Early World History

Immortals

Soldiers of the Persian Empire's army; their numbrrs never dropped below 10,000

Saladin

Sultan of Egypt who defeated crusaders in Jerusalem in 1187

Sophists

Traveling teachers in ancient Greece who believed understanding the universe was impossible. Believed people should understand themselves and pursue their own paths. No absolute right and wrong Stressed rhetoric

Mamluks

Turkish slave-soldiers who overthrew Saladin and seized power; defeated the Mongols in Egypt

Inequality in Rome

Wealthy landowners put small farmers out of business; small farmers move to cities as new landless poor 133 BC Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus urge plebs to pass a land-reform bill redistributing the land, are executed by a group of senators

slavery in the Arab Empire

Widespread slavery: Muslims couldn't be slaves, so slaves were brought from Africa or Asia -slaves often served in the military and were later freed -Islamic law stated slaves should be treated fairly and it was considered a good act to free slaves.

Homer

Wrote Illiad and Odyssey gave the Greeks a history that provided a model of heroism and honor

Hildegard of Bingen

abbess in western Germany; one of first female composers, major contributor to Gregorian chant

Abbasid decline

after Huran al-Rashid's death, his sons fight for succession, nearly destroying Baghdad -financial corruption weakens the caliphate -provinces eventually break away and form their own caliphates: Spain in 750, Morocco in 973 under the fatimids

Neanderthals

appeared 100,000 - 30,000 BC in Europe and Southwest Asia made stone tools first to bury their dead

Homo sapiens sapiens

appeared 150,000 BC in Africa replaced Neanderthals by 30,000 BC

knights

armored cavalry 700s: large horses and stirrups introduced -horses could now bear the weight of armor

Daoism

based on teachings of Laozi, became popular around 350 BC in China chief ideas: do not interfere with nature, duty is to work hard to improve life on earth Tao te Ching (The Way of the Dao)

Four Noble Truths

basic Buddhist beliefs 1. Ordinary life = suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire for self-satisfaction 3. End suffering by ending selfish desires and seeing all as an extension of ourselves 4. End desire by following the Middle Path

characteristics of civilization

cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, and art

Classical Athenian culture

citizens, slaves, and foreigners economy based on farming and trade little fertile land meant most grain had to be imported Greek religion did not focused on morality or doctrine Rituals were important to earning the gods' favor Priests used oracles to divine the future created Western drama - first tragedies, then comedies Comedies were used as social criticism

Shari'ah

code of law developed by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death -applies Quran to daily life -makes no separation between religion and politics

Vedas

collection of Aryan beliefs and rituals passed down orally for centeries; formed the basis of Hindu beliefs

class struggles in Rome

continuous struggle between patricians and plebeians 471 BC, Plebeians succeed in creating the council of plebs Tribunes of the plebs were granted power to protect plebeians 287 BC, plebeian council granted right to pass laws for all Romans

Early Roman Republic

continuously engaged in warfare conquered Italy by 261 BC Allowed conquered peoples to run their own governments and often made them citizens succeeded due to diplomacy and military strength Built good roads which made it easy to mobilize forces

Etruscans

controlled north-central Italy, Rome, and Latium by 650 BC built Rome into a city Gave Rome the toga and their army's organization

Euripides

controversial Greek playwright who wrote more realistic plots and characters questioned traditional values by showing the brutality of war and compassion for the women and children effected by war

Arab bazaars

covered markets that were an essential part of Muslim towns Inspectors guaranteed high standards Housed crafters' shops, laundries, and bathhouses

Sumerians

created city-states in Mesopotamia by 3000 BC kings led armies and organized irrigation projects created cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh developed the wagon wheel, sundial, arches, potter's wheel first to make bronze

Sundiata Keita

defeated Ghana and established Mali in 1240 BC

Buddhism

developed by Siddhartha Gautama in 500's BC attachment to the world causes suffering; achieving nirvana brings peace Four Noble Truths The Middle path (Eightfold Path)

Athenian democracy

direct democracy even lower class citizens were able to take part in public affairs developed ostracism, where a person voted dangerous to the city could be banned for 10 years - protected Athens against power-hungery politians

Pericles

dominated Greek politics from 461 - 429 BC Age of pericles was the height of the Greek empire and democracy created a massive rebuilding program art, architecture, and philosophy flourished

money economy

economic system based on money instead of barter

commercial capitalism

economic system in which people invest in trade and goods in order to make profits

Roman literature

flourished in the Age of Augustus Virgil: wrote Aeneid, a poem about the ideal Roman Horace: wrote Satires, laughing at human weaknesses Livy: wrote History of Rome

interdict

forbids priests from giving the sacraments to a particular group; used as a political weapon by Pope Innocent III

Parliament

formed in 1200s during Edward II's reign -passed laws and taxes -developed into the House of the Lords and the House of the Commons

Kublai Khan

grandson on Ghengis Khan 1279: Conquers the Song and establishes new Yuan Dynasty in China -establishes capital at Khabaliq (Beijing) -conquered Japan, attempted Japan and Sumatra but failed

Hannibal

greatest Carthagian general, began the 2nd Punic War by invading Italy

stateless society

group of independent villages organized by clans and led by a local ruler; common society in southern Africa until 1000s

Spartan culture

held conquered Laconians and Messenians as serfs (helots) men lived in barracks so women had greater control over the home discouraged outside ideas, foreigners, and travel

Egyptian Culture

hieroglyphics, papyrus, 365-day calendar, calculated area and volume

early Indian culture

historical epics the Mahabharata (contains the Bhagavad Gita- a sermon by the god Krishna) and the Ramayana astronomy - world is a sphere algebra

filial piety

idea central to the Chinese concept of family; children must subordinate their needs to those of the male head of the family

Menes

king who first unified the villages of Upper and lower Egypt in 3100 BC

Hellenistic art

kings rebuilt older city with baths, fountains, and theaters sculpted tons of statues, more realistic than classical Greek ones

Hammurabi

leader of Babylon who conquered Sumner and Akkad. Built temples and encouraged trade Created Hammurabi's Code of laws

King Solomon

leader of Israelites 970 - 930 BC; built first great temple and made Jerusalem the center of Israel. Kingdom split into Judah and Israel after his death.

Asoka

leader of the Mauryan Empire guided by his Buddhist ideals created hospitals, encouraged trade, sent missionaries to spread Buddhism to China

Sargon

leader of the first Akkadian empire

Spartacus

led slave revolt in 71 BC Defeated several armies before capture 6,000 followers were crucified

Pheonicians

lived along Mediterranean coast of Palestine after downfall of Hittites and Egyptians, they expanded their trade to Britain and West Africa Set up colony of Carthage on North African coast; created the alphabet that became the basis for the Greek alphabet

Athens

located on Attica peninsula around 700 BC the poor were on the verge of civil war against the aristocracy Solon cancelled land debts and freed slaves 560 BC Pisistratus seized power, tyranny begins 510 BC democracy begins

Assyrian Empire

located on the upper Tigris River, 700 - 612 BC Included Mesopotamia, Iranian Plateau, parts of Asia Minor, Sryia, Palestine, and Egypt Used terror and destruction as weapons of control Fell to the Chaldeans and Medes from the east

Indus economy

mainly farmed wheat, barley, and peas traded with Mesopotamia via the Persian Gulf

vassal

man who served a lord in military capacity

Dominicans

monastic order founded by Spanish priest Dominic de Guzman -sought to defend the church against heretical teachings -became well known as examiners for the Inquisition

Franciscans

monastic order founded in 1200s by Francis of Assisi -wealthy merchant who gave up his worldly goods after being a prisoner of war -followers took vow of poverty and preached to and assisted the poor -only monastic order to live in the world -became missionaries in Europe and the Muslim world

