary wants to invite a friend over to play. She knows her mother will grant permission for the friend to come over only after Mary finishes her chores. Mary completes her chores and then asks if she can have her friend come over. Which of the following concepts is best described in the scenario? A.Supply and demand B.Conflict resolution C.Risk management D.Self-regulation
Option (D) is correct. Self-regulation develops when children learn to control their urges, change behavior, and follow instruction. If Mary does what is expected of her, she will benefit by being given permission to invite a friend over to play.
Which of the following best describes a student at the semiphonetic stage of spelling development? A.Places vowels in syllables B.Imitates writing by copying random strings of letters C.Understands word structure D.Recognizes that sounds in words are represented by letters
Option (D) is correct. Semiphonetic spellers understand that sounds are represented by letters and often abbreviate spelling using initial and final sounds.
The most direct path between one location and another on a globe is always along A.one of the tropics B.the equator C.the prime meridian D.a great circle
Option (D) is correct. Since a globe is essentially a sphere, tracing a route on it will result in a circle.
A third-grade student asks the teacher why it is important to learn about the cultures of other countries. Which of the following statements would be most helpful in answering the student's question? A."To honor an educational tradition" B."To help students become more like each other" C."To help us understand the contributions of ancient civilizations" D."To learn that people are more alike than different"
Option (D) is correct. Sociological studies suggest that institutions, organizations, and governing rules are becoming more similar worldwide. By studying other cultures, we see that we have much in common with them. Common bonds are in turn a basis for developing friendships.
Ms. Hanza, a second-grade teacher, surveys her students and tallies their favorite shapes. Then, the class constructs the graph shown above. Which of the following math skills will the activity primarily reinforce? A.Learning properties of geometric figures B.Understanding concepts of probability C.Exploring spatial relationships D.Collecting and representing data
Option (D) is correct. Tally charts are used to gather and record information. The scenario describes a teacher gathering, organizing, and representing information in a way that the students can understand.
Students in a second-grade class are comparing the lengths of different objects in the classroom using metric measurement units. Which of the following measurement units is most appropriate for the students to use? A.Yard B.Kilometer C.Foot D.Meter
Option (D) is correct. The metric system is the decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units for measuring length, capacity, and weight or mass. The meter is a smaller unit of measurement compared with the kilometer and is appropriate for helping students compare the lengths of different objects.
A third-grade teacher is planning a lesson on the impact of human actions on the physical environment. Which of the following events would best relate to this topic? A.El Niño in South America B.Drought in central Africa C.An earthquake in Haiti D.An oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
Option (D) is correct. The oil spill of 2010 is related to drilling for oil in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico. It is the only event listed that can be directly attributed to human actions. Human actions did not cause the other events.
On the number line, the point with coordinate 1/2 is the greatest distance from the point with which of the following coordinates? A. 3/2 B. 0 C. 1 D.−3/2
Option (D) is correct. The point 1/2 is one unit from 3/2 one half unit from 0; one half unit from 1; and 2 units from −3/2. Therefore it is farthest from −3/2
A teacher notices that a student has written the words "goed" and "breaked" in a story. Which of the following best describes the error the student is making? A.Applying a wrong verb tense B.Using a compound predicate C.Using suffixes in a novel way D.Overapplying a recently learned rule
Option (D) is correct. The student in the scenario has learned how to form the past tense of a verb by adding "ed" to the present tense. However, the student has not yet internalized that there are exceptions to the rule, resulting in "breaked" rather than "broke," and "goed" rather than "went."
A first-grade class is learning about addition and subtraction fact families. Which of the following students has correctly written an example of two equations in the same fact family? A.Abia, who writes 5 + 3 = 8 and 8 - 3 = 5 B.Kali, who writes 3 + 4 = 7 and 7 - 1 = 6 C.Ru, who writes 4 + 2 = 6 and 2 - 6 = 4 D.Ted, who writes 2 + 3 = 5 and 1 + 4 = 5
Option (A) is correct. A fact family is a group of related addition and subtraction equations made up of the same numbers. Only option (A) provides two equations that use the same numbers and are inverses of one another.
