Early Modern Philosophy Test 2

John Locke's Perception

Mind is active, complex ideas, compounded ideas of the qualities of the object, concrete idea

John Locke's sensible qualities

Power in an object to affect the senses and the mind in a particular way ex. yellow, hot, cold

Which set of qualities, defined by Locke, are observable, belong inherently to the object being perceived, are perceived?

Primary qualities

According to Hume, all reasoning concerning 'matters of fact' is ultimately based upon

Principles of cause and effect

Which of the following claims does David Hume include in his critique of causality?

There is nothing in the first event 'A' that entails that any particular event 'B' must follow it

According to Hume, one must accept nominalism because

a) A term has meaning only if there is an impression or combinations or impressions of which it is a copy b) He wishes to adopt a strictly empirical criterion of meaning c) No 'real' universals exist

Those propositions that have meaningful content cannot be known to be true for Hume

Matters of Fact

According to Hume, ideas that directly correspond to experienced objects are

Simple ideas

According to Hume, one must accept nominalism because

(a) A term has meaning only if there is an impression or combinations or impressions of which it is a copy (b) He wishes to adopt a strictly empirical criterion of meaning (c) No 'real' universals exist --All of the above

What claim does David Hume include in his critique of causality?

(a) There is nothing in the first event 'A' that entails that any particular event 'B' must follow it

According to Locke, the ideas that the Rationalists called "innate" are in fact

Do not exist

Present Hume's Argument for his Skeptical conclusion

1.) All knowledge of matters of fact is based on sense experience 2.) The reliable operation of senses depends on cause and effect 3.) We have no knowledge of cause and effect 4.) Therefore, we have no knowledge of matters of fact

Abstract complex idea

A priori, do not come from sense experience. Created by the mind through reflected abstraction

What is the name given by Locke to those ideas that represent concepts that are not experienced?

Abstract ideas

John Locke's 'Modes'

Are ideas of the ways in which substances are organized or arranged. Do not subsist by themselves.

Berkeley motivation immaterialism

Berkeley thinks that materialism is anti-religious. it implies the existence of something independent of god, and so implicitly denies that god is the creator.

What is the name give by Locke to those ideas that are constructed by reason out of the raw sensory data of sensation and that acct. for the perception of objects?

Complex Ideas

Berkeley's definition of material substance

Complex of experienced qualities. The object is the totality of its qualities

Complex Idea , Hume

Counterparts not directly experienced. Components/Impressions have been directly experienced. Ex. Gold mountain Compounding, expanding, G0D = compounded ideas of perfection

All real knowledge for John Locke

Demonstrative (highest type) or intuitive. Only math and philosophy can we know for certain; genuine knowledge. Real knowledge requires certainty

According to Locke, which is the highest degree of cognitive adequacy?

Demonstrative Knowledge

John Locke's experience vs. reflection

Experience = Sensation (posteriori) + The minds ordering process ( a priori)

Ideas

Faint images. A memory. Derived from thought. Thought originated in 1 impression/sensation

According to Hume, the use of induction is philosophically justified because induction has been relatively successful in the past.

False

Because Locke is an empiricist, he believes that certain and complete knowledge derives entirely from sensory experience. T/F

False

Berkeley concludes that the same argument that he has made regarding material substance can also effectively be made regarding spiritual substance. T/F

False

Given his equation of the things with ideas, Berkeley concludes that there is no way to distinguish reality from dreams. T/F

False

Relations of Ideas, Hume

Geometry, Algebra, and Arithmetic; and in short, every affirmation which is either intuitively or demonstratively certain. That the square of the hypothenuse is equal to the square of the two sides, is a proposition which expresses a relation between these figures. That three times five is equal to the half of thirty, expresses a relation between these numbers. Propositions of this kind are discoverable by the mere operation of thought, without dependence on what is anywhere existent in the universe. Though there never were a circle or triangle in nature, the truths demonstrated by Euclid would for ever retain their certainty and evidence.

According to Locke, the ideas "stocking the human mind" derive from simple ideas that are

Given in sensation and reflection

Which of the following is true of Hume concerning Locke

He abandons Locke's distinction between ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection

John Locke's 'Relations'

Ideas of how substances are related to one another ex. "larger than" "smarter than." Do not subsist by themselves

John Locke's 'substance'

Ideas of self-subsisting thing. Material thing, the mind

Impressions

Immediately derived from sensation. Directly perceived. Vivid and lively. 1 = sensation 2= Reflection

Demonstrative Knowledge

Indirect, deductive inferential process to arrive @ the connection between ideas. Is used for the existence of God, but other than God, we have no knowledge except such as is derived from and limited by the senses.

According to the empiricist, what are the building blocks of knowledge?

Initial ideas imprinted through sensory experience

Intuitive Knowledge

Insight, direct intellectual cognition to the connection between ideas. Experience directly "intuits" identity and diversity.

According to Berkeley, the mind's power to frame abstract ideas?

Is a fiction created by the tendency to focus on language instead of focusing on things

According to Berkeley, what must be said regarding the notion of 'matter'?

It should be dropped from the philosophical vocabulary because it is vacuous

According to Berkeley, the argument for immaterialism?