Zimbabwe

most powerful independent east African state from 1300-1450

Hellenistic drama

new type of comedy created that was purely for entertainment, not criticism

Seljuk Turks

nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and became soldiers for the Abbasid caliphate -By 1000, the Turks control the Abbasid Empire's eastern provinces 1055: Turkish leader captures Baghdad and takes control of Arab Empire; becomes the 1st sultan (political and military leader) -Caliphate becomes solely a religious role 1071 Byzantium fights Turks and are defeated at Manzikert (eastern Turkey) Turks control Anatolian Peninsula

Berbers

nomadic people who facilitated trade across the Sahara with their camel caravans; lived in north Africa as early as 3000 BC

Lower Egypt

northern Nile Delta region by the Mediterranean Sea

Macedonia

northern neighbor of Greece; Philip II crushed Greek army in 338 BC and Hellenistic Age begins

Hinduism

originated from Aryan beliefs Vedas single universal force called Brahman reincarnation; karma; darma - divine law one achieves oneness with God through yoga eventually developed a number of human-like gods and goddesses

Muhammad

orphan who married the rich widow Khadija -Disturbed by difference bewteen honest poor and greedy rich -Meditated in the hills where he received revelations from God -Believed these were the final messages in a series given to Moses and Jesus

Mongols

pastoral invaders from the Gobi desert -reigned through terror, buring cities, destroying dams, and starving villages -Under Gengis Kan, the Mongols spread through Asia 1258: Hulegu seized Mesopotamia and Persia ending the Abbasid caliphate and burning Baghdad Defeated in Egypt by the Mamluks Eventually converted to Islam, intermarried, and rebuilt cities

Roman government

patricians and plebeians all could vote, only patricians could hold office consuls: 2 elected military leaders praetors: judges of civil law senate: 300 patricians who advised government officials; served for life centuriate assembly: elected chief officials and made laws

Late Roman Empire

period of Diocletian and Constantine's reigns

Pax Romana

period of peace during the reigns of the 5 emperors following the Early Empire Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius Ended executions, maintained peace, funded social building projects Aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbors built during this period More power taken from senate

Indian architecture

pillar stupa - place of devotion rock chamber - rooms to house monks

Roman religion

polytheistic; proper rituals guaranteed peace and prosperity tolerated other religions in their provinces

Fall of Roman Empire

post-Constantine, empire divides into eastern and western parts, with Constantinople as the eastern capital -Asian Huns move into Germanic Visigoth territory, forcing Visigoths into Roman territory -Visigoths at first Roman allies, but then revolt, defeating Romans in 378 410 Visigoths sack Rome 455 Vadals cross into Italy from Africa and sack Rome 476 Romulus Augustus deposed by Germanic tribes and Western Roman Empire ends

lay investiture

practice of secular rulers appointing church officials -gave nobles power over the church decreed illegal by Pope Gregory VII in 1075

Islam

religion worshiping one god, Allah Muhammad is God's prophet AD 622: year of Muhammad's journey to Medina and year one of Islamic calendar

Arabs

semetic-speaking nomads on the Arabian Peninsula organized into loosely connected tribes led by sheiks -Became traders between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean -polytheistic culture believed to be descended from Abraham and his son Ismael -Recognized supreme god, Allah

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II of Macedonia; brought western Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and Syria under Greek control; 334 - 323 BC spread Hellenistic culture throughout Southwest Asia and the Near East; founded Alexandria in Egypt

Upper Egypt

southern, upstream region

Cistercians

strict monastic order founded in 1098 by a group of Benedictine monks seeking more discipline -developed a new activistic spiritual model where monks served in the community

Greek art

subject: human form ideals: balance, and harmony; ideal beauty ideal proportions found in nature

Greek architecture

temples with central rooms for statues of gods and surrounded by a screen of columns

fief

the land grant made to a vassal; also made the vassal the chief authority of the area

Silk Road

trade route for luxury goods from China to the Mediterranean Sea Chinese traded silk, spices, tea, and porcelain Indians traded ivory, textiles, precious stones, and pepper Romans traded wool, linen, class, and precious stones

Trade and the Arab Empire

traded within the Islamic world and with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and Southeast Asia by ship and camel caravan Arabs traded grain, lines, dates, and precious stones for Indian sandalwood,spices, and textiles, Chinese silk and porcelain, and African gold, ivory, and slaves. Development of banking and coins assisted trade

Hyksos

western Asians who invaded and conquered Egypt at the end of the Middle Kingdom using horse-drawn chariots; brought bronze to Egypt

Convents in the Middle Ages

women who couldn't find husbands, aristocrats who didn't want to marry, and widows all joined convents -most female intellectuals of the time were nuns

Sophocles

wrote Oedipus Rex

Axum

(Ethiopia) -founded as an Arab colony -became an independent state combining Arab and African cultures 300s: Axum conquers Kush 330: King Ezana converts and declare Christianity the official religion of Axum 1100s: Muslim states along the coast move inland and class with Axum

Malay

(SE Asia) 700s: two states emerge, both influenced by Indian culture 1200s: Kingdom of Majapahit founded and unites region for the 1st time 1400s: Muslim settlers form Islamic state of Melaka -becomes a major trading center -converts region to slam and creates the Sultanate of Melaka

Aztec Society

-Aztec ruler assisted by a council of lords -society of nobles, commoners, indentured workers, and slaves -women generally kept the home, wove textiles, and raised children, but they could become priestesses -believed in an eternal struggle between good and evil -practiced human sacrifice to delay the end of the world

Black Death

-Bubonic plague spread through rats and fleas -1st brought to Sicily from Caffa by Italian merchants -spread along trade routes -increased anti-semitism, particularly in Germany, where Jews fled to Poland -trade declined, labor costs rose, and food prices dropped -many peasants able to negotiate paying rent to lords strapped for cash; helped end serfdom and feudalism

Charlemagne

-Charles the Great, Frankish king, Roman Emperor 768-814 founded and ruled Carolingian Empire

Constantinople

-Greatest trade center in medeival Europe until 1100s -complex palace, hundreds of churches, underground water reservoirs, public baths, courts, roads, and bridges built during Justinian reign

Avignon Papacy

-King Philip of France claims the right to tax clergy -Pope Boniface VIII denies this and Philip send the military to bring Boniface to France for trial -Stress kills Boniface and Philip rigs the election of frenchman Clement V for pope 1305-1377: Popes live in splendor in Avignon, France, earning harsh criticism

Louis XI

-King of France from 1461-1483, aka Spider -used anti-English sentiment to create a strong French state -made the taille (annual direct tax) a permanent annual tax, giving him a regular source of income

Mongol Dynasty

-Mongols were very different from Chinese and became a separate ruling class -the stability and prosperity they created won Chinese respect 1368: spending on foreign wars and government corruption led to downfall

Indian arts 500-1500

-Monumental Hindu temples built -Prose developed 500-600s Dandin, Sanskrit prose writer, wrote The Ten Princes, fusing history and fantasy

Islamic literature

-Omar Khayyam wrote the Rubaiyat, poetry about the meaning of life -The 1001 Arabian nights is a collection of oral fables and folk tales later written down and added to.