Second-grade students are using a calculator to total the number of books in their classroom library. At one point, they mistakenly subtract 12 instead of adding 12. What one change can they make to the total of 57 on the calculator display to correct the mistake? A.Add 12 B.Add 24 C.Subtract 12 D.Subtract 24
Option (B) is correct. The students need to add back the 12 books they inadvertently subtracted and then add in the 12 they intended to add. This can be done all at once by adding 24 to the result displayed on the calculator.
Which of the following is the best example of a group working together to address the group members' needs? A.A family starts a vegetable garden as a way to earn income and eat healthy food. B.Every Friday, first-grade students exchange books with each other to read over the weekend. C.A teacher provides students with additional recess time as a reward. D.Business leaders sell stocks to fund the construction of a new manufacturing plant.
Option (A) is correct. A need is something that an individual or group must have to survive. Examples of needs are food, water, air, and clothing. By planting a vegetable garden, the family meets part of their basic need for food.
A kindergarten teacher begins a lesson on the properties of triangles by displaying several different shapes to students. Then, the students sort the shapes into triangles and nontriangles. After sorting the shapes, the class then discusses the characteristics of a triangle. Which of the following students most completely and correctly identifies the characteristics of a triangle? A.Jacob, who said, "All triangles have three sides and three angles." B.Kayla, who said, "All straight-edge shapes with three sides are triangles." C.Mark, who said, "All triangles have two short sides and a long side." D.Sally, who said, "All closed shapes with angles are triangles."
Option (A) is correct. All triangles have three sides and three angles.
Which of the following is the most appropriate time to encourage young children to start writing? A.As soon as they can hold a crayon or marker B.When they first recognize the speech-print relationship C.After they have learned left-to-right orientation D.When they show they can follow instructions
Option (A) is correct. As soon as children can hold a crayon or marker, they should be provided with opportunities to make scribbles, marks, letters, and pictures. According to Lev Vygotsky, when children draw and make marks, they are developing an awareness of written language and can then interact with other more competent writers in their environment. When children pretend to write, they are learning to use symbols to communicate their ideas, and this is the essence of being a writer and a reader.
Ms. Craig asks her students to write the word "sailboat". Levi spells the word "PKLLEEP". At which of the following levels is Levi spelling? A.Prephonemic B.Phonemic C.Transitional D.Conventional
Option (A) is correct. At the prephonemic stage, students know some letters and may begin experimenting with letters, but sound-symbol correspondence is absent.
Which of the following manipulatives are most appropriate for a teacher to use with second-grade students exploring place value? A.Base ten blocks B.Pennies C.Geoboards D.Six-sided number cube
Option (A) is correct. Base ten blocks will help students learn about place value. Pennies, geoboards, and six-sided number cubes will help students with probability, shapes and counting.
A person comparing the volume of 1 kilogram of feathers with the volume of 1 kilogram of gold would observe that the A.1 kilogram of gold has a smaller volume B.1 kilogram of feathers has a smaller volume C.feather and the gold have equal volumes D.volume of the gold varies with pressure
Option (A) is correct. Density is a property of matter and it is a measure of mass per unit volume. The density of gold is much greater than the density of feathers, so the volume of the feathers would be much greater than the volume of the gold.
For a population of organisms that is neither growing nor declining in size, which of the following are most likely to be equal? A.The birth rate and death rate B.The number of herbivores and number of carnivores C.The number of organisms in the youngest age class and number in the oldest age class D.The number of plant species and number of animal species
Option (A) is correct. If a population is stable, then the population is neither growing nor shrinking. This means the birth rate, or the number of individuals being born, equals the death rate, or the number of individuals dying.
Learning to differentiate among words that have common roots by looking at the modifications that result when prefixes or suffixes (such as "pre-," "un-," "dis-," "-tive," "-tion," and "-ment") are added to known roots is accomplished through the use of A.morphological analysis B.configuration cues C.contextual clues D.phonemic analysis
Option (A) is correct. Morphology is the study of morphemes, which are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the units of language one up from phonemes.
Which of the following is a primary function of flowers? A.Pollination B.Photosynthesis C.Phototropism D.Pasteurization
Option (A) is correct. Most flowers are structured to make pollination as efficient as possible. To facilitate fertilization, many produce nectar, are brightly colored, or have odors to attract organisms.
Which of the following can be used to help kindergarten students understand what is meant by a repeating core pattern consisting of a triangle, a circle, and a square?