Leaves the world exactly as it finds it

According to Locke, which discipline does produce genuine knowledge?

Mathematics and Speculative Philosophy

What is Locke's conception of material substance ('matter')?

Matter is the unperceivable substratum 'layer beneath' upon which the qualities reside

Can primary quality arise from from interactions between between inherent qualities and the observers mind, according to Locke?

NO

According to Locke, which discipline does not produce genuine knowledge?

Natural philosophy(i.e natural science)

According to Hume, the belief in causality and the belief that the future will be like the past are,

Not philosophically justifiable they are psychological

Complex Idea

Perception, compounded ideas of the qualities of the object

Phenomenalism

Physical objects are nothing but collections of sense perceptions

John Locke definition of knowledge

Recognition of the connection between ideas (agreement/disagreement)

Those propositions that we know to be true are empty of meaningful content (that is they don't tell us anything about the world) For Hume,

Relation of Ideas

Whatever knowledge we do have is trivial for Hume

Relations of Ideas

According to Hume, the belief in causality is based upon

Repeated experience of constant conjunction of events

Reflection as defined by Locke

Self-awareness; the knowledge that the mind has of itself and its operations

According to Locke, the ideas that serve as the fundamental building blocks/raw data of knowledge originate in?

Sensation

According to Locke, what are the ideas that are immediately imprinted in the mind in through sensation?

Simple Ideas

According to Locke, experience furnishes the mind with?

The 'building blocks' of knowledge

Matters of fact, Hume

The contrary of every matter of fact is still possible; because it can never imply a contradiction, and is conceived by the mind with the same facility and distinctness, as if ever so conformable to reality. That the sun will not rise to-morrow is no less intelligible a proposition, and implies no more contradiction than the affirmation, that it will rise. We should in vain, therefore, attempt to demonstrate its falsehood. Were it demonstratively false, it would imply a contradiction, and could never be distinctly conceived by the mind.

Major development that influenced Locke when he wrote the ECHU

The new or mechanical philosophy

When Berkeley is claims that there objects are just sets of coexisting data, he is claiming that?

There is no material substratum with properties that give objects their identity and stability

For John Locke, the 'tabula rasa' would define thinking and ideas as?

Thinking is the process Ideas are the materials

How does Locke justify his philosophical position on material substance?

Through a rationalistic (a priori) assumption

According to Berkeley, it is not possible to conceive of the the being of a thing separately from its being perceived? T/F

True

According to Locke, a secondary quality is the power in an object to produce a corresponding sensation in us, such as the sensation of color, taste, odor, etc.. T/F

True

According to Locke, primary qualities are objective determinations of the state of extended solid substances, such as size, shape, motion/rest. T/F

True

For Hume, the belief in causality is the result in 'custom and habit', rather than derived from any experience of causality.

True

Locke believes that the mind has innate, in the sense natural, capacities that are involved in the attainment of knowledge, although these capacities do not by themselves give rise to knowledge. T/F

True

How does Berkeley claim to have reconciled the perspective of the philosopher with the perspective of the 'common man'?

a) The 'common man' believes that everything that exists is perceivable b) The philosopher believes that what we directly perceive are ideas -- a and b are correct

In ECHU, Locke attacks the innatist view that the mind at birth is inscribes with

a) innate principles that function as the foundations of all knowledge(e.g. principle of identity, principle of contradiction, etc.) b) innate principle of right (or moral) conduct c) innate ideas(e.g. idea of God, idea of substance etc...) --All of the above answers are correct

According to Locke, what is the nature of material substance?

a) it is unperceivable in itself b) it is the metaphysical 'glue' that holds qualities together c) it serves to maintain the identity of the object as the object's qualities change --All the above

3 claims Locke makes in his attack against the 'innatist' view

a) no universal assent to so-called first principles of knowledge b) empires explanations for the first principles of knowledge are more economical than the 'innateness" hypothesis c) To say that an idea is 'in the mind' is simply to say that the idea is being perceived or thought about by the mind --All the above

What are the elements of Berkeley's primary quality realism argument?

a) there is no distinction between primary and secondary qualities b) primary qualities are relative qualities c) primary qualities are mind dependent --All the above

Hume's nominalistic view

as the succession and patio-temporral contiguity of cause and effect suggests no new idea. Copy of impressions. No universals exist

What distinction does Hume abandon from Locke?

b) He abandons Locke's distinction between ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection

How does Berkeley solve conflict between science and religion?

by denying the independent existence of matter. Science could not possibly oppose religion unless it claimed to describe a realm of things existing independently of god.

According to Hume, all reasoning concerning 'matters of fact' is ultimately based upon

d) The principle of cause and effect

What is a matter of fact?

it can be defined as a statement whose negation is not self -contradictor; always has a degree of uncertainty.

Concrete Idea

of a whole object endowed with various properties (latter part of complex idea)

John Locke's 'Sensation'

original ideas, singular, uncompounded, data, mind passively receives these. Necessary condition for perception and experience

For Hume, where are all simple ideas derived from?

simple impressions or their copies

Idealism

the only thing that exists are the mind and ideas inside of it

Immaterialism

there is no such thing as material objects