Gregory I

-Pope from 590-604 -Strengthened pope's spiritual authority -Also a city leader, which gave him political power -Converted Germanic Europe to Christianity through the monastic movement

Ferdinand and Isabella

-Spanish rulers had fought to reclaim land from the Muslims during the Middle Ages -strongest of the independent Spanish kingdoms were Aragon and Castile 1469: Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon, unifying most of Spain 1492: Expel all Jews from Spain 1502: Expel all Muslims -create a uniformly Catholic nation

Islam and Indian Society

-Strict division between foreign Muslim ruling class and Hindu population -Tolerated Hinduism but imposed Islamic customs on Hindus -created long lasting distrust in India

Ghana economy

-abundant iron ore supplies and blacksmiths skilled at weaponry -heart of gold production -traded gold and weapons for metal goods, textiles, horses, and salt -trade carried out by Berbers

Manorial System

-agricultural states owned by lords and worked by peasants -manor land divided into landed worked for lord and land peasants grew their own crops on -peasants paid a percentage of their harvest or catch to the lord

Iroquois League

-alliance of 5 groups of Iroquois Indians formed in the 1500s -Grand Council settle differences among members -representatives chosen by clan mothers -may have been the model for Ben Franklin's Plan of Union for the British Colonies

Japan 1450-1500

-aristocrats power continues to grow -daimyos (heads of noble families) control vast estates and pay no taxes to the government, weakening it 1467-1477 Onin War: family rivalries lead to civil war -Kyoto destroyed, temples and palaces burned -central authorities disappears and independent lords cause constant warfare

early African culture

-art was an expression of religion -talented woodcarvers made masks and statues -terra cotta figurines from 500 BC -bronze and iron statues rivaling those of the Chinese were made 1200-1300 -music served religious purposes and also passed on history from generation to generation -storytellers called griots also passed oral tradition down

common elements of African religions

-belief in a single creator god -diviners communicated with the gods through ritual -ancestors had power to influence the gods -belief in an afterlife -as Islam spread, it combined with African religious beliefs to create a distinctly Africanized Islam

Islamic art and architecture

-blend of Arab, Turkish, and Persian traditions -Mosques have towers called minarets, from where the muezzin (crier) calls the faithful to worship -Large brick palaces with protective walls and gates -heavy decoration of Arabic letters, plants, and arabesques (repeated geometric patterns) -Muslim texts warn against creating representations, so no figures are used

Chinese Buddhism

-brought by Indian merchant and missionaries 1st century AD -gained support after collapse of Han Dynasty -Tang rulers financed Buddhist monasteries, but as monasteries amassed land and serfs, they withdrew support and destroyed monasteries

Pope Innocent III

-brought church to height of its political power -forced Philip Augustus of France to take back the wife he tried to annul -force King John of England to accept his choice for Archbishop of Canterbury -used interdict as a political weapon

Society during Tang and Song Dynasties

-card playing and chess became pastimes of the wealthy -block printing invented -new class of landed gentry called the scholar-gentry replaced the old aristocracy -women had little power

Neo-Confucianism

-central to China's government from Song Dynasty to end of dynastic system -Confucianist response to Daoism and Buddhism -world is real, fulfillment comes from participation in it -humans are the link between the spiritual and material worlds -goal is to reach union with the Supreme Ultimate -can be done through careful moral examination

geography of Japan

-chain of many mountainous regions -volcanic soil makes the 11% of land that is farmable very fertile -prone to earthquakes geographic isolation led to unique cultural development

Mayan City-States

-cities built around a central pyramid topped with a shrine -organized into city-states governed by a hereditary ruling class -states often at war with each other -captured soldiers became slaves -captured nobles used for human sacrifice

Trade Revival in the Middle Ages

-cities in Italy emerged as trade centers by 900 -Flanders (northern France and Belgium) emerged as the northern Europe trade center - major trade fairs established each year -money economy developed -commercial capitalism began

Mayan Writing and Calendar

-created sophisticated hieroglyph system -Spanish conquerors destroyed as the devil's work, only 4 survive -calendar based on cycles of creation and destruction -present world created in 3114 BC and ends in 2012 -used 2 calendars: solar and sacred -sacred calendar used by priests to fortell the future

Plains Indians

-cultivated beans, corn, and squash -left to hunt buffalo in the summer -lived in teepees made of buffalo skins

Mongol technology

-encountered gun powder while fighting China -developed the handgun and cannon and introduced them into Europe

Mali

-established by Sundiata in 1240 BC -built its wealth from salt and gold trade -mostly farmers -civil war ended it in 1359

Germanic society

-extended families farmed together and provided protection -developed the law system werguild, which required payment to the family of a victim -guilt often determined by ordeal

Anasazi

-extensive southwestern farming society 500-1200: used canals and earthen dams to irrigate the desert -built multi-story adobe pueblos -center at Chaco Canyon in New Mexico -abandoned Chaco Canyon after 50 yrs of droughts -culture survived at Mesa Verde in Colorado until the late 1200's

economics in early Japan

-farming society that grew wet rice -manufacturing begins in Kamakura period -paper, iron casting, porcelain industries appear -1000s: trade with Korea and China begins -Japan trades paintings and swords for silk, porcelain, books,and copper coins

Henry VII

-first Tudor king of England -ended nobles wars by abolishing private armies -low taxes won him favor among nobles and middle classes -strengthened the English monarchy

African society

-gulf between king and subject not as wide as in other cultures -communities organized around lineage groups -matriliineal societies (descent traced through mother) -young people initiated into society through a ritual in which they symbolically die and are reborn as adults -slavery common

Songhai

-kingdom along Niger river established in 1009 by Kossi 1464: Sunni Ali established Sunni dynasty, expands Songhai -gains control of former Ghana and Mali trading empires -declined in late 1500s when occupied by the sultan of Morocco

Tang and Song art

-landscape painting reached its height -reflected Daoist ideas about the reality beyond what we see -porcelain making perfected

slavery in Rome

-large numbers of captured foreigners brought to Italy as slaves -Greek slaves served as doctors, tutors, musicians, and artists Roman farming and building heavily dependent on slave labor

John Hus

-leader of a group of Czech church reformers -called for end to clergy corruption and limit to papal power -condemned of heresy by the Council of Constance and burned in 1415 -his death led to a Czech revolution that lasted until 1439

geography of Southeast Asia

-made up of mainland and archipelago -mainland has fertile valleys separated by malaria infested mountain ranges -area never united under one government, probably due to the isolation caused by geographic barriers

Muhammad Ture

-military commander who overthrew Sunni dynasty in 1493 -increased size of Songhai empire

Peasant Life in the Middle Ages

-most lived in 1-2 room wood-framed, thatched-roof cottages -celebrated around 50 feast days a year -diet of bread, fruit, nuts, eggs, fish, and ale -women worked fields, managed households, and bore children

Incan Society and Culture

-mostly farming culture -built terraced mountain farms -adobe houses with thatched roofs -built with close fitting stones and no mortar to withstand the area's earthquakes -best example of architecture at Machu Picchu -used quipi for record keeping -well developed court theater performed by nobles

Mayan Society

-mostly peasant farmers living in the highlands -men fought and hunted -women made cornmeal, cared for the home, and raised children -supreme god was Itzamna -gods could be good or evil -human sacrifice used to appease the gods

Early Korea

-mountainous island the size of Minnesota -development heavily influenced by its proximity to China and Japan 109 BC: northern Korean peninsula controlled by Chinese AD 200s: Koreans drive out Chinese -3 separate kingdoms emerge and fight for next 300 yrs: Koguryo (north), Paekche (SW), and Silla (SE) 900's: Koryo dynasty rises in the North -unifies the country for 400 yrs -adopts Chinese political system

samurai

-mounted, armor wearing warriors similar to European nights -followed the strict Bushido warrior code -served powerful aristocratic landowners

Bantus

-moved into southeastern Africa from the Niger area around 1000 BC -substistence farmers of grains, yams, melons, and beans -brought iron tools into the region -developed important trade centers along the Indian Ocean coast AD 600-700 (Mogadishu, Mombasa, Kilwa) -Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula ettled there and mixed to create the mixed African-Arabian culture known as Swahili

Swahili

-national language of Kenya and Tanzania -emerged from combination of Bantu and Arabic languages

Iroquois

-northeaster US -lived in longhouses surrounded by wood fence -men hunted and were warriors -women owned the homes and farmed the "three sisters": corn, beans, and squash -war was common among tribes 1500s: Deganawida and Hiawatha helped create The Great Peace and the Iroquois League

Caral

-oldest known city in the Americas -located in Peru and abandoned between 2000 and 1500 BC -built stone buildings and irrigated fields