Option (A) is correct. Only option (A) provides an example of an entire core pattern that is repeated using all three shapes.
Which of the following is most effective in helping young children develop phonological awareness? A.Singing songs with simple rhymes B.Singing the alphabet song C.Using large markers to print letters D.Looking for environmental print
Option (A) is correct. Phonemes are the sounds of a language that children must learn in order to speak and later to read. Such sounds are learned by hearing them over and over and repeating them. When children sing songs with simple rhymes, they are making the sounds of the language that a parent or a teacher is encouraging them to reproduce.
Third-grade students are creating a story map as they read about the donkey Sylvester, who has turned into a rock. The most important benefit of the story-mapping activity is that it will help the students A.improve their comprehension of the story by organizing and sequencing events B.make connections to other characters who have solved a problem C.develop a vocabulary they can use in writing their own stories D.understand the essential features of a problem and its solution
Option (A) is correct. Story mapping is the process of using a tool that helps students identify all the elements of a story: characters, setting, problem, solution. It may be as simple as a graphic organizer on paper or an interactive computer tool. Its use ensures that all the elements of a story are considered.
Four students are given a set of twenty-five blocks and asked to represent the blocks using a base-ten method. Which of the following representations best shows a fully developed understanding of base-ten representations?
Option (B) is correct. The model shows an understanding that 25 is made up of 2 tens and 5 ones.
I enjoyed the trip to the museum. We rode there in the school bus. We also saw many displays and ate lunch. Which of the following instructional strategies will be most useful in helping the student improve the writing piece shown? A.Asking the student questions about the trip B.Providing the student with an informational text to find more ideas C.Asking the student to write a list of descriptive words D.Showing the student how to construct simple sentences
Option (A) is correct. The sample shown does not include details about the trip, what the student saw, or when and where it took place. Asking questions about the trip will help the student add more details to the narrative.
A second-grade teacher is researching information on folklore. Which of the following can be a problem when studying folklore? A.Lack of primary source documentation B.Difficulty locating links between oral and written literatures C.Identifying universal themes D.Recognizing prototypical characters
Option (A) is correct. There can be special problems with research and documentation in the field of folklore, since much of folklore has been passed down orally and does not exist in the form of primary documents such as first-hand observations.
Which of the following fractions is equivalent to 2/3? A.4/16 B.8/12 C.4/8 D.12/16
Option (B) is correct. 8/12 is equivalent to 2/3 because multiplying both the denominator and numerator of 2/3 by 4 gives 8/12.
After reading two texts about the first Thanksgiving, a third-grade teacher asks students to compare the events in both texts. Which of the following graphic organizers is best for the students to use? A.Flowchart B.Venn diagram C.Story map D.Cluster diagram
Option (B) is correct. A Venn diagram shows the relationship between groups that share something in common.
A second-grade teacher is recording information about the students' favorite colors in a table on a whiteboard. The teacher asks each student for his or her favorite color and then writes the student's name next to the name of the selected color. Which of the following is most appropriate to use to display the information? A.Stem plot B.Bar graph C.Line graph D.Box plot
Option (B) is correct. A bar graph is a visual display that is used to compare the amounts or frequency of occurrence of different items or ideas.
Which of the following demonstrations best illustrates a chemical change? A.Boiling water B.Burning a candle C.Melting an ice cube D.Connecting two magnets
Option (B) is correct. A chemical change occurs when a substance is changed into one or more different substances. When a candle burns, new substances will form and the resulting change cannot be undone.
Which of the following organisms has a body consisting of a head, a thorax, and an abdomen? A.Starfish B.Fly C.Centipede D.Shark
Option (B) is correct. A fly is an insect, and an insect has three body parts—the head, the thorax, and the abdomen.
A teacher provides students with a list of words that include "precede," "project," "illegal," and "disappear." The students are most likely learning about which of the following concepts? A.Onsets B.Prefixes C.Consonant blends D.Diphthongs
Option (B) is correct. A prefix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. In the examples shown, Pre-, pro-, il-, and dis- are prefixes.
