Early Republic and Federalist Control

Battle of Fallen Timbers

C, washington appointed wayne as commander, following the revolutionary war, british ceded NW territory to US and failed to abandon some of their forts in the region D: the final battle of the NW indian War, fought between the americans and the native american confederacy, wayne led american troops to victory against confederation. with the treaty of greeneville, the indians ceded much of present day ohio to the US S: the battle was lost by the indians and they were forced to give up a great deal of their land (ohio, indiana, illinois, michigan) , opening up the west which created a movement for westward expansion and cultivated the sense of manifest destiny

Constitutional Convention

C: Following the passing of the Articles of Confederation, after the Revolutionary war D: meeting to discuss and revise the problems in and caused by the Articles of Confederation. Caused by the need for a stronger central government, less democracy but not quite a monarchy. They ended up completely getting rid of the Articles of Confederation and began drafting the Constitution to replace it. discussed many controversial subjects and came to compromises S: Created a stronger central government, created controversy over slavery (because the constitution failed to mention restrictions on slavery) leading to the civil war later. Made by a compromise of all states and brought unity to the nation

Washington's Farewell Address

C: before Adams' admin given at the end of Washington's presidential term D: speech given by washington and written by Hamilton that officially announced the end of washington's presidency. set precedence for peaceful exchange of power S: created an example for future politicians to follow of putting the well-being of the public before one's own self-interests

XYZ Affair

C: during Adams' presidency, one of the most pressing issues during his presidency D: (basically a revolutionary era cold war)The French were infuriated by Jay's Treaty, they went on to seize a substantial number of American merchant ships. and president John Adams sent 3 US diplomats to france to negotiate and end the attacks. French diplomats requested a bribe and a loan to discuss issues; US declined and threatened war (Quasi-war), america prepared for war, but Adams sought to renegotiate and this time the french agreed S: showed the rest of the world that the US had power and should be treated as such; gained respect and became more valued as a nation. US constructed naval ships and a navy in preparation

Alien and Sedition Act

C: during adams' presidency D: in response to a possible war with france, the naturalization act increased the residency requirement to 14 years and required aliens to declare their intent for citizenship 5 years in advance. (made it harder to become a citizen) the sedition act forbade scandalous publications against the federal government to restrict the power of the opposing republican party S: deprived the republican party of much of their political power and the sedition act restricted many natural rights (freedom of speech and assembly) and led to political opposition. jefferson revoked these acts

Connecticut Compromise

C: during the constitutional convention D; a republican idea that was implemented where representation (amount of votes) in the House was based upon population while representation in the Senate was equal for each state. This was created to address problems of representation and slavery S: provided a plan to benefit both the smaller and larger states and convinced them to sign the constitution but led to debate over the counting of the slaves in the population, leading to the 3/5ths compromise

Bill of Rights

C: during the constitutional convention/ writing of the constitution, following the dismissal of the art. of confed. and revolutionary war. division of federalists and anti federalists, this was their compromise D: the compromise between the federalists and the anti federalists that convinced the antifederalists to ratify the constitution. the first ten amendments to the constitution written by james madison. these first 10 amendments which list prohibtions on the government's power (what the government cannot do to the people) limiting its power, which the antifederalists wanted. due to the US's fear of big government S: protected the people's individual rights and liberties, caused the antifederalists to ratify the constitution that still holds to be true and used today

Debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

C: during the drafting and writing of the Constitution D: an argument over the amount of power that the states or federal government should hold. The federalists were for the constitution and argued that it limited the federal government enough and not the citizens, did not need an additional bill of rights. the antifederalists believed the constitution gave the government too much power, and that they needed a bill of rights to protect the people from oppression. S: caused debate during the drafting of the constitution and allowed for the creation of a republican government as a compromise

Pinkney Treaty

C: during washington's presidency, after revolution, previous dispute over land D: an agreement between spain and the US dividing the western territory at 31 degrees latitude and created economic agreements, mainly involving trade and giving americans access to the mississippi river. also each group was supposed to "control" their indians S: established good trade relations and motivated more to move west because of the vast economic opportunities, granted tax free deposit in new orleans