Frankish Kingdom

-only long lasting Germanic State -founded by Clovis, 1st Germanic king to convert to Christianity -By 500, Frankish kingdoms reaches from Pyrenees to France and Western Germany -Clovis's sons divide the kingdom after his death 600s: Frankish kings lose power to the mayors of the palace; Pepin seizes power 768: Pepin's son Charlemagne comes to power

monasticism

-originally based on hermit model -500s: St. Benedict forms 1st monastic community and writes his rule for monastic life -monks becomes the social workers of the era -missionaries converted Germanic peoples 800s: monastaries establish scriptoria, help preserve ancient works

Mongols

-pastoral people united in the Gobi in 1206 by Ghengis Khan -created largest land empire in history -capital at Karakorum -empire split into several khanates after Khan's death

Popular Religion in the Middle Ages

-people were dependent on the clergy for the sacraments which provided salvation -saints were popular for their ability to intercede with God -Mary seen as a crucial intermediary between humans and God -used religious relics -pilgrimages were popular, especially to the holy Land, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela in Spain (James' tomb)

Agriculture in the Middle Ages

-period of stability in the High Middle Ages -watermills and windmills became common -carruca (heavy wheeled plow) invented, allowed clay soils to be tilled -horse shoes and new harnesses allowed horses instead of oxen to more quickly plow land -shift from 2 field system to 3 field crop rotation -increased food production doubled Europe's population to 74 million

Life in Rome

-population of 1 million led to overcrowding -Poor lived in insulae (multi-story apartment buildings) that often collapsed or burned -free grain provided to the poor -public entertainment provided by Circus Maximus (races), theater, and gladiator shows

Tang literature

-printing invented, popularizing literature -known as age of great poetry -Li Bo writes Quiet Night Thoughts about nature -Duo Fu writes about social injustice

Buddhism in India

-remained popular for hundreds of years but split into two groups Theravada sees Buddhism as a way of life, not as a path to personal salvation Mahayana sees Buddhism as a religion, not a philosophy, and Buddha a divine figure By 600s Theravada declined and Mahayana was absorbed into Hinduism

Mansa Musa

-ruled Mali 1312-1337 -richest and most powerful king of Mali -created a strong central government and doubled Mali's size -gave out so much gold during his pilgrimage to Mecca that he caused its value to fall -brought Islamic learning and culture to the area

Technology during Tang Dynasty

-steel introduced to make swords and sickles -cotton introduced -gunpowder and fire-lance invented

Effects of the Crusades

-strengthened Italian port cities, especially Pisa, Venice, and Genoa -widespread attacks of Jews began -When powerful nobles sold land to finance their expeditions, kings gained more central power

Life in medieval Cities

-towns surrounded by stone walls, making life cramped -houses crowded next to each other and upper stories built over the streets -wood buildings were a great fire hazard -use of wood fires caused air pollution -human and animal slaughter waste contaminated water and spread disease -citizens relied on wells for drinking water -plague and religious belief closed down public baths

religion in early Japan

-worshiped spirits called Kami that lived in trees, rivers, mountains, etc -spirits of ancestors surrounded them -evolved into the Shinto state religion -Shinto doctrine states the emperor is descended from the sun goddess -500s: Buddhism introduced from China -Zen Buddhism becomes most popular sect and is incorporated into the samurai code

Islamic philosophy, art, and science

-wrote brilliant commentaries to Greek works -adopted India's number system and passed it on to the West -advanced algrebra, determined the earth was round, and invented astrolabe -Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia that helped develop medicine into a science -discovered how contagious diseases could spread through tainted water -Ibn-Khaldun wrote Muqaddimah (Introduction to history) which stressed the civilizations go through cycles of birth, growth, and decay

homo erectus

1,500,000 BC made larger, varied tools

Reasons for Fall of Roman Empire

1. Christianity weakens Rome's military focus 2. Roman values decline as non-Italians gain prominence 3. Inability to create a workable political system 4. Plague decimates population 5. Use of slavery stalls technological advancement 6. Lead poisoning through pipes and cups causes mental decline

Africa climate

1. Northern coast and southern tip are mild with fertile land 2. Sahara and Kalahari deserts 3. Dense rainforest at equator makes farming and travel extremely difficult 4. Savannas north and south of rainforest generally provide enough rainfall for farming and herding

Age of Prophecy

10,000 -04000 BC Israel and Judah were threatened by neighbors. Prophets preached that faithlessness would lead to disaster and spoke against social injustice

Mound Builders

1000 BC: farming villages appear in eastern woodlands -most famous group were Hopewells in the Ohio River Valley -known for building elaborate earthen mounds for tombs and ceremonies AD 700: full time farming leads to prosperous culture and growth of cities 850-1150: Cahokia (In Illinois) becomes the seat of government and Mississippian culture

Growth of Cities in the Middle Ages

1000-1100s: Old Roman cities resettled by merchants and artisans -new cities sprang up near castles in northern Europe -European cities still much smaller than Arab or Byzantine cities

Medieval Architecture

1000-1100s: church building explodes -Romanesque churches built in basilica shape -cross shaped stone vault ceilings -required massive support pillars that didn't allow many windows 1100-1200s: Gothic style developed -replaced stone vault with ribbed vaults and pointed arches -flying buttresses distributed weight so wall didn't need to be so heavy and more windows could be used -stained glass becomes popular

Guilds and industry

1000s: Crafts people began to organize into guilds -set quality standards and fixed prices -determined the number of people in each field -training system of apprentices, journeymen, and masters created

Zhou Dynasty

1045 - 403 BC, China developed the Mandate of Heaven Doa (proper way of rule) leaders became corrupt and states began to war; civil war broke out in 403 BC ending the Zhou dynasty iron weapons, cavalry, infantry, and crossbow introduced

Norman conquest

1066: Battle of Hastings: William of Normandy defeats King Harold and is becomes king -french speaking Normans intermarry with Angles and Saxons creating a new English culture -William develops tax and court systems and takes 1st census since Roman times

Crusades

1071: Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks Europeans for help against Seljuk Turks -Pope Urban II rallies support for liberation of Jerusalem from infidels. -French and other European knights were religiously motivated -Italian merchants sought expanded trade opportunities

Investiture Controversy

1075: Pope Gregory VII decrees lay investiture illegal -conflict begins with Henry IV of Germany -lasts until Concordat of Worms in 1122 -German bishop now elected by the church, but pays homage to the king

Dark Age of Greece

1100-750 BC Many Greeks left the mainland and settled islands in the Aegean Sea Iron introduced Adopted Phoenician alphabet Illiad and Odyssey

Aztec

1100s-1500s: Valley of Mexico -capital at Tenochtitlan on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco -built a city of temples, public buildings, houses, and stone roadways between islands -consolidated rule over much of Mexico -semi-independent territories whose lords payed tribute to the Aztec ruler

Literature in the Middle Ages

1100s: Vernacular literature became popular among educated lay people -troubadour poetry and chanson de geste (heroic epic) -Song of Roland written in 1100 in French

Vietnam

111 BC: Chinese conquer Vietnam, by Vietnamese maintain their separate identity 900s: Vietnamese overthrow Chinese rule -new Vietnamese state of Dai Viet adopts state Confucianism and Chinese model of government -by 1600s Vietnam reaches the Gulf of Thailand

2nd Crusade

1140s: Muslims strike back against crusader kingdoms -St. Bernard of Clairvaux enlists Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany in a second crusade 1187: Jerusalem falls to Saladin sparking the 3rd Crusade

Early Universities

1158: 1st university established in Bologna to teach law -Other early universities in Paris and Oxford -By 1500 there were 80 European universities -curriculum of grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy -teaching done by lecture due to cost of books students could earn a BA pr Masters of Liberal Arts then study law, medicine, or theology