During a unit titled "All About Me," a first grade teacher would like the students to create a time line of their life to share with the class. Which of the following is most important for the students to include in the project? A.Descriptions or pictures of special events related to their family's culture B.Photographs of important events with their dates in sequential order C.Pictures of family members and friends arranged in order of importance to them D.Magazine clippings of the favorite foods their family enjoys
Option (B) is correct. A time line is an arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence.
A teacher is informally assessing second-grade students' listening comprehension skills after reading aloud Aesop's fable "The Lion and the Mouse." Which of the following prompts requires the children to draw an inference from the fable? A.Who are the characters in the fable? B.What lesson does the fable teach? C.How does the mouse help the lion? D.Can mice and lions really talk?
Option (B) is correct. An inference is a conclusion that is not directly stated in the story. Only choice (B) asks the children to tell what the story teaches in their own words. Answers to each of the other questions can be found in the story or are common knowledge.
(1+5×2)−2×2(1+5×2)−2×2 A student used the order of operations to solve the expression shown. Which of the following identifies the last step needed to simplify the expression when applying the order of operations? A.Subtracting 2 from 22 B.Subtracting 4 from 11 C.Multiplying 2 by 2 D.Multiplying 9 by 2
Option (B) is correct. Based on the order of operations, 5 x 2 would be multiplied first, then added to 1, which equals 11. 2 x 2 would be solved next, which equals 4. Finally, 4 would be subtracted from 11, which gives 7.
Ben bought 3 cantaloupes for $1.50 each and 3 watermelons for $4.00 each. If he paid for the 6 items with a $20 bill, how much change did he receive? A.$2.50 B.$3.50 C.$4.50 D.$5.50
Option (B) is correct. Ben spent a total of $16.50 on the 3 cantaloupes and 3 watermelons. Therefore, his change from a $20 bill was $3.50.
Which of the following actions is the best example of a student showing good citizenship? A.Playing an instrument for a school performance B.Volunteering to clean up a park C.Working at practical tasks from beginning to end D.Developing a positive attitude toward school
Option (B) is correct. By volunteering to clean up a park, the student supports the community and sets a good example for peers.
Which of the following activities would be most effective in establishing a democratic classroom? A.Having the class create models of important monuments in Washington B.Holding meetings with students to create rules for the class C.Having students role-play ways of being a good citizen D.Reading a book about the writing of the Constitution to the class
Option (B) is correct. Democracy is demonstrated by having students or student representatives create the rules for the class.
Draw a triangle and divide it into halves Draw a square and divide it into halves Which is larger: half of the triangle or half of the square? A third-grade teacher asks students to complete the tasks shown. By asking students the question, the teacher most likely wants them to A.understand that it is much easier to divide a square than a triangle B.recognize that fraction comparisons are only valid when fractions refer to the same whole C.understand how to find equivalent fractions using concrete examples D.recognize that a fraction is a part of a whole
Option (B) is correct. Fraction comparisons are only valid when the parts being compared refer to the same whole unit.
Graphic novels are effective for third-grade students because they A.provide interesting plots for advanced readers B.allow development of visual and verbal literacy C.demonstrate the use of similes and metaphors D.display charts and graphs in a variety of ways
Option (B) is correct. Graphic novels use visual illustrations to portray a story and require students to use inference skills to understand the meaning of the text. Graphic novels rely on the reader to construct the story by actively integrating visuals presented in the text.
A first-grade teacher brings different types of flowers into the classroom and asks the students to make observations about them. Which of the following student responses is an example of a scientific observation that will best help in classifying the flowers? A.Some of the flowers are wilted. B.Some of the flowers are yellow. C.The flowers are pretty. D.The flowers are soft.
Option (B) is correct. In making scientific observations, students need to apply their five senses — seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting — and then describe objects according to their characteristics. The only description provided that illustrates the use of the senses is "yellow."
A first-grade student, Kyle, has drawn an elaborate picture of a garden in his journal and has written: "I LK RD FLRS." Kyle's sentence suggests that an appropriate next step in his development as a writer would be learning to A.print lowercase letters B.use medial vowel sounds C.blend consonant sounds D.recognize common sight words
Option (B) is correct. Kyle's written work indicates that he does not use vowels between consonants. He seems to know the alphabet, and he now needs to include more of the sounds that are actually in the words he writes. He can be taught to do this by saying words slowly or stretching words and hearing the vowels, such as the /i/ in like or the /e/ in red.