Proclamation of Neutrality

C: during washington's presidency, during french revolution D: statement written by Hamilton and prockined by george washington that the US would not assist French in their Revolution S:created tension between members of the cabinet (like hamilton and jefferson) who had differing ideas of loyalty, and the decision kept the US out of european war where they had little to gain and much to lose as a new nation

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

C: enlightenment era, centered in france, key enlightenment thinkers often called "lumieres" or enlighteners D: philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose novels inspired leaders of the french revolution & romantic generation. came up with the idea of a social contract in which citizens agree that a government should rule over them to protect their individual rights. people consent to be governed S: impacted governments around the world, especially american, with ideas of social contract of importance of freedoms, people consent to be governed

Chief Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy

C: following the 7 years war and the proclamation of 1763 D: miami indians who were opposed to westward expansion and led many raids and revolts against the settlers ( little turtle = chief of the Miami people and the most famous Native American military leader); the confederacy was formed to unite the Native American tribes against the encroaching the Europeans S: kept the settlers out for a long time but were eventually defeated in the battle of fallen timbers and were forced to cede much of their land to the US

Land Ordinance of 1785

C: part of the NW Ordinance in the Art. of Confed, following the american revolution D: created a method for the distribution of land in the NW territory. divided land in the US into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers, sold for $1 an acre S: created many structured societies, profit from the sales was used to pay off national debts, set aside plots of land for public schools to create a public school system, created a profit for the US since congress couldn't tax americans

Articles of Confederation

C: following the American Revolution, did not want a gov. similar to the british monarchy, approved by continental congress in 1777 D: the original US constitution that was ratified by all 13 states/colonies, it gave the states great power because of the fear of recreating a monarchy. had a weak central government, gov. had no power to tax, enforce, or pass laws, loose affiliation of states S: gave much power to the states so the federal government had very little power and could not regulate the economy effectively (different currencies, unstable economy). caused the meeting of the constitutional convention to revise the articles (ended up starting over with new federal laws). resulted in a poorly defined natural state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

C: following the alien and sedition acts D: documents the nullified the alien and sedition acts because they believed the federal government had overstepped their boundaries. virginia and kentucky legislatives declared the alien and sedition acts unconstitutional S: set the precedent that states rights would be valued over the federal government, controversy over rights of states leads to seceding in the civil war

Adam Smith

C: following the american revolution essentially caused by british abuse of power. one aspect of this was in their navigation laws and ideas of mercantilism. D: an economic theorist who argued the principle of laissez-faire, that idea that an economy would run smoothly if the government stood back and did not get too involved in the economy, contrary to the ideas of the british during the colonial era. smith's ideas spread to the colonies during the enlightenment, leading some colonists to oppose high tariffs and the navigation acts. S:became the basic philosophy for capitalism, which is the type of economy america has today. influenced the writers of the constitution and declaration of independence in america (founding fathers)

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

C: following the american revolution, wanted laws that were opposite of british monarchy D: Strengths: better representation, insightful, bridged the gap to the constitution, confederacy, no king, united ppl in the beginning, settled western land follows NW Ordinance Weaknesses: weak executive and judicial branch, weak congress, (2/3 vote rule) unanimous amendments (required all 13 states), could make treaties but not enforce, no military , could not pay off debts, no national bank, no ability to tax, laws could only pass if at least 9 states were in favor S: led to riots (shay's rebellion), gave gov little power so they couldn't properly control people and economy. led to the writing of the constitution, led to constitutional convention

America and the French Revolution

C: following the american revolution, which inspired other revolutions around the world, the french decide to revolt against their government. france helped the US in their revolutionary war D: the french revolution (social and political upheaval in france and its colonies) precipitated a series of European wars, forcing the United States to articulate a clear policy of neutrality in order to avoid being embroiled in these European conflicts. they decided not to help out either side in the french revolution s: The French Revolution also influenced U.S. politics, as pro- and anti- Revolutionary factions sought to influence American domestic and foreign policy. led to abolishment of french monarchy and many social reforms

Paxton Boys

C: following the french and indian war and pontiac's rebellion, scotts irish origin D: a vigilante group of rural Scots-Irish men who retaliated against the indians because of the injustice they caused in the French and Indian war, planned to march on the capital in Pennsylvania but were stopped and the mob disbanded, slaughtered 20 innocent indians S: highlighted the conflict between the indians and white citizens and made many believe that they could not peacefullt coexist, the indians should be removed. showed the social gap between the haves and the have nots because of the regional/social conflict. people who killed the indians never prosecuted