3rd Crusade

1187: Jerusalem falls to Saladin -Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I of England, and Philip II Augustus of France lead 3rd Crusade 1189: Crusade arrives in the east -Frederick drowns -French and English capture port cities by sea but can't move inland -Philip returns to France, Richard negotiates treaty with Saladin allowing pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

4th Crusade

1193: Pope innocent II initiates a crusade 6 yrs after Saladin's death -Crusading army becomes involved in the succession of the Byzantine throne -1204: Crusaders take Constantinople

Olmec

1200 BC: farmed along the muddy banks of Mexico's gulf coast -built large cities as centers for religious ritual -capital at Teotihuacan from 250 BC - AD 800 -farming and trade economy -carved collosal stone heads -civilization collapsed around AD 800

Mongols in Korea

1200's: Mongols seize northern Korea -Koryo dynasty accepts their authority and remains in power -Mongols face thousands of peasants to build ships for their invasion of Japan 1392: Koryo dynasty breaks down after Mongol dynasty collapses in China; Yi Song-gye seizes power and founds Yi dynasty

Mongol Russia

1200s: mongols conquer Russia and require Russian princes to pay tribute 1242 Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, defeats an invasion of Russia -Mongol khan names him grand-prince -Nevsky's descendents become princes of Moscow and leaders of Russia

Rumi

1201-1273, Sufi poet and mystic Sought to attain union with God through whirling dance of the dervishes

Children's Crusade

1212: Nicholas of Cologne takes thousands of kids to Italy; pope sends them home 2000 French children sail to the Holy Land -2 ships sink -other 5 ships sold into slavery

Magna Carta

1215: King John is forced to sign -makes the feudal vassalage system of rights and responsibilities official -later used to limit king's authority

Inca

1300s; Small mountain community near Cuzco, Peru 1440s: Pachacuti leads Incas to conquer most of South Americas western coast -largest and best armed S. American army -carried supplies on llamas (no wheels in Am.) -kingdom divided into 4 quarters ruled by governors -built 24,800 miles of roads -all citizens required to do several weeks of forced labor each year -built some of the best pre-modern suspension bridges

Battle of Crecy

1346: French army haphazardly attack English lines and are devastated by English longbows

Great Schism

1377: Pope Gregory XI is pressured to return to Rome from Avignon, dies upon return -citizens of Rome force cardinals to elect an Italian Pope, Urban VI -French declare election invalid and choose a French pope to install in Avignon 1378-1414: 2 popes rule from simultaneously -faith in the church and papacy undermined 1417: church council meets in Switzerland and elects a single new pope

Battle of Agincourt

1415: French knights wearing heavy armor attack Henry V's forces on a muddy field. Weighed down by their armor, 1500 French nobles are killed, and the English win temporary control of northern France

Joan of Arc

1429: convinces Charles to let her accompany the French army to Orleans -French army is inspired by her faith and takes Orleans -Creates a turning point in the war 1430: captured by the English and burned as a heretic by the Inquisition

3rd Punic War

146 BC, Rome burns and destroys Carthage, sells all inhabitants into slavery Carthage becomes a Roman province called Africa

Rome vrs Greece

148 BC, 4th Macedonian War ends and Macedonia becomes a Roman province 146 BC Greece under control of Roman governor of Macedonia 129 BC Pergamum becomes Rome's 1st province in Asia. Rome now controls the Mediterranean

Decline of Aztec Civilization

1519: Cortes lands in Veracruz and forms alliances with city-states resentful of Aztec rule -Montezuma welcomes Cortes as a representative of Quetzalcoatl -Spanish take Montezuma hostage and pillage city 1520: Aztecs revolt and drive out Spanish -many Aztecs die from Spanish diseases -Cortez and allies defeat Tenochtitlan, level pyramids, temples, and palaces and fill in rivers and canals

Decline of Inca Civilization

1531: Francisco Pizarro lands in Argentina -brought steel weapons, guns, and horses -smallpox epidemic devastates whole villages and kills emperor -emperor's sons begin civil war of succession -Pizarro takes advantage of division and conquers the Inca -By 1535 Pizarro has built a new capital at Lima and established a Spanish colony

Mycenean civilization

1600-1100 BC, Greece Indo-Europeans who gained control of Greek mainland Warrior society Eventually damaged by earthquakes and invaders

Shang Dynasty

1750 - 1122 BC, China 1st advanced Chinese civilization organized government, bronze work, writing system most of our knowledge about them comes from their oracle bones

Babylon

1792 BC conquered Sumner from the south empire fell apart around 1750 BC

Paleolithic Age

2,500,000 - 10,000 BC nomadic hunter-gatherers\created more sophisticated tools used fire cave paintings

Roman art and architecture

200 BC: Romans adopt Greek style and love of sculpture, but Roman sculpture is more realistic -Roman architecture focuses on curves, with arches, domes, and vaults -1st to use concrete -built aqueducts to supply population of 1 million with water

Moche

200 BC: major urban center near Ecuador -farmers irrigated fields to grow maize, peanuts, potatoes, and cotton -warrior society with no written language -collapsed around AD 700

Kushites

2000 BC: Busy trade center develops at Nubia 750 BC: Kushites conquer Egypt 663 BC: Kushites driven from Egypt by Assyrians, return to upper Nile Valley -urban trade economy based at Meroe -traded iron products, gold, ivory, ebony, and slaves to the Roman Empire, India, & Arabia

Germanic People

200s Germanic peoples begin moving into Roman Empire -Visigoths occupy Spain and Italy -Ostrogoths take Italy in the 400s By 500, Western Roman Empire has been replaced by Germanic states Angles and Saxons settle in Britain where Roman influence is weak

Han Dynasty

202 BC - 220 AD longest lasting ancient Chinese dynasty replaced Legalism with Confucianism introduced civil service and training schools population rose from 20 million to 60 million vast empire from Central Asia to Vietnam invented paper, steel

Akkadians

2340 BC conquered Sumerian city states to the south created the first empire collapsed by 2100 BC

homo sapiens

250,000 BC Included Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens

1st Punic War

264 BC, Rome fought Carthage for Sicily 1st Roman naval fleet 241 BC, Carthage surrenders Sicily to Rome, making it the first Roman province

Age of Augustus

27BC, Octavian becomes the first Roman emperor and takes the name Augustus Augustus restore some power to the Senate Augustus is popular, but still rules through military might Conquered many new areas before being defeated in Germany, which devastated him

Minoan civilization

2800 - 1450 BC, Crete capital Knossos trade based sea empire Probably ended with invasion of the Myceneans

Hussein

2nd son of Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law 680: Leads revolt against Umayyad rule and is overwhelmingly crushed

1st Crusade

3 bands of mainly French warriors 1098: Crusaders take Antioch 1099: Crusaders take Jerusalem and massacre inhabitants -Crusaders set up 4 kingdoms -dependent on supplies from Italy, making Italian port cities rich and powerful 1140s: Muslims strike back leading to 2nd crusade

australopithecines

3,000,000 BC made simple tools

Indus Civilization

3000 - 1500 BC, Indus River 1st advanced civilization in India major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro advanced sewer system well organized government

Inuit

3000 BC: Inuit settle along tundra region coasts -use spears and harpoons to hunt seals, caribou, and fish -built stone and turf homes -used igloos for temporary shelter while traveling

Gupta Empire

320 - late 400's AD, India ended with invasion of the Huns

Mauryan Empire

324 - 183 BC, northern India reached its height under Asoka India becomes a a major trade crossroad

Early England

43: Roman conquest 400s: Angles and Saxons invade and settle 886: Alfred the great unites Britain for1st time

Roman law

450 BC Twelve Tablets written; provided a simple code of law for a farming society Law of Nations: universal code of law based on reason; created a standard of justice for all peoples -Innocent until proven guilty -Accused allowed to defend himself in front of a judge

Five Pillars of Islam

5 acts of worship all Muslims must practice: belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage

caste system of India

5 classes: Brahmans - priests Kshatriyas - warriors Vaisyas - commoners (merchants) Sudras - peasants, artisans, laborers Untouchables

Thailand

500s: Thai people first appear as frontier people in China 1000-1200 Thai groups move southward 1432 Thai destroy Angkor capital -remained a major regional force for 400 yrs -convert to Buddhism and adopt Indian political practices -create a unique cultural blend that develops into modern Thai culture

Justinian

527-565 Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire By 552 he restores the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean -codified Roman law into The Body of Civil Code -became the basis of Europe's legal system 565: After Justinian's death, Lombards conquer much of Italy, dismantling the empire he built

First Triumvirate

60 BC Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form a government with power shared equaly among them. 53 BC Crassus dies in battle and Senate tries to transfer all power to Pompey Caesar crosses to Rubicon River into Italy and starts a civil war. Defeats Pompey and takes control of Roman government.