Which of the following measurements is sufficient to be able to calculate a cube's volume in the Customary System of measurement? A.The density of the cube B.The length of the cube's edge C.The mass of the cube D.The weight of the cube
Option (B) is correct. Length is the most basic measurement, it is used to find perimeter, area, and volume. The volume of a cube is found using three dimensions: length, width, and height.
Which of the following terms best describes the ability to read with expression and appropriate phrasing? A.Accuracy B.Prosody C.Rate D.Schema
Option (B) is correct. Prosody refers to the appropriate use of phrasing and expression to convey meaning when reading.
If the population trend on Mars continues as predicted in the graph above, what will be the population on Mars in the year 3000 ? A.25,000 B.27,500 C.30,000 D.32,500
Option (B) is correct. Reading graphs is an important social studies skill. The context of this question may be fantastic and futuristic, but the skill needed to answer the question is not. If we extend the line to the year 3000, we can estimate from the graph that the population on Mars will be about 27,500.
Which of the following students composes both sentences as simple sentences? A.Mario: At school. Everyone does work. B.Jackson: He played at the park. Mom went to the house. C.Anna: She's smiling because the dog came back. After he came back, he wanted food. D.Jacquelyn: Drive fast! We'll be late if we don't hurry.
Option (B) is correct. Simple sentences are also called independent clauses, and contain a subject and a verb. Both sentences contain a subject and a verb.
At a certain school, the ratio of the number of female teachers to male teachers is 5 to 2. Which of the following could be the total number of female and male teachers at the school? A.20 B.35 C.37 D.52
Option (B) is correct. Since there are 5 females for every 2 males, the total number of teachers must be a multiple of 7. The only choice that is a multiple of 7 is 35.
To an observer on Earth, it appears as if the Sun orbits Earth once each day. Which of the following is responsible for the misconception? A.Earth's smaller size B.Earth's rotation C.Earth's tilt on its axis D.Earth's orbit
Option (B) is correct. The Sun does not move across the sky. It appears to rise in the east and set in the west because the Earth, as viewed looking south from the North Pole, rotates counterclockwise, moving from the west toward the east, so that sunlight first appears in the east.
Three-year-old Samuel is looking at pictures of a dog, a bird, and a snake. The teacher observes Samuel counting the four legs on a dog and wants to use this teachable moment to reinforce Samuel's sequencing skills. Which of the following steps would the teacher most likely prompt Samuel to do first? A.Sequencing the pictures from fewest legs to most legs B.Counting the number of legs on each individual animal C.Writing the number of legs of each animal on a whiteboard D.Making a simple graph of the number of legs on each animal
Option (B) is correct. The child needs to count the legs on each animal before he will be able to use that information to compare and sequence numbers.
Which of the following actions would be most effective in directly decreasing the impact of the greenhouse effect on the environment? A.Using taller smokestacks B.Reducing the use of fossil fuels C.Adding lime to acidified lakes D.Developing drought-resistant crops
Option (B) is correct. The greenhouse effect is the warming of the atmosphere near the surface of Earth as a result of the gases in the atmosphere trapping heat energy from the Sun. One of the gases responsible for trapping heat energy is carbon dioxide, which is released when fossil fuels are burned.
After sharing a picture book about opposites with a class of 3-year-old children, a teacher talks with the children about the concept of opposites. The teacher then asks them to use the pictures in the book to talk about opposites with their peers. The lesson best encourages oral language development in young children by A.helping them construct meaning from a text B.encouraging them to engage in conversation C.using a text as a resource to teach a concept D.modeling a think-aloud to encourage thought
Option (B) is correct. The key to language competence is to encourage young children to engage in conversation.
Which of the following whole-group activities would best support kindergartners' understanding of a story's setting after listening to the story read aloud? A.Sequencing picture cards of the events in the story B.Creating a map showing the relationships among the characters in the story C.Identifying words the author used to describe the story's surroundings D.Creating a chart matching the details in the story to the main idea
Option (C) is correct. This is an activity that uses setting, which involves when and where. Identifying words that describe the story's surroundings is an appropriate way to help kindergarten students understand the concept of setting.
