Early Modern Philosophy Test 2
John Locke's Perception
Mind is active, complex ideas, compounded ideas of the qualities of the object, concrete idea
John Locke's sensible qualities
Power in an object to affect the senses and the mind in a particular way ex. yellow, hot, cold
Which set of qualities, defined by Locke, are observable, belong inherently to the object being perceived, are perceived?
Primary qualities
According to Hume, all reasoning concerning 'matters of fact' is ultimately based upon
Principles of cause and effect
Which of the following claims does David Hume include in his critique of causality?
There is nothing in the first event 'A' that entails that any particular event 'B' must follow it
According to Hume, one must accept nominalism because
a) A term has meaning only if there is an impression or combinations or impressions of which it is a copy b) He wishes to adopt a strictly empirical criterion of meaning c) No 'real' universals exist
Those propositions that have meaningful content cannot be known to be true for Hume
Matters of Fact
According to Hume, ideas that directly correspond to experienced objects are
Simple ideas
According to Hume, one must accept nominalism because
(a) A term has meaning only if there is an impression or combinations or impressions of which it is a copy (b) He wishes to adopt a strictly empirical criterion of meaning (c) No 'real' universals exist --All of the above
What claim does David Hume include in his critique of causality?
(a) There is nothing in the first event 'A' that entails that any particular event 'B' must follow it
According to Locke, the ideas that the Rationalists called "innate" are in fact
Do not exist
Present Hume's Argument for his Skeptical conclusion
1.) All knowledge of matters of fact is based on sense experience 2.) The reliable operation of senses depends on cause and effect 3.) We have no knowledge of cause and effect 4.) Therefore, we have no knowledge of matters of fact
Abstract complex idea
A priori, do not come from sense experience. Created by the mind through reflected abstraction
What is the name given by Locke to those ideas that represent concepts that are not experienced?
Abstract ideas
John Locke's 'Modes'
Are ideas of the ways in which substances are organized or arranged. Do not subsist by themselves.
Berkeley motivation immaterialism
Berkeley thinks that materialism is anti-religious. it implies the existence of something independent of god, and so implicitly denies that god is the creator.
What is the name give by Locke to those ideas that are constructed by reason out of the raw sensory data of sensation and that acct. for the perception of objects?
Complex Ideas
Berkeley's definition of material substance
Complex of experienced qualities. The object is the totality of its qualities
Complex Idea , Hume
Counterparts not directly experienced. Components/Impressions have been directly experienced. Ex. Gold mountain Compounding, expanding, G0D = compounded ideas of perfection
All real knowledge for John Locke
Demonstrative (highest type) or intuitive. Only math and philosophy can we know for certain; genuine knowledge. Real knowledge requires certainty
According to Locke, which is the highest degree of cognitive adequacy?
Demonstrative Knowledge
John Locke's experience vs. reflection
Experience = Sensation (posteriori) + The minds ordering process ( a priori)
Ideas
Faint images. A memory. Derived from thought. Thought originated in 1 impression/sensation
According to Hume, the use of induction is philosophically justified because induction has been relatively successful in the past.
False
Because Locke is an empiricist, he believes that certain and complete knowledge derives entirely from sensory experience. T/F
False
Berkeley concludes that the same argument that he has made regarding material substance can also effectively be made regarding spiritual substance. T/F
False
Given his equation of the things with ideas, Berkeley concludes that there is no way to distinguish reality from dreams. T/F
False
Relations of Ideas, Hume
Geometry, Algebra, and Arithmetic; and in short, every affirmation which is either intuitively or demonstratively certain. That the square of the hypothenuse is equal to the square of the two sides, is a proposition which expresses a relation between these figures. That three times five is equal to the half of thirty, expresses a relation between these numbers. Propositions of this kind are discoverable by the mere operation of thought, without dependence on what is anywhere existent in the universe. Though there never were a circle or triangle in nature, the truths demonstrated by Euclid would for ever retain their certainty and evidence.
According to Locke, the ideas "stocking the human mind" derive from simple ideas that are
Given in sensation and reflection
Which of the following is true of Hume concerning Locke
He abandons Locke's distinction between ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection
John Locke's 'Relations'
Ideas of how substances are related to one another ex. "larger than" "smarter than." Do not subsist by themselves
John Locke's 'substance'
Ideas of self-subsisting thing. Material thing, the mind
Impressions
Immediately derived from sensation. Directly perceived. Vivid and lively. 1 = sensation 2= Reflection
Demonstrative Knowledge
Indirect, deductive inferential process to arrive @ the connection between ideas. Is used for the existence of God, but other than God, we have no knowledge except such as is derived from and limited by the senses.
According to the empiricist, what are the building blocks of knowledge?
Initial ideas imprinted through sensory experience
Intuitive Knowledge
Insight, direct intellectual cognition to the connection between ideas. Experience directly "intuits" identity and diversity.
According to Berkeley, the mind's power to frame abstract ideas?
Is a fiction created by the tendency to focus on language instead of focusing on things
According to Berkeley, what must be said regarding the notion of 'matter'?
It should be dropped from the philosophical vocabulary because it is vacuous
According to Berkeley, the argument for immaterialism?
Leaves the world exactly as it finds it
According to Locke, which discipline does produce genuine knowledge?
Mathematics and Speculative Philosophy
What is Locke's conception of material substance ('matter')?
Matter is the unperceivable substratum 'layer beneath' upon which the qualities reside
Can primary quality arise from from interactions between between inherent qualities and the observers mind, according to Locke?
NO
According to Locke, which discipline does not produce genuine knowledge?
Natural philosophy(i.e natural science)
According to Hume, the belief in causality and the belief that the future will be like the past are,
Not philosophically justifiable they are psychological
Complex Idea
Perception, compounded ideas of the qualities of the object
Phenomenalism
Physical objects are nothing but collections of sense perceptions
John Locke definition of knowledge
Recognition of the connection between ideas (agreement/disagreement)
Those propositions that we know to be true are empty of meaningful content (that is they don't tell us anything about the world) For Hume,
Relation of Ideas
Whatever knowledge we do have is trivial for Hume
Relations of Ideas
According to Hume, the belief in causality is based upon
Repeated experience of constant conjunction of events
Reflection as defined by Locke
Self-awareness; the knowledge that the mind has of itself and its operations
According to Locke, the ideas that serve as the fundamental building blocks/raw data of knowledge originate in?
Sensation
According to Locke, what are the ideas that are immediately imprinted in the mind in through sensation?
Simple Ideas
According to Locke, experience furnishes the mind with?
The 'building blocks' of knowledge
Matters of fact, Hume
The contrary of every matter of fact is still possible; because it can never imply a contradiction, and is conceived by the mind with the same facility and distinctness, as if ever so conformable to reality. That the sun will not rise to-morrow is no less intelligible a proposition, and implies no more contradiction than the affirmation, that it will rise. We should in vain, therefore, attempt to demonstrate its falsehood. Were it demonstratively false, it would imply a contradiction, and could never be distinctly conceived by the mind.
Major development that influenced Locke when he wrote the ECHU
The new or mechanical philosophy
When Berkeley is claims that there objects are just sets of coexisting data, he is claiming that?
There is no material substratum with properties that give objects their identity and stability
For John Locke, the 'tabula rasa' would define thinking and ideas as?
Thinking is the process Ideas are the materials
How does Locke justify his philosophical position on material substance?
Through a rationalistic (a priori) assumption
According to Berkeley, it is not possible to conceive of the the being of a thing separately from its being perceived? T/F
True
According to Locke, a secondary quality is the power in an object to produce a corresponding sensation in us, such as the sensation of color, taste, odor, etc.. T/F
True
According to Locke, primary qualities are objective determinations of the state of extended solid substances, such as size, shape, motion/rest. T/F
True
For Hume, the belief in causality is the result in 'custom and habit', rather than derived from any experience of causality.
True
Locke believes that the mind has innate, in the sense natural, capacities that are involved in the attainment of knowledge, although these capacities do not by themselves give rise to knowledge. T/F
True
How does Berkeley claim to have reconciled the perspective of the philosopher with the perspective of the 'common man'?
a) The 'common man' believes that everything that exists is perceivable b) The philosopher believes that what we directly perceive are ideas -- a and b are correct
In ECHU, Locke attacks the innatist view that the mind at birth is inscribes with
a) innate principles that function as the foundations of all knowledge(e.g. principle of identity, principle of contradiction, etc.) b) innate principle of right (or moral) conduct c) innate ideas(e.g. idea of God, idea of substance etc...) --All of the above answers are correct
According to Locke, what is the nature of material substance?
a) it is unperceivable in itself b) it is the metaphysical 'glue' that holds qualities together c) it serves to maintain the identity of the object as the object's qualities change --All the above
3 claims Locke makes in his attack against the 'innatist' view
a) no universal assent to so-called first principles of knowledge b) empires explanations for the first principles of knowledge are more economical than the 'innateness" hypothesis c) To say that an idea is 'in the mind' is simply to say that the idea is being perceived or thought about by the mind --All the above
What are the elements of Berkeley's primary quality realism argument?
a) there is no distinction between primary and secondary qualities b) primary qualities are relative qualities c) primary qualities are mind dependent --All the above
Hume's nominalistic view
as the succession and patio-temporral contiguity of cause and effect suggests no new idea. Copy of impressions. No universals exist
What distinction does Hume abandon from Locke?
b) He abandons Locke's distinction between ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection
How does Berkeley solve conflict between science and religion?
by denying the independent existence of matter. Science could not possibly oppose religion unless it claimed to describe a realm of things existing independently of god.
According to Hume, all reasoning concerning 'matters of fact' is ultimately based upon
d) The principle of cause and effect
What is a matter of fact?
it can be defined as a statement whose negation is not self -contradictor; always has a degree of uncertainty.
Concrete Idea
of a whole object endowed with various properties (latter part of complex idea)
John Locke's 'Sensation'
original ideas, singular, uncompounded, data, mind passively receives these. Necessary condition for perception and experience
For Hume, where are all simple ideas derived from?
simple impressions or their copies
Idealism
the only thing that exists are the mind and ideas inside of it
Immaterialism
there is no such thing as material objects