Umayyads

661: General Mu'awihyah becomes caliph, makes caliphate hereditary, establishes Umayyad dynasty -Moves capital from Madinah to Damascus, Syria

Byzantine Empire

700-1453, Eastern Balkans and Asia Minor -Greek and Christian state -poured artistic talent into church-building and ceremonies -Emperor considered chosen by God and had absolute power Emperor also patriarch of Orthodox Church

Greek colonies

750 - 550 BC many Greeks left to seek farmland or trade; each new colony became an independent polis Southern Italy, France, and Spain, North Africa, around Black Sea Spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean

Abbasid Dynasty

750-1258 Umayyad rule becomes corrupt and non-Arabs resent favoritism shown to Arab Muslims 750: Abu al-Abbas overthrows Umayyad dynasty and begins Abbasid dynasty 762: Builds new capital at Baghdad on Tigris -All Muslims now allowed to hold office, regardless of ethnicity -Intermarriage among Arabs and conquered peoples begins

Greek colonists in Italy

750-550 BC, southeastern Italy and Sicily cultivated olives and grapes, passed on Greek alphabet to Italy

Early Rome

753-509 BC Rome was under Etruscan rule 509 BC Rome overthrew last Etruscan king and formed a republic

Carolingian Empire

768-814, western and central Europe 800: Charlemagne becomes Roman Emperor, suymbolized the unification of the Romans, Frankish, and Church Revival of Latin culture and classical works Most classic works surviving today are due to the copies made my Carolingian monks 814: kingdom crumbles on Charlemagne's death

Early Japanese literature

800-1100: Women wrote most Japanese prose 1000: Murasaki Shikibu wrote the Tale of Genji

Neolithic Age

8000 - 4000 BC developed systematic agriculture and domesticated animals more permanent farming villages organized communities stored food and goods and began trading

Feudalism

800s-900s: Europe faces increasing invasions -no central government to provide protection -people began turning to strong lords for help vassalage system develops: lords grant land to a knights in exchange for service

Angkor

800s: Jayavarman united the Khmer people and creates Angkor in modern-day Cambodia -most powerful state in SE Asia until the 1300s -decline begins when the Thai arrive from north

French Kingdom

843: Carolingian kingdom divided in three -western section eventually becomes France 987: Hugh Capet becomes king, establishing the Capetian dynasty of French kings -kings had little real power 1180-1223: Philip II Augustus reigns -gains control of British territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine -strengthened French monarch's power By 1300, Philip IV has made France the largest and best governed state in Europe

Macedonians

867-1081: ruled Byzantine Empire -expanded empire to include Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, and Syria -expanded western trade, ushering in prosperity Late 1000s: power struggles lead to disorder 1054: Pope Leo IX and Michael Cerularius excommunicate each other, creating a schism 1071: Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantium in Asia Minor; Byzantine turns to Western Europe for help, beginning the Crusades.

Toltec

900-1200: controlled Mexico and upper Yucatan Peninsula -warrior society who built palaces and pyramids -capital at Chichen Itza

Holy Roman Empire

900s: dukes of Saxons become kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom known as Germany 922: Saxon king Otto I crowned Roman Emperor in return for protecting the pope; 1st Roman Emperor since Charlemagne 1176: Frederick I tries to conquer northern Italy -defeated by alliance of pope and Italian cities -emperors' battles in Italy weakened their control at home -neither Italy or Germany ends up creating a strong , unified state until 1800s

Early Roman Empire

AD 14 - 180, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero follow Augustus as emperors Slowly become more powerful and more corrupt

Maya

AD 300-900, Yucatan Peninsula -built temples and pyramids and developed a complex calendar -one of most sophisticated American civilizations -theories for decline include earthquakes, over-farming of land, invasion, and revolt

Ghana

AD 500: emerges as 1st great western African trading state -located in grassland region along Niger River -farming villages united under one king -kings were strong rulers who governed without laws -weakened by wars and collapsed in the 1100s

Huran al-Rashid

Abbasid caliph who reigned in the 800's, the golden age of the Abbasid caliphate -supported writers, artists, and astronomers -had Greek writings translated -Baghdad becomes the center of a trade empire reaching into Africa, Asia, and Europe -Islamic wealth greatly increases -Caliphs become more regal Viziers (prime ministers) now advise caliphs and communicate publicly for them

Hellenistic Era

Alexander's united kingdom crumbles, 4 kingdoms emerge: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt; Greek colonists spread through southwest Asia bringing Greek culture with them

Mandate of Heaven

Ancient Chinese belief that Heaven kept law in the universe through the Zhou king. King was chosen for talent and virtue and was responsible for ruling fairly and efficiently. If not, he could be overthrown

Cities in the Arab Empire

Arab Empire was more urban than other areas of the time period Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo were all great cities and trade centers Cordoba was western Europe's largest city Cities were built around grand palaces for the caliphs and mosques, with public baths, bazaars, and public buildings with fountains and courtyards

Abu al-Abbas

Arabian caliph who overthrew Umayyad dynasty and founded Abbasid dynasty; built capital at Baghdad

Islamic learning

Arabs translated the works of Greek philosophers when they were unknown in Europe -Created the house of Wisdom in Baghdad where scholars studied the Greek works -also brought and studied mathematics texts from India -paper introduced from China in 700s -paper factories, bookstores, and libraries followed

Thomas a Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury who protested King Henry II's attempt to try clergy in royal courts. Killed by king's knights.

Solon

Athenian aristocrat who cancelled land debts and freed slaves Refused to redistribute land from the rich to the poor, which caused the transition to tyranny

Cleisthenes

Athenian reformer who created the Athenian assembly: council 500 male citizens who supervised treasury, foreign affairs, and lawmaking

Parthenon

Athenian temple to Athena; most famous example of Greek architecture

Peloponnesian War

Athens and Sparta developed into two strong and fundamentally different societies War breaks out in 431 BC Plague hits Athens in 429 BC, killing 1/2 of population The two cities fought for 25 years 405 BC Athenian fleet destroyed at Aegospotami led to continued power struggles between Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, weakening Greece

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec feather serpent god -believed to have left Tenochtitlan in the 1200s and would return one day -Spanish conquerors crosses resembled the symbol of Quetzalcoatl, so they were initially welcomed by the Aztecs

Hindu Gods/Goddesses

Brahma - the creator Vishnu - the preserver Siva - the destroyer

Medieval City Government

By 1100, townspeople had gained from local lords the right to buys and sell property, be exempt from military service and personal freedom -over time, towns developed their own local councils and governments -elected their own officials

early Roman Catholic Church

By 400s bishopric system developed 500's: Roman pope is recognized, by disagreement over the extent of his powers remains By 1050 most of western Europe is Catholic

Persian Wars

By 500 BC, Persia had conquered several Greek cities on Asia Minor. Ionians revolted in 499 BC with Greece's assistance Persian leader Darius seeks revenge by attacking at Marathon, but is defeated by Greece 486 BC Xerxes become new Persian monarch and burns Athens, but is finally defeated by the Greeks

1st Americans

By 6000 BC, small groups of hunter-gatherers had crossed the Bering Strait

Crusades

Byzantine emperorr Alexius I asks European Christian states for assistance after defeat at Manzikert 1096: Crusades begin and crusaders initially conquer some Muslim lands 1169: Saladin becomes sultan of Egypt and goes on offensive 1187: Saladin's army invades Jerusalem and destroys Christian forces

Fatimid Dynasty

Cairo becomes the new center of Islam Location of Nile Delta makes it a major player in Mediterranean and Red Sea trade

Central/Eastern Europe

Central European Slavs divided into 3 groups: 1. Western Slavs form Poland and Bohemia -Czechs, Poles, and Hungarians converted to Christianity and become part of the Roman Catholic Church and Latin culture 2. Eastern Slavs of Moravia become part of Eastern Orthodox Church 3. Southern Slavs (Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians) embrace Eastern orthodoxy but accept the Roman Catholic Church

Sui Dynasty

China, 581-618 -unified China after the 300 yrs of civil war following the fall of the Han dynasty -Emperor Sui Yangdi builds the Grand Canal, connecting the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers making north to south shipping easier -Sui Yangdi's use of forced labor, high taxes, and extravagant lifestyle led to a rebellion ending the Sui Dynasty

Tang Dynasty

China, 618-907 Early Tang rulers redistributed land and reinstated civil service exams -brought peace to northwestern China and expanded control of Tibet's borders -set up trade and diplomatic relations with southeast Asia -collected tribute from neighboring trade -corruption led to rebellion

Song Dynasty

China, 660-1279 -period of prosperity and cultural achievement -Mongols eventually overthrew Song Dynasty

Confucius

Chinese philosopher, 500's BC When humans act in harmony with the universe, they will prosper. duty and humanity

Legaliam

Chinese philosophy that taught that humans inherent evilness could only be corrected by tough laws and punishments Followers believed in strong leaders and impersonal legal system

Qin Dynasty

Chinese world was unified by Qin Shihuangdi created the basis for the Great Wall of China, successfully kept nomad invaders out for a time iron plow introduced, led to increased farmland and population growth trade developed adopted Legalism

Pythagoras

Classical Greek philosopher who believed the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers

Hundred Years War

Early 1300s: England owns Flanders and Gascony in France 1337: King Philip VI seized Gascony and King Edward III declares war on France -beginning of use of peasant foot soldiers -long bow introduced by the English 1453: French win after defeating the English at Normandy and Aquitaine

Arab expansion

Early 700's: Arabs conquer Berbers in northern Africa 710: Berbers and Arabs conquer southern Spain 725: Spain is mostly Muslim with center at Cordoba 732: Arab forces defeated at Battle of Tours, in Gaul, ending Arab expansion

Expansion of Islam in India

Early 700s: Turkish slaves found new Islamic state of Ghazni (present day Afghanistan) 997: Mahmud of Ghanzi comes into power, attacks Hindu kingdoms to the southeast -Rajputs (Hindu warriors) fight back, but their elephant based infantry can't match the invaders calvalry -By 1200 Muslims control the whole north Indian plain, and create the Sultanate of Delhi 1400s Sultanate extends into the Deccan plateau

Early Japan

Early AD clans settle in Osaka and Kyoto areas -rice farmers, artisans, servants, and aristocracy -Yamoto clan becomes rulers but other clans continue to fight for power -Early 1600s, Shotoku Taishi tries to defend against Chinese aggression by modeling Japan's government on China's -Taishi creates a fairly strong central government and makes the ruler divine

Hellenistic science

Earth's circumference was calculated, plane geometry, pi, Archimede's screw (pumped water out of mines)

New Kingdom

Egypt 1567-1085 BC; began when Egyptians used Hyksos fighting techniques to drive them out. Period of massive wealth and power in Egypt. Ended with invasions by the sea peoples.

Middle Kingdom

Egypt 2050 - 1652 BC Ended with invasion of Hyksos public service projects like draining Nile Delta to provide more farmland and canal between Nile and Red Sea

Old Kingdom

Egypt 2700 - 2200 BC Divine kinship Pyramids at Giza built, including King Khufu's tomb, and Sphinx

early African civilizations

Egypt, Kush (2000BC), Avum (150AD)

Hellenistic Philosophy

Epicureanism, Stoicism

Hatshepsut

First female pharaoh, ruled during New Kingdom, built temple at Deir el Bahri

Vikings

Germanic people of Scandinavia (Norsemen) -superb warriors, shipbuilders, and sailors 800s: Invade Europe -Long, narrow ships allow them to sail rivers and attack far inland Mid 800s: begin building European settlements 911: Frankish king gives Vikings part of France that becomes Normandy; vikings begin converting to Christianity

Delian League

Greek alliance against the Persians formed in 478 BC, after the Persian Wars Led by Athenians liberated most Greek cities from Persia and created Athenian Empire

Alexandria

Greek capital in Egypt, founded in 332 BC by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenistic learning, held the world's largest library of the time

polis

Greek city-state Contained acropolis (meeting place) and agora (open market and assembly area) Hopolite army Citizens were extremely loyal to their own city states

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who founded the Academy, wrote Politics Rejected Plato's theories Believed in analyzing and investigating Basis for science until the 1600s Supported constitutional government

Plato

Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, wrote The Republic What we see is merely a reflection of the true form Said people should be ruled by philosopher-kings Men and women should have equal education and opportunities

Aeschylus

Greek playwright who wrote Oresteia, the only tragic trilogy still in existence

Sparta

Greek polis that conquered neighboring poli Laconia and Messenia military state all men served in army from 20-60 years old oligarchy headed by two kings

Socrates

Greek sculptor and philosopher Created the Socratic Method Influenced Plato Questioned authority and was charged with corrupting youth; sentenced to death by drinking hemlock

Stoicism

Hellenistic Greek philosophy founded by Zeno Happiness is found when people live in harmony with God's will Stressed good citizenship and public service Flourished in the Roman Empire as well

Epicureanism

Hellenistic Greek school of philosophy founded by Epicurus in late 4th century BC Happiness is the goal of life People should give up worry by freeing themselves from public life Life should be centered around ideal friendship

Eratosthenes

Hellenistic astronomer: determined the Earth was round and calculated its circumference

Euclid

Hellenistic mathemetician: wrote the Elements, a textbook on plane geometry still in use

Archimedes

Hellenistic scientist: established pi, geometry of cylinders and spheres, invented Archimedes' screw

Greek historians

Herodotus: History of the Persian Wars, 1st real history in western civilization Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War; emphasized impartiality and accuracy

Inquisition

Holy Office responsible for finding and dealing with heretics -after 1252 accused heretics were tortured until they confessed

Islamic Split

Hussein's revolt against Umayyads divides Islam. Shiite Muslims accept only Ali's descendants as rulers Sunni Muslims accepted Umayyad rule Sunni's are present day majority accept in Iraq and Iran

Aryans

Indo-Europeans from Central Asia Arrived in Indus Valley around 1500 BC created a rigid caste system used iron plow and irrigation to clear jungle along the Granges and farm the land warring kingdoms didn't unify India

Persian Empire

Indo-Europeans from Iran area 559 - 330 BC; united by Cyrus; territory stretched to Indus River; created good roads; eventually raised taxes too high, causing loyalty to drop and fell to Alexander the Great

Hittites

Indo-Europeans who created a kingdom on Asia Minor from 1600 - 1200 BC First Indo-Europeans to use iron Fell to the Sea Peoples

Latins

Indo-Europeans who settled in Latium (Italy) 1500-1000 BC herders/farmers lived in huts on Rome's hills

Quran

Islamic holy book of revelations to Muhammad; contains ethics laws Muslims live by

Kamakura Shogunate

Japan, 1192-1333 -late 1100's Japan is in continuous civil war -Minamoto Yoritomo seizes power and creates capital near modern Tokyo -creates centralized government under a powerful shogun (military leader) -under the shogunate system the emperor ruled in name only; the shogun has all power 1281 Kublai Khan attempt invasion by his fleet is destroyed by a typhoon 1333: government weakened by fighting the Mongols is overthrown by Ashikaga family

Nara Period

Japan, 622, Shotoka Taishi dies; new Yamoto ruler heavily influenced by Fijiwara family 710: New capital established at Nara -emperor becomes "son of heaven" -central government unable to wrestle taxes from aristocrats, loses power

Heian Period

Japan, 794: Emperor moves capital from Nara to Heian -emperor rules in names, but power is shifted to the Fujiwara family -government returns to decentralized system -aristocrats protected their interest by creating a new class of military servants, the samurai

Jews in Roman Empire

Jews under control of a Roman procurator -different factions of Jews were divided about how to react to Roman rule AD 66: Zealots lead a violent revolt AD 70: Revolt crushed and Jerusalem temple destroyed

Late Eastern Roman Empire

Justinian's conquests left the empire with too much territory to protect and an empty treasury. 636: Islamic forces take Syria and Palestine 679: Bulgars take lower Danube Valley Smaller remaining empire becomes known as the Byzantine Empire

Henry II

King of England 1154-1189 -expanded monarchs power -common law replaces local laws -tried to control clergy; had archbishop Thomas Becket killed when he resisted

Philip IV

King of France from 1285-1314 -strengthened French monarchy and expanded bureaucracy -created the Estates-General with representatives from the 3 estates: the 1st French parliament

Fall of the Persian Empire

Kings' love of luxery increased taxes, alienated people Kins had many wifes and sons who fought for power Weakened empire was defeated by Alexander the Great

Early Russia

Late 700s: Vikings dominate the native Slavs Early 900s: Rus state of Kiev formed -ruling Vikings assimilate into Slavic population 988: Vladimir marries Byzantine Emperor's sister and accepts Eastern Orthodoxy as state religion 1169: Mongol invasion ends Kievan Empire

Early Italy

Latins 1500-1000 BC Greek colonists 750-550BC Etruscans 650-753 BC

Farming in the Arab Empire

Majority of Arabs farmed or herded animals Early on, land was owned by independent peasants Later, wealthy landowners and the state controlled large estates and used slave labor Along the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers, peasants continued to farm independently

Roman family

Male paterfamilia headed the family Children raised at home Upper class girls often educated By AD 100, women were no longer required to have guardians, could own and sell property

Decline of Roman Empire

Marcus Aurelius dies in AD 180 and is followed by Severans rulers who focus exclusively on the military 235-284: period of chaos with 22 different emperors Sassanid Persians and Germanic tribes invade Roman territories Plague creates a labor shortage effecting the military and farming economy German mercenaries become necessary for army

Octavian

Member of the 2nd Triumvirate, fights Antony for control of Rome,

Israelites

Migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan until drought drove them to Egypt. Left and created Israel. Israel fell to Assyrians and babylonians but the Israeli people survived.

Timur Lenk

Mongolian ruler of Samarkand 1380s: Conquers Mesopotamia Invades Delphi (India) and massacres 100,000 Hindu prisoners before withdrawing

Sumerian economy

Mostly farming, also trade and industry Made metalwork, woolen textiles, and pottery Traded metal goods, fish, and barley for copper, tin, and timber

Early Islam

Muhammad preaches for 3 yrs with little success -Journeys to Medina in 622 (the Hijrah) and begins converting Bedouins -Muhammad is both political and religious leader -Muhammad's army wins victories and earns him large numbers of converts 630 Muhammad returns to Makka, city surrenders and most people convert

Arab Empire

Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr chosen caliph after his death -Bakr conquers Arabia and unites Arabs 640: Arabs take Syria (province of Byzantium) 642: Take Egypt and parts of northern Africa 650: Arabs have whole Persian Empire Muslim warriors who die in battle guaranteed entry into heaven

Shiites

Muslims who accept only descendents of Ali as true rulers Majority in modern Iran and Iraq

Sunnis

Muslims who accepted Umayyad rule; modern Muslim majority

Sumerian society

Nobles, commoners, slaves Theocracy Ziggurats (temples) were the centers of their cities

Carthage

North African state founded by Phoenecians in 800 BC Controlled western Mediterranean trade by 300 BC Fought Rome in the Punic Wars

2nd Triumvirate

Octavian, Antony, and Ledipus take control after Caesar's death. After a few years Octavian controls the west and Antony the East 31 BC battle of Actium: Octavian's forces destroy Antony's and Cleopatra's navy. Antony and Cleopatra flee to Egypt where they commit suicide.

Xeres

Persian kings who burned Athens, was defeated at Plataea

Darius

Persian leader who attached Marathon, was defeated by Greeks

Scholasticism

Philosophical and theological system that attempted to reconcile faith and reason -major task was to unite Christian teachings with Greek philosophy -Aristotle had been introduced to Europe in the 1100s by Muslim and Jewish scholars -Thomas of Aquinas devises an approach of using logic to investigate theological questions

Greek tyrants

Profitable trade created a new group of wealthy men who seized power from the aristocracy. Supported by poor peasants Tyrants built new markets, walls, and temples, earning them popularity Not necessarily tyranical Led some city-states to develop democracy

Classical Greek Philosophy

Pythagoras, Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

women in the Arab Empire

Quran granted women spiritual and social equality Men allowed up to four wives, but most only had one because of dowry costs As Islam spread, older Arab customs revived to restrict the rights of women

Zoroastrianism

Religion of Persian Empire Visions of the prophet Zoroaster (660 BC) were recorded in the Zend Avesta Monotheistic Struggle between good and evil that will end in the last judgement

Middle Path

Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration

Diocletian

Roman emperor following Pax Romana dived empire into four sections with seperate rulers Strengthened bureaucracy and enlarged army, draining public funds Passed edict making vocations hereditary

Theodosius the Great

Roman emperor from AD 378-395 Adopted Christianity as official religion of the Roman Empire

Nero

Roman emperor of the Early Empire killed all enemies, including his own mother Roman legions finally revolted and Nero commits suicide

Constantine

Roman emperor who issued Edict of Milan in 313, proclaiming official Roman tolerance of Christianity 306: Constructed Byzantium, which became Constantinople

Julius Caesar

Roman general and member of the First Triumvirate. Became dictator of Rome in 45BC. Redistributed land to the poor, enlarge Senate, and filled it with his supporters. Assassinated in 44 BC by a group of Senators

Marius

Roman general who promised soldiers land in exchange for service, 1st general who had soldiers swear oaths of loyalty to himself personally. 107 BC

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Roman general who seized Rome in 82 BC when the Senate tried to transfer his military command to Marius. Wiped out opposition then returned control to the Republic. Showed future generals how power could be seized.

Livy

Roman historian who wrote stories to teach Roman ideals of duty, courage, and discipline

2nd Punic War

Rome encourages Carthage's newly claimed lands in Spain to revolt 218 BC, Hannibal retaliated by invading Italy over the Alps from Spain 216 BC Rome loses 40,000 men at Cannae 206 BC, Rome pushes Carthagians from Spain 202 BC, Battle of Zama; Rome crushes Carthagians in Carthage Carthage becomes a Roman province and Rome becomes the dominant Mediterranean power

Cyrus

Ruler who unified the Persian Empire in 559BC; just ruler; allowed Jews to return to Israel

Spread of Christianity

Simon Peter spread Christianity among the Jews Paul spread Christianity through Asia Minor and along Aegean Sea AD 40-100 Gospels written By 100, Christian churches established throughout most of Eastern Roman Empire (Jewish and Greek areas) 100-300 Spreads to Latin cultures