Which of the following is equivalent to 3535 ? A.15%15% B.30%30% C.60%60% D.75%
Option (C) is correct. To find what percent is equivalent to 3535, one can multiply 3535 by 100, which yields 60. 60% is equivalent to 3535.
Which of the following best reflects an inquiry-based science activity for a unit about the life cycle of insects? A.Visiting a live-butterfly exhibit online B.Reading books about types of worms C.Raising caterpillars in the classroom D.Drawing pictures of insects
Option (C) is correct. Young students learn best from concrete examples and direct interaction with the subject being taught. Raising caterpillars in the classroom is the most effective way listed to teach the topic of insect life cycles because it allows for direct observation of the entire life cycle.
The "ake" in the words "bake" and "snake" is an example of which of the following? A.A phoneme-grapheme relationship B.A long-vowel /a/ digraph C.A morpheme D.A rime
Option (D) is correct. A rime is the part of a syllable that consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it. Two common rimes are "it" and "at." It is the part of a syllable that is used in a nursery or poetic rhyme. In the familiar nursery rhyme, "Hickory, Dickory, Dock," the rime is "ock."
Which of the following best explains why it is necessary to teach unfamiliar, academic vocabulary to students who are English-language learners before they are asked to read a passage in a nonfiction text? A.Such vocabulary is likely to be concrete and easy to illustrate. B.Such vocabulary is appealing to visual and kinesthetic learners. C.Such vocabulary is likely to be similar to words in the students' first languages. D.Such vocabulary is not often used during informal conversations.
Option (D) is correct. Academic language is that used in school and books in the content areas and is usually field-specific. It is not the everyday language that children use. Therefore, a teacher's planning should include activities that will help students learn to read, recognize, and use such words with confidence.
Third-grade students are writing reports on a science topic. Which of the following tools will best help students with the assignment by initiating written discussion of their report? A.Slide-share programs B.Instant messaging applications C.Interactive whiteboards D.Blogging programs
Option (D) is correct. Blogs are regularly updated Web sites or Web pages that enable writers to share their pieces and allow readers to respond to the pieces using written discussion.
Which of the following activities will best help first-grade students understand changes that occur over time? A.Investigating the cultural celebrations and holidays of other countries B.Identifying the characteristics of the individual seasons of the year C.Analyzing the current ways energy is produced in their area D.Comparing photographs or pictures from the past with present-day images
Option (D) is correct. By reviewing photographs or pictures from other generations, the students will observe changes that have occurred over the years.
Which of the following is the most appropriate introductory activity about syllables for a kindergarten class? A.Having children underline the vowels in a word with a red crayon B.Asking children to draw a line to separate each syllable break in a word C.Having children write the number of syllables in a word represented by a picture card D.Asking children to clap out and count each syllable in words as a class
Option (D) is correct. Clapping games are a good way to have children move their hands and understand where the natural syllable breaks occur in words.
+25−25=0+25−25=0 −10+10=0−10+10=0 Which of the following is the property of integers illustrated by the equations shown? A.Associative property of addition B.Commutative property of addition C.Additive identity property D.Additive inverse property
Option (D) is correct. Every whole number or integer has an opposite or inverse. When a number and its opposite are added, the result is 0. This property of all integers is called the additive inverse property.
City X: 8 P.M.: Monday City Y: 6 A.M.: Tuesday The table shows the local times for a person in City X and a person in City Y who are having a phone conversation. The time in City Y is how many hours different from the time in City X ? A.14 hours behind B.14 hours ahead C.10 hours behind D.10 hours ahead
Option (D) is correct. From 8 P.M. to midnight Monday is 4 hours. From midnight to 6 A.M. Tuesday is 6 hours. Therefore, the total amount of time between the cities is 10 hours.
Bobby and Jasmine are kindergarten students who are playing at the water station. Jasmine fills a cup with water, lifts it up, and turns it over. She says, "Look, Bobby, I'm making rain!" Bobby replies, "I can make rain too." He then picks up the plastic watering can and pours the water into the water station. Which of the following instructional activities will best support the students' development of inquiry skills? A.Reading a story about rain and discussing the characters in the story with the students B.Providing a picture of a rainy day and asking the students to tell a story based on the picture C.Showing a video about rainy, snowy, and sunny days and telling students to describe different activities they can do on each day D.Performing an experiment to illustrate evaporation and condensation of water and asking how it applies to rain
Option (D) is correct. Illustrating evaporation and condensation incorporates concepts from the water cycle, which will help students understand how rain is formed and what happens after it rains.
A teacher gives each student in a class a list containing the words "whale," "three," "ship," and "chew." Then the teacher says, "Circle the two letters in each word that go together to make the new sounds we have been learning about." The exercise can most appropriately be used to assess the students' ability to recognize which of the following? A.Consonant blends B.Double vowel sounds C.Short vowel sounds D.Consonant digraphs
Option (D) is correct. In each of the words given, there is a pair of letters that makes one sound. These pairs are "wh," "th," "sh," and "ch." The letters in the pairs are consonants, and the pair is called a consonant digraph.
Month:September, November, January Child's spelling of "boat":bt, bot, bote Based on the information in the chart above, it can be inferred that the child A.has a limited knowledge of the relationship between letters and sounds B.has not yet learned about long vowel sounds C.is not using the classroom word wall appropriately D.is applying a growing knowledge of the relationship between letters and sounds
Option (D) is correct. The student's attempts to spell "boat" over time show a growing knowledge of phonics. At first the student hears the beginning and ending consonants in the word. Later the student adds a vowel, which shows a new level of sophistication. Finally, although incorrect, the student adds an "e" on the end. This progression demonstrates the student's knowledge that CVC words have a long vowel sound, such as the long /o/ heard in "boat."
Which of the following is an example of a Tier 2 vocabulary word? A.Dog B.Asphalt C.Tsunami D.Establish
Option (D) is correct. Tier two consists of high frequency words that occur across a variety of domains.
At the beginning of the school year, a second-grade teacher observes that students in class often argue with one another when they are assigned to work with someone they do not like. Which of the following is the best action for the teacher to take in resolving these conflicts? A.Requiring students who have a history of initiating arguments to stay after school B.Introducing a process where students are paired up only if they get along with one another C.Giving extra assignments to the entire class until the arguments stop occurring D.Providing facilitated training for the class on how to get along with others
Option (D) is correct. When children are coached in effective conflict-resolution techniques, they are likely to use the techniques to resolve real-life conflicts.
Identify which body system is primarily responsible for each function listed.
Options (1), (6), (8) are correct. The nervous system is responsible for communicating messages between the brain and the body, the respiratory system is responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to body cells, and the circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
Basic science process skills form the touchstone for scientific thinking. It is crucial that measuring, observing, inferring, communicating, and (i) be practiced regulary in the science classroom at the most basic level. It is the (ii) of these skills that allows for a well-rounded understanding of scientific concepts.
Options (A) and (E) are correct. Science skills include observing, classifying, inferring, predicting, communicating, and experimenting. Integrating the skills provides students with richer experience and deeper understanding of the nature of science.
Which THREE of the following classroom activities are effective for helping a student who is a slow and nonfluent reader? A.Reading along with a taped or recorded book B.Timed reading sessions designed to increase the number of words read per minute C.Repeated choral readings of the class's favorite poems and funny stories D.Listening to the teacher read with intonation and stress
Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Pressuring a child who is a slow and nonfluent reader to read at a predetermined rate puts undue stress on the child. It makes him or her feel inadequate and is somewhat akin to failure.
Which TWO of the following actions demonstrate self-awareness in an average first-grade student? A.Taking turns when playing with other students B.Hiding tears when starting to cry in front of other students C.Setting a goal to read five picture books in a single week D.Listening to another student who is retelling a familiar story
Options (B) and (C) are correct. Self-awareness is the ability to judge one's own behavior and respond appropriately to different situations. By hiding tears when standing in front of other students and setting a goal to read five books in a week, the student responds to a situation and takes appropriate action.
Place each of the following facts in the box next to the mathematical operation it describes.
The correct order of the answers is (C), (D), (B), (A). Addition: The associative property of addition ensures that the way the addends are grouped does not change the results of addition (C). Division: When one whole number is divided by another whole number, the quotient, i.e., the result, is a fraction if the divisor is not a factor of the dividend (D). Multiplication: The commutative property of multiplication ensures that the order of the factors does not change the results of the multiplication (B). Subtraction: Subtraction determines the difference between two sets (A).