Citizen Edmund Genet Affair

C: following the proclamation of neutrality D: french ambassador that was sent to obtain advance payments on debts that the U.S. owed to France, to negotiate a commercial treaty, and to apply portions of the 1778 Franco-American treaty which allowed attacks on British merchant shipping using ships based in American ports., violated the Proclamation of neutrality S:washington stopped genet's efforts, but genet was unable to return to france. these attacks forced the United States to formulate a consistent policy on the issue of neutrality. these rules were formalized when Congress passed a neutrality bill. This legislation formed the basis for neutrality policy

Republican Motherhood

C: following the revolutionary war during the writing of the constitution D: the idea that preservation of democracy was through virtuous people (who were taught by mothers) S: increased respect for women but still did not give them more rights. this empowerment would eventually lead to their fighting for and gaining their suffrage (and more rights)

Hamilton's Economic Plan

C: following the revolutionary war, america is in a huge amount of debt. because of their fear of another monarchy, the articles of confederation give the government virtually no power (to tax), no national bank or stable currency. inflation D: his plan included: - the government paying off all state debts at full value, to raise money people would be issued security bonds, in which the buyers would gain profit later after debts are paid -proposed a national bank in which the nation would use a paper currency - aimed to make manufacturers self sufficient (develop a mercantilist policy) so the country wouldn't be dependent on other countries for money (protectionist policy) S: the US paying off all their debts express the legitimacy of the new country, his mercantilist ideas and central bank ideas would be controversial, but he would set the foundation for the modern american capitalist economy

Election of 1796

C: following washington's presidency D: states that 2 names must be placed on the ballot for voting the president and vice president. Adams was elected president and Jefferson was the vice president S: Adams (federalist) and Jefferson (dem. Republican) worked together under the constitution which caused tension because of differing political views. led to the amendment that allowed President candidate to pick their running-mate

Jay's Treaty

C: post revolutionary war, hopeful that this treaty would relieve war tensions between the US and Britain (during washington's presidency) D:mainly economic agreement between the british and the americans that set up good economic relations S: allows for the US to create national economy. french questioned the agreement because of their conflict with the british and believed it violated their treaty w the US, in response they sent naval attacks and cultivated resentment

3/5ths Compromise

C: proposed at the constitutional convention following the dismissing of the Articles of Confederation D: a law where 3 out of every 5 slaves were counted in the population for assigning representatives to states in the house. part of the compromise to get southern states to sign the constitution (southern states wanted more votes and would get that if slaves counted to their population) benefited the south, but not the north. proposed by Roger Sherman and James Wilson S: increased the South's representation in the House of Representatives because of their extensive slave network, allowing them to prolong slavery. Caused debates over the rights of black slaves leading to the Civil War

Whiskey Rebellion

C: washington's presidency, response to hamilton's excise tax on whiskey D: a revolt against the whiskey tax (the first domestic tax in the US) because of deeply rooted hate and fear of taxes and profitability of whiskey, especially in pennsylvania S:washington initially believed only state militia was needed, failed, so hamilton used plan for military force. the rebellion quickly ended and dispersed, proved that central government could maintain control over a new country

Northwest Ordinance

C:beginning the movement for westward expansion, a major success of the Art. of Conf. D: set of the ordinances enacted by US congress to incorporate the NW territory into the states politically. method for admitting new states to the union which outlawed slavery in the territories, required public schooling, and was divided from 3-5 territories S: expanded the country westward creating more power for the country, planted ideas for manifest destiny with the desire to move west, did not allow slavery which sets the stage for conflict between the North and South states (lead to civil war)

John Locke

C:lived during the enlightenment era, influenced americans during and following the revolutionary war D:enlightenment thinker, wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property and that governments exist to protect rights. rejected the theory of the Divine Right of the monarchy, and believed that government was based upon a "social contract". If the government failed to uphold its end of the contract by protecting those rights, the people could rebel and institute a new government. S: thomas jefferson, writer of the declaration of independence, closely followed locke's beliefs. "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" became some of america's basic human rights, still holds true to this day.