Earth Science 1-5
Alaska's Aleutian Islands formed as part of a ________ along a ________ boundary.
volcanic island arc, convergent
Subducting oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust will produce
volcanic island arcs
Ice is considered a mineral while
water and vapor are not
Laminar movement
water moves in straight line paths parralel to stream channel
Hydrologic cycle completes when
water returns to the ocean
Infiltration
water soaks into the ground
Confined water table (2 causes)
water stuck between two aquitards or aquifer is inclined
For a well to be successful it must reach
water table
Upper limit of zone of saturation is the
water table
upper level of an underground surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water
water table
a rainshadow desert forms in placed where mountain ranges act as barriers to the movement of
water vapor
You notice preserved ripple marks in the mountains, then later at the beach you see ripple marks forming in the sand. Which of the following best describes how the ripple marks in the mountain formed?
Uniformitarianism
V-shaped valleys would most likely contain ________.
waterfalls
Large pieces of glacier break off when it reaches
waterline
Disintegration and decomposition of rock
weathering
External processes examples (3)
weathering erosion mass wasting
Landform evolution- ________ breaks rocks apart, ______ transfers material downslope, _______ carries the materials away, and most sediments ends up in the
weathering mass wasting erosion sea
To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?
weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification
Water also adds _____ to sediment
weight
Intermittent stream only flow during
wet periods
When a valley glacier leaves the mountains and enters the relative flat lands below, it may spread out to form ________.
a Piedmont glacier
A transform plate boundary is characterized by
a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slides past one another in opposite directions.
Valley or alpine glaciers advance at what speed
a few cm a day
An igneous body injected between sedimentary strata that arches the bedrock above while the bottom layers remain relatively flat is called
a laccolith
"This rock is 15 million years old" is an example of
a numerical date
When a valley glacier leaves the mountains and enters the relative flat lands below, it may spread out to form ________.
a piedmont glacier
Permeability
ability of water to move through a substance
Wind can also erodes via
abrasion
Ice sheets flow in all directions from a center of snow _______
accumulation
Glacial terminus
accumulation and wastage are equal
Glaciers originate from
accumulation compaction and recrystalization of snow
Ice sheets have _____ and _______ed several times
advanced and retreated
Ephemeral stream carry water when
after heavy rainfall
Most rocks are ______ of many minerals
aggregates
An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture ________.
all of the above
Deflation may lead to ________.
all of the above
Zone of saturation
all pore space will be filled with water
The hydrosphere
all reservoirs where water is held
Examples of land shaped by glaciers (5)
alps cape code yosemite long island great lakes
Color is usually a
ambiguous property
Unconsolidated sediment forms a stable slope at a certain________ depending on the size and shape of the particles. This is called______
angle of repose, oversteepening
Examples of ice sheets
antarctica and greenland
Impermeable layers such as clay that hinder or prevent water movement are called ________.
aquitards
Ephemeral streams ________.
are a major agent of erosion in desert regions
Sharp ridges call ______ and pyramid like ______ are associated with enlarged cirques
aretes and horns
Ephemeral streams typically flow after heavy rainstorms in ________ climates.
arid
Free flowing groundwater from outlet above water table
artesian system
Channelization to prevent floods
artifical cut off reduce volume in main channel
________ are earthen mounds built on the banks of rivers to increase the volume of water the channel can hold.
artifical levees
In an area of alpine glaciation, sinuous, sharp-edged ridges called ________ and sharp, pyramid-like peaks called ________ are common features.
arêtes; horns
Although rates of glacial movement vary from region to region, on average the Antarctic Ice Sheet moves ________.
at a rate between 2 meters (6.5 feet) and 800 meters (2600 feet) per year
End moraines
at terminus of glacier
Number of protons gives ____ #
atomic number
Distributaries carry water and sediment in what direction
away from main channel
When several alluvial fans from adjacent canyons merge
bajada
Glacial budget
balance of glacial ice
Hydrologic cycle is always
balanced
Lower limit to how deep a stream can erode determine by height of nearert downhill body of water
base level
A pluvial lake is a body of water that accumulated in a_____ because of a greater ____availability
basin, water
If ice accumulation equals the amount of ice lost, the glacier will ________.
become stationary
Loess lacks
bedding
Hydraulic force can cut
bedrock
Bedrock channels alernate between
bedrock and alluvium gradients
What is common in headwaters with a steep gradient
bedrock channels
In stream terrace new flood plain is produced _____ old one
below
Medial moraines form
between two advancing glaciers
Loess wind deposits
blankets of silt from suspended load
Strength of mineral determined by strength of
bonds
Limestone is composed of a single mineral called
calcite
Road stone and cement elements
calcite, dolomite
Glaciers also lose ice because of
calving
Alluvial fans located at mouth of
canyons
________ is the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport in a unit of time.
capacity
The ________ mineral group reacts to hydrochloric acid.
carbonate
Most groundwater contains
carbonic acid
Calcium carbonate deposits form when
cavern is above water table
Most have one but some have two characteristic....
characteristic shapes
Neutrons have no
charge
Two or more elements joined become a
chemical compounds
Bowl shaped depressions at head of glacial valley
cirques
Half of sedimentary rocks are
clay
Suspended loan often what kind of particles
clay and silt
The tendency to break along planes
cleavage
Electrons surround nucleus like a
cloud
Groundwater only moves a few
cm a day
Bedrock channels transport ______ particles
coarse
Bradied alluvium channels form where most stream load is ______ and discharge is _____
coarse, variable
granite is ______ grained and dominated by
coarse-grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals
During saturation water in pore space reduces _______ and allows particles to slide
cohesion
Which of the following properties would be least useful for identifying a sample of calcite?
color
which rivers flows inside the grand canyon
colorado river
Streams ability to transport particles based on size
competence
Ionic bonds form ionic
compounds
Overall shape of longitudinal profile
concave curve
Quartz type of fracture
conchoidal (smooth)
Free movement of valence electrons in metallic bonds leads to high
conductivity and malleability
Piedmont glaciers also form when glaciers emerge from
confining walls of a valley
Braided channels
converging and diverging channels
Pluvial lakes formed during ________, ______ climates
cooler, wetter
The process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas is
correlation
What is stronger covalent or ions bonds
covalent
Tension in ice creates cracks called
crevasses
Inclined layers in the windward direction are called
cross bedding
bladed, fibrous, cubic, and platy are words that describe
crystal habit
Bed rock channels are actively
cut into solid rock
The principle of cross
cutting relationships states that geologic features that cut across rocks most form _________ the rocks they cut through. - after
Metallic mineral streak
dark
Pyroxenes color type cleavage
dark colored igneous rock with two clevage directions
Olivine- color type location
dark igneous in mantle
Amphibole group is ______ portion of _____ rocks
dark portion of light rocks
Flow of weathered materials containing water goes downslope often confined to chaannels
debris flow or mudslide
Minerals have a _______ chemical composition
definite
To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?
deposition and lithofication
In zone of saturation pressure increases with
depth
course-grained sediments such as pebbles and cobbles often comprise the ______ in
desert environments
Ephemeral streams responsible for most erosion in
deserts
In ____ air is compressed and warmed resulting in ______
deserts, clear skies
Streak is considered a _____ property
diagnostic
gentle side of dremlins indicates
direction of ice flow
Capacity increases with
discharge
Volume of water flowing past certain point in given unit of time
discharge
Calcium and sodium ions make up much of the ________ of streams.
dissolved load
As delta and mouth of river get clogged with sediment, upstream a new ___ forms
distributary
Decompression melting is responsible for generating magma at ____________ plate boundaries.
divergent
Iceland sits on a ___________plate boundary.
divergent
New ocean crust is generated at
divergent plate boundaries.
Drainage basins separated by
divides
As channel reaches base level downward erosion becomes less ________ and channel becomes _____
dominant, meandering
If accumulation exceeds ablation in a glacial budget, The terminus will move
downhill ("advance").
Foreset beds consist of coarse particles that
drop soon after entering water body
Water tables fall with
droughts
streamlined asymmetrical hills made of till
drumlins
Cross bedding is preserved and become rock when
dunes are buried
Tongue like flow of water saturated soil rich in clay that breaks away and moves downslope
earthflow
Springs occur where water table intersects
earths surface
Glacial flow is slowest at what part
edges
Chemical bonds is always done with goal of
eight valence electrons
Each principle shell in an electron has energy levels and specific number of
electrons
All atoms with same atomic number known as
element
The longest subdivision of the geologic time scale is the
eon
Fracture results from chemical bonds that are ______ in strength
equal
End moraines deposited when glacial balance is in
equilibrium
Alluvial channel sediment is continuously being ______, _______, and _______
eroded transported and redeposited
External processes include weathering, mass wasting, and ________.
erosion
Physical removal of material by mobile agent
erosion
Caverns form due to
erosion by groundwater
Ridges of sand and gravel made by stream flowing beneath ice
eskers
When inland mountains exist what happens to moisture
evaporates as it rises and descends dry onto desert area
Combined effects of evaporation and transpiration
evapotransipration
Mount Hood (pictured) is part of the Cascade Range. These active volcanoes are a chain that stretches along the west coast from northern California to southern British Columbia, Canada. The Cascades are
evidence of subduction in the Pacific Northwest of the United States
Sodium ion does what in water
explodes in water
Incised Meanders develop when stream is near base level but base level
falls
In order to metamorphose, metamorphic rocks must melt.
false
Mud cracks and ripple marks are common features of igneous rocks.
false
Rusting is an example of mechanical weathering.
false
Streak made by all minerals true or false
false
Which of the following silicate minerals is the most abundant in Earth's crust? quartz feldspars ammonites acetates
feldspars
Belt of soil moisture
film of water on surface soil
Rock flour
finely ground bedrock
Effervescence
fizz when exposed to dilute acid
Deep steep sided inlets of the sa
fjords
Store flood water and let out slowly
flood control damns
Lateral erosion creates a broad flat valley floor called a
floodplain
Even if front is retreating ice is always
flowing
When moutains exist near a coast what happen to the moist air
forced to rise to pass over mountains and rains on other side
Stream terraces are remnants of
former floodplains
A set of fossil organisms found together in a given layer is called a(n)
fossil assemblage
The principle of_________________ is the concept that ancient life forms evolved in a definite order, and therefore, their fossils can help determine the geologic ages of strata.
fossil succession
Groundwater is the largest reservoir of ________.
freshwater that is readily available to humans
Which of the following minerals has a metallic luster? halite quartz galena
galena
Mass wasting transforms terrain from sttep and rugged to
gentle flat
Old Faithful, a ________ in Yellowstone National Park, erupts steam and hot water.
geyser
Ice shelves form when
glacial ice flows to ocean
Ice sheets were extensive during last
glacial maximum
30% of earths land was ___ influenced
glacially
Braided channels common at the end of
glaciers
By the year 2030, it is possible that Glacier National Park in Montana will not have any ________.
glaciers
Thick mass of ice formed over 100s/1000s years
glaciers
Some rocks are made of nonminerals like obsidian which is _____
glass
96.5% of water is in
global ocean
Which of the following is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?;
gneiss
Vertical drop over certain distance
gradiant
Alluvial channel shape determined by average (3things)
gradient sediment size and discharge
Controlling force of mass wasting
gravity
which lakes are remnants of lake agassiz
great lakes
Dissolved load delivered by
ground water
Largest reservoir of freshwater available to humans
groundwater
________ is located in tiny pore spaces between grains of soil and sediment, underground.
groundwater
Rills converge to form
gullies
Shape of individual mineral crystals or aggregates called
habit
Evaporites common ones (evaporites are left after evaporation
halite and gypsum
Native metals are malleable and can be
hammered without breaking
Stalactites
hang from ceiling
Tributary glaciers create
hanging valleys
Groundwater tends to flow through bodies of rock or sediment that ________.
have a high permeability
Gradient, sediment size, and channel roughness decreases from ______ to _____
head to mouth
Sediment production in what regions of rivers
headwaters
Quartz forms what shaped crystals
hexagonal with pyrmaid ends
Steppe are a more ____ variety of desert
humid
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source region, called the ___________________, the spot in Earth's crust where a fault slips.
hypocenter
Steep side of dremlins faces
ice advance
1.72% of water is in
ice and glaciers
Outlet glaciers extend from (x2)
ice caps and ice sheets
Abrasion glacial erosion
ice grinds surface
Piedmont glaciers shape
ice pool shape at base of other glacier
Ice caps are smaller than _____ but serve similar function
ice sheets
Calving generates
iceburgs
Protons and neutrons have almost _____ masses
identical
Three types of rock
igneous sedimentary and metamorphic
Aquitards
impermeable clay layer that prevent water movment
Feldspars cleavage
in 2 directions
A rainshadow desert forms ________.
in places where mountain ranges act as barriers to the movement of water vapor
Where do crevasses form?
in the zone of fracture
Dune windward slop is generally
inclined
What creates artisanal system
increased pressure in confined water table
Discharge, velocity, and channel size ______ from head to mouth
increases
Minerals are a ______ solid
inorganic
Bedrock knobs
inselbergs
Wind erosion if relatively ______ erosional agent
insignificant
Inernal processes powered by earths
interior
dessert regions that exhibit a discontinous pattern of ephemeral streams that do not flow out of the desert to th eocean are said have an _____
interior drainage
Mid lat deserts and steppes occur in the
interiors of large land masses
Bed load only in movement
intermittently
Whenever an atom loses or gains valence electrons _____ are formed
ions
Two_______ forming _______ can neutralize elements unstable tendencies
ions, ionic compounds
Dark silicate minerals contain
iron and magnesium
A crystal of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) will produce a variety of weathering products after it is weathered. Which of the following is NOT a product that results from the weathering of potassium feldspar?
iron oxides
A glacier's downstream end ________.
is in the zone of wastage
Tower karst landscapes have ________, ______sided hills
isolated, steep
A sinuous ridge composed of sand and gravel is a(n) ________
it is a deposit made by streams flowing in tunnels within or beneath glacial ice.;Esker
Steep sided hill of stratified drift
kames
________ are steep-sided hills composed mostly of stratified drift.
kames
Proglacial lakes
lakes made from meltwater damned by ice sheets
2% of water is in
lakes streams groundwater atmosphere
Drainage basins defined as
land area that contributes water to a river system (land that water runs down to reach river)
The San Joaquin Valley experienced a phenomenon called ________ due to excessive groundwater pumping.
land subsidence
Glacial erratics
large boulders different from bedrock deposited by glaciers
Glacial striations form when
large rock fragments scrape the bedrock
Sediment deposition usually occurs as river enters
larger body of water
which of the following is a variety of moraine frontsl sidal lateral
lateral
Glaciers made of different
layers
Moraines
layers or ridges of till
One potential source of groundwater contamination would be ________.
leaking septic tank
Slip face=
leeward side
Yazoo tributaries parallel the river until the can breach the
levees
Deflation
lifting and removal of already loose material by wind
Plucking glacial erosion (3 ways)
lifting rock, expanding meltwater, carrying loose rock
Nonmetallic streak
light
Most karst topography forms in
limestone
Sinks or sinkholes are usually depressions where _____ has been dissolved
limestone
______ features provide evidence for direction of flow
linear
11. The phenomenon of transforming a somewhat stable soil into mobile material capable of rising toward Earth's surface is called
liquefaction
The _____________is Earth's outermost rocky layer that is broken into plates.
lithosphere
Stream capacity
load it can carry at one time
Continued erosion gradually diminishes
local relief
Dust storms are most likely to deposit windblown silt, commonly called ________.
loess
Two types of wind deposits
loess and dunes
Cross sectional view of stream from headwaters to mouth is called
longitudinal profile
Subtropical highs in ____ lats
lower
Drawdown
lowering of water table when water is withdrawn
Quality of light reflected from surface
luster
Discharge measured in
m3/s
Which of the following is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?
marble
Transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity
mass wasting
Dissolved load
material in solution
Bed load
material moving along channel bed
Suspended load
material suspended in water
The river depicted in this drawing shows prominent ________.
meandering
Ice is agent of ______ weathering
mechanical
Galena has ___ luster
metallic luster
Types of luster
metallic submetallic and nonmetallic
Muscovite is member of
mica family
End moraines from last ice age prominent in the (x2)
midwest and northwest
A rock is a solid mass of
mineral
Silicates are most common
minerals
Scale of hardness 1 to 10
mohs scale
Most silicate minerals formed from
molten rock
what is an example of a glacial deposit
moraine
Bonds lower the total energy of atoms making them
more stable
Dunes wind deposits
mounds of sand from bed load
Bottomset beds settle beyond
mouth of river
Metallic bonds electrons
move around
Glaciers move in two ways
movement within ice, movement of entire body of ice
After exchanging electrons the na+ and cl- ions are now opposites and bonds to form
nacl
Valley or alpine glaciers width
narrow
Few minerals made of single elements called
native minerals
Spring
natural outflow of groundwater
Whenever electrons are gained a _____ ion forms
negative
Nonsilicate sorted based on
negatively charged ion common to group
Zone of wastage
net loss to the glacer
An ion is an atom that is no longer
neutral
Most matter is charged in what way
neutral
This is a photograph of Augustine volcano in Alaska. Judging by its shape, and the eruptive activity in the photo, what kind of volcano is it?
Composite volcano
The strata shown on the left can be correlated with which of the units on the right?
D, C, B, A
Protons have
+1 charge
Electrons have charge of
-1
After cl gains an electron it becomes
... negative
dersert=
...arid
The skeletal remains of plankton make up the sedimentary rock ________.;
...chalk
Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of ________ sedimentary rocks.;
...chemical
Which rock type is most likely to have been deposited in a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)?;
...conglomerate
Which of the following rock types represents the highest grade of metamorphism?
...gneiss
Which of the following is the parent rock of marble?;
...limestone
steppe=
...semiarid
Muscovite cleavage in _____ direction/s
1
Diamond hardness
10
The Amazon River has ________ times as much discharge as the Mississippi River.
12
Quarternary period was between____ and _____ million years ago
2 and 3
How many electrons in inner and outer principle shell
2 and 8
Fingernail hardness
2.5
Muscovite mohs scale
2.5
Approximately ________ cycles of cooling and warming occurred during the last Ice Age.
20
approximately ____________ cycles of cooling and warming occurred during the last ice age
20
% of iceburg above waterline
20%
If a mineral has a specific gravity of 3, it must be ________ times as dense as water.
3
Copper penny hardness
3.5
Antartic ice sheet formed at least ____ million years ago
30
About what percentage of Earth's land surface is covered by deserts? 15% 55% 30%
30%
About what percentage of Earth's land surface was covered by glaciers during the Quaternary period?
30%
Sea can be up to ___ cm thick
4
The ion at the center of a silicon—oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
4 Oxygen ions
In the seismograph shown above, what is the estimated time interval between points A and C?
5 minutes
Glass hardness
5.5
Most plentiful silicates take up ______ pf earths crust
50% of earth crust
Feldspars on hardness scale
6
An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus
7
Quarts hardness
7
The Mississippi River Delta system contains a series of ________ coalescing subdeltas.
7
All noble gasses have ______ valence electrons
8
Stable valence shell has _____ electrons
8
Greenland's ice sheet covers about ________ of the island.
80%
The average number of storm-related deaths attributed to flooding from 1985 to 2014 was ________.
83
How many elements in periodic table naturally occurring
90
In the early part of the twentieth century_________ argued forcefully for the idea of continental drift.
Alfred Wagner
What feature is shown in the image?
Angular unconformity
16) Three of the following statements about mechanical weathering are true. One is false. Which statement is incorrect? A) Mechanical weathering does not affect metamorphic rocks. B) Mechanical weathering produces smaller pieces. C) Mechanical weathering does not change the rock's mineral composition. D) Mechanical weathering adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering.
Answer: A
2) An igneous rock that cools rapidly is likely to have ________ crystals. A) small B) medium sized C) large D) pink
Answer: A
20) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified and named principally on the basis of ________. A) grain size B) location C) rock color D) composition
Answer: A
21) Which rock type is most likely to have been deposited in a high energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)? A) conglomerate B) shale C) chert D) microcrystalline limestone
Answer: A
5) Which one of the following is a sedimentary rock? A) limestone B) rhyolite C) slate D) quartz
Answer: A
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 14) Chemical weathering would be most effective ________. A) in a warm, wet climate B) in a cold, dry climate C) in a warm, dry climate D) deep beneath a mountain range
Answer: A
What caused the many small holes that are seen in this sample of scoria?
Degassing of volatiles
Which of the following minerals comprises just one element? jade topaz ruby diamond
Diamond
Consult the image that depicts Bowen's reaction series. What can be said of the temperature at which a granite crystallizes? A) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 750° C. B) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 900° C. C) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 1200° C. D) Nothing can be deduced from this chart about the crystallization temperature of any igneous rock.
Answer: A
10) Granite is ________. A) what countertops are made of B) coarse grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals C) coarse grained and dominated by olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar crystals D) fine grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals
Answer: B
18) Which kind of rocks may contain fossils? A) igneous B) sedimentary C) metamorphic D) minerals
Answer: B
19) Most rock outcrops (about 75% of the total) are ________. A) igneous B) sedimentary C) metamorphic D) fossil bearing
Answer: B
24) Regional metamorphism occurs during ________. A) intrusion of magma B) mountain building C) sheeting of exposed plutons of granite D) chemical weathering of limestone in caves
Answer: B
7) Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture. A) fine grained B) coarsegrained C) glassy D) porphyritic
Answer: B
8) Magma that might have cooled slowly to produce a diorite is instead erupted at Earth's surface. It would chill rapidly and produce a(n) ________. A) rhyolite B) andesite C) basalt D) granite
Answer: B
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 4) Which one of the following is an igneous rock? A) limestone B) rhyolite C) slate D) quartz
Answer: B
Examine the rock sample here. Did it form at the surface or below the surface, and how do you know? (large grain size) A) It formed at the surface, because of its color (composition). B) It formed at the surface, because of its texture (grain size). C) It formed below the surface, because of its color (composition). D) It formed below the surface, because of its texture (grain size).
Answer: B
11) To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place? A) melting and recooling, followed by crystallization B) chemical reactions under conditions of elevated temperature or pressure C) weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification D) impact by a meteorite
Answer: C
6) Which one of the following is a metamorphic rock? A) limestone B) rhyolite C) slate D) quartz
Answer: C
In general, which of the statements below best describe what happens in terms of composition as crystallization proceeds down the Bowen's reaction series (shown in the figure)? A) The early formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as andesite and granite. As crystallization proceeds, the later formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in peridotite and basalt. B) The early formed carbonates are enriched in calcium and carbonate, resulting in such rocks as limestone. As crystallization proceeds, the later formed carbonates are enriched in fossils, resulting in fossiliferous limestone and coquina. C) The early formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the laterformed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in andesite and granite. D) The early formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in andesite and granite.
Answer: C
What form of physical weathering is shown in this image? A) frost wedging B) sheeting C) root wedging D) hydrolysis
Answer: C
1) An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture ________. A) contains many small holes, like Swiss cheese B) must be extrusive C) must be fine grained D) all of the above
Answer: D
15) A crystal of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) will produce a variety of weathering products after it is weathered. Which of the following is NOT a product that results from the weathering of potassium feldspar? A) silica B) potassium ions C) clay minerals D) iron oxides
Answer: D
22) The skeletal remains of plankton make up the sedimentary rock ________. A) flint B) breccia C) travertine D) chalk
Answer: D
23) Which of the following rock types represents the highest grade of metamorphism? A) slate B) phyllite C) schist D) gneiss
Answer: D
9) Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes? A) finegrained B) coarse grained C) glassy D) porphyritic
Answer: D
14) Rusting is an example of mechanical weathering.
Answer: FALSE
15) Slate is a common nonfoliated metamorphic rock.
Answer: FALSE
5) Confining pressure produces foliated metamorphic rocks.
Answer: FALSE
6) The parent rock of marble is sandstone.
Answer: FALSE
9) Mud cracks and ripple marks are common features of igneous rocks.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 4) In order to metamorphose, metamorphic rocks must melt.
Answer: FALSE
This photo shows a conglomerate.
Answer: FALSE
10) Compaction and cementation are the most common forms of lithification.
Answer: TRUE
11) All metamorphic rocks began as other rocks ("parent rocks") that were then subjected to elevated temperatures or pressures.
Answer: TRUE
12) A large proportion of feldspar sets arkose apart from regular sandstone.
Answer: TRUE
13) Given the right conditions any kind of rock can be transformed into any other kind of rock.
Answer: TRUE
2) All varieties of limestone are dominated by the mineral calcite.
Answer: TRUE
3) Frying an egg is a non geological example of contact metamorphism.
Answer: TRUE
7) Because of its rock cleavage, slate makes a better roofing material than rock gypsum.
Answer: TRUE
8) Coal is a sedimentary rock that is made of organic matter.
Answer: TRUE
9) Layers in sedimentary rocks are called ________.
Answer: beds
14) Confining pressure results from ________ of rocks.
Answer: burial
3) ________ is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater, and this mildly reactive substance aids chemical weathering.
Answer: carbonic acid
11) Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of ________ sedimentary rocks.
Answer: chemical
13) Heat, confining pressure, differential stress, and ________ are four agents that drive metamorphic reactions.
Answer: chemically active fluids
10) The difference between a breccia and a conglomerate is ________.
Answer: conglomerates have rounded grains; breccias have angular grains
6) The rock ________ is a description of how one rock may be transformed into another kind of rock through various internal and external processes.
Answer: cycle
12) When a granite pluton (formed deep underground) is uplifted and exposed at the surface, it may undergo sheeting to form a(n) ________.
Answer: exfoliation dome
2) Obsidian is characterized by its ________ texture.
Answer: glassy
5) In contact metamorphism, ________ is the dominant agent of change.
Answer: heat
8) Chemical sedimentary rocks form when ________ in solution precipitate out mineral matter.
Answer: ions
4) Before it can be sedimentary rock, sediment must be produced (weathered from pre existing rocks), transported, deposited, and ________.
Answer: lithified
7) A detrital sedimentary rock dominated by sand is a(n) ________.
Answer: sandstone
1) Granite and gabbro have a similar ________.
Answer: texture
Where is the world's largest ice sheet located today?
Antarctica
What kind of fold is illustrated in this photograph? At what sort of tectonic boundary situation is it likely to have formed?
Anticline; convergent
Examine the two figures. For both figures the yellow arrows represent?
Areas of ascending and descending mantle material.
________ are earthen mounds built on the banks of rivers to increase the volume of water the channel can hold.
Artificial levees
What type of deformation is shown in the photograph above?
Ductile deformation
Which of the following minerals is a silicate (a mineral containing a silicon-bearing ion)? feldspar iron quartz
Feldspar
When a glacial trough is "drowned" by the sea, the result is a(n) ________.
Fiord
Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil?
Fossil dung
________ are long, linear scratch marks carved onto bedrock by glacial abrasion.
Glacial Striations
A landscape dominated by U-shaped valleys and pyramid-shaped mountains is most likely formed due to ________.
Glaciation
Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? Diamond Gold quartz ammonite
Gold
A cubic centimeter each of quartz, olivine, and native gold weighs 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams, respectively. These weights indicate that ________.
Gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine.
Lateral moraines form
on sides of valley
Metallic bonds form when valence electrons are free to move from
one atom to another
Minerals that do not transmit light are
opaque
Ionic bonds form when ions with _____ charges attract
opposite
Minerals have a _____ structure (2 things)
orderly crystalline
In crystalline structures atoms are arranged in a _______, ______ manner
organized repetitive manner
Clay is result of weathering from
other silicates
Regions with internal drainage have ephemeral streams that do not flow
out the basin to the ocean
was a supercontinent that existed in the late Paleozoic era of geologic time.
pangaea
Natural levels are high _____ on either side of river
peaks above ground level
Use the geologic cross section to determine the age of rock layer D as precisely as possible.
It is between 39 million years old and 17 million years old.
Figure out the sequence of the lettered events in the image (oldest to youngest)?
CBADEFG
Limestone is most similar to the mineral ________.
Calcite
When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
Calcite
Examine the figure that shows the sequence of strata in three Colorado Plateau national parks. Which unit(s) are shared by Grand Canyon National Park and Zion National Park?
Kaibab and Monekopi
Examine the image. It shows________________________ , a freshwater reptile whose fossils Alfred Wegener cited as evidence of continental drift.
Mesosaurus
________ is the study of minerals.
Mineralogy
Localized zone of saturation above an aquitard
perched water table
When nacl forms __ Loses a valence electron and ___ gains one
NA, CL
Form in board lowlands at the base of mountains
piedmont glaciers
Forms when rainfall is sufficient to cover the basin floor
playa lakes
Chlorine ion was used as what
poisonous gas
Ice sheets found at
poles
Back swamps form because of
poor drainage behind levees
Groundwater moves slowly from
pore to pore
Percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of open pore space
porosity
________ is a measure of the volume of open space in rocks and unconsolidated, geologic materials like alluvium and soils.
porosity
Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?
porphyritic
After na loses a VE is becomes
positive
Whenever electrons are lost a ___ ion forms
positive
Pebbles caught in swirling eddies of water best describe ________.
potholes
Swirling pebbles can cause ______ in channel bottoms
potholes
Calculating % of porosity
pour water into beaker of gravel and amount it takes to reach top of gravel is used to find %
Zone of fracture is low ______ so ice behaves as _______
pressure, brittle solid
African arabian and australian deserts are results of
prevailing winds
A principle by which sedimentary beds originate as continuous layers until they grade into another rock type or thin out is called the
principle of lateral continuity
Electrons move in regions called
principle shells
Which of the following is created when a glacier acts as a dam, blocking the flow of a river or melting glacial water?cirques playas pluvial lakes proglacial lakes
proglacial lakes
Diagnostic properties
properties that tell you what it is
Electrons are 1/2000x smaller than
protons and neutrons
All of the atoms making up any given element have the same number of ________.
protons in the nucleus
Last ice began in what period
quarternary period
Second most common silicate mineral
quartz
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
quartz
The previous cards refer to the
rain shadow effect
What are common in bedrok channels
rapids and waterfalls
The closer an element is to 8 valence electrons the less
reactive it is
between a river and its floodplain you might find
Natural levees
What kind of fault is illustrated in this figure?
Normal fault
The mantle plume in the Pacific Ocean is currently beneath the island
Of Hawaii
Where is the epicenter of an earthquake?
On Earth's surface, directly above the hypocenter
Stream terraces form after river adjusts to ______ then _______s again
relative drop in base level then floods again
________________________occurs when mineral
rich groundwater permeates porous tissue and fills the empty spaces, hardening into a fossil. - Permineralization
Downhill flow of runoff leads to threads of water in tiny channels called
rills
Stalagmites
rise from floor
Glaciers erode
rock
Aquifers
rock or sediment that water moves through easily
When organisms secrete elements they form minerals and minerals become part of
rock record
Magma tends to rise toward Earth's surface principally because
rocks become less dense when they melt
Blacks of bedrock break loose and slide rapidly downslope
rockslide
Ground moraines
rolling layers of till left from terminus retreating
Saltation
rolling of larger particles along the surface
Octet rule
rule of eight valence electrons
Around ephemeral streams __________ are common (x2)
runoff and flash floods
Bed load includes
sand gravel large boulders
Natural groundwater purification
sand or permeable sandstone
What element is the most abundant in Earth's crust by weight?
Oxygen
Arctic ocean covered by
sea ice
Ultimate base level
sea level
Sea ice expands and contracts with
seasons
Ice shelves become thinner when
seaward
Glacers transport
sediment
Natural levels form during floods because
sediment gets distributed across plain instead of in riverbed
Glacial drift
sediment of glacial origin
River system three zones
sediment production, sediment transport, sediment deposition
Which kind of rocks may contain fossils?
sedimentary
most outcrops are
sedimentary
Bars are _____ term features
short
90% of earths crust is
silicate
Silica and oxygen combine to form
silicates
There are more than 800
silicates
Which of the following principles addresses rock fragments being enclosed within another rock layer?
Principal of inclusions
Which the following are the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus?Protons neutrons electrons
Protons
Which of the following is a silicate mineral with a single-chained structure?f eldspar Pyroxene ammonite amphibole
Pyroxene
Deserts and glacial deposits of stratified drift are primary sources of
silt
Imagine you are handed a mineral sample. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture but displays no cleavage. It does not react with hydrochloric acid, is a light pink color, and has a nonmetallic luster. It is harder than a streak plate, and has a specific gravity of 2.65. What mineral is it?
Quartz
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
Quartz
Loess is windblown _______ element
silt
In minerals elements can be substituted with
similar elements
An aggregate of one or more minerals is called a(n) ________.
Rock
Which of the following is another term for submarine volcano?
Seamount
Mauna Loa, a volcano in Hawaii, is an excellent example of a
Shield volcano
Slabs of oceanic lithosphere sink at subduction zones because the subducted slab is denser than the underlying asthenosphere. In this process, called _______, Earth's gravity tugs at the slab, drawing the rest of the plate toward the subduction zone.
Slab pull
___ hang from ceiling in caves
Stalactites
A(n) ________ is defined as a semiarid climate.
Steppe
How is desert different from steppe?
Steppe is more humid than desert.
Composite volcanoes are also known as
Stratovolcanoes
________ is the powdered form of the mineral.
Streak
Feldspar minerals can look very similar to each other, what would you look for to differentiate plagioclase feldspar from potassium feldspar?
Striations on plagioclase feldspar.
What type of structure is shown in the photograph?
Syncline
Continental rifting begins when plate motions produce ____________ forces that pull and stretch the lithosphere.
Tensional
Which one of the following is a metamorphic rock?
slate
Layers can remain intact but
slide over one another
Cross-bedding consists of many preserved ________ resulting from moving sand dunes
slip faces
Angle of repose
slope angle that sediment can settle without moving
Laminar movement part of ______ moving streams
slow moving
Downward sliding moving as a unit along curved surface
slump
Valley or alpine glaciers are relatively
small
Conchoidal fracture
smooth curved surface
Ephemeral streams only carry water during
specific rainfall events
Examples of natural oversteeping
steam undercutting valley, waves undercutting cliff
Dunes farside/ leeward slope is generally
steep
Incised meanders flow in
steep narrow valleys
karst landscapes made of
steep towers of dissolvable rock such as limestone
Desert pavement
stony veneer left behind after deflation removes finer material
Sediment sorted and deposited by glacial meltwater
stratified drift
Color of mineral in powdered form
streak
Alluvium is material deposited by
stream
Groundwater movement usually towards a
stream channel, lake or spring
Channel contributing water to the stream
stream valley
Mass wasting shapes _________
stream valleys
Most common landdform
stream valleys
Gullies converge to form
streams and rivers
Strength vs hardness
stress resistance vs resistance to scratching
A volcanic island arc is the result of
subduction of ocean crust underneath oceanic crust.
Water table is irregular _____ of the surface
subdued replica
Overuse of ground water causes
subsidence and streamflow depletion
Arid and steppe climates concentrated in ______ and ______
subtropics and midlats
Natural levees build by
successive floods on rivers in floodplains
Gypsum is a also a
sulfate
Hydrologic cycle powered by the
sun
5. The principle of _____________________states in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below.
superposition
An unconformity is a buried
surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below
External processes occur at ______ because of _____s energy
surface, suns
Runoff
surplus water flows over surface
Largest component of load
suspended load
Valence electrons are the ones that get
swapped to form bonds
Halite is the same as
table salt
cirques often contain small lakes called
tarns
Mineral resistance to breaking or deforming
tenacity
Silicate minerals tend to cleave between
tetrohedron structures
The steepest angle at which unconsolidated granular material remains stable is ________.
the angle of repose
Lithospheric plates can consist of which of the following components?
The continental crust, lithospheric mantle, and oceanic crust
Rock forming minerals are few found in
those few found in crust
Material deposited directly by ice when it melts
till
Ionic bonds electrons are
transferred
The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of a___________ plate boundary.
transform
Steppe is the ________ surrounding a desert
transition zone
Minerals the transmit some light but not an image are
transluscent
Minerals that transmit light and image are
transparent
Plants consume water during photosynthesis. They also release it to the atmosphere during ________.
transpiration
Water absorbed by plants is released via
transpiration
Plants consume water during photosynthesis. They also release it to the atmosphere during ________.
transpirtation
a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake.
tributary
Earthquakes, vegetation removal, water saturation are _______s of mass wasting
triggers
All varieties of limestone are dominated by the mineral calcite.
true
Glaciers use ___ and _____ system like rivers do
trunk and tributary
Main stream into which tributaries carry water and sediment.
trunk stream
Most streamflow is
turbulant
Feldspar and quartz found in all three
types of rock
Alluvial channels are composed of
unconsolidated sediment
Ice sheets have obscure ______ terrain
underlying
Streak found against
unglazed porcelain
The idea of_________________suggests that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past.
uniformitarianism
Area above water table is
unsaturated zone
Ice caps cover
uplands and high plateus
Zone of fracture
upper 50m of ice
Outer shell contains what kind of electrons
valence electrons
Glacial troughs formed by what kind of glacier
valley alpine
What glaciers occur in valleys of high mountains
valley or alpine
Which glaciers are more pronounced
vally/alpine
Ambiguous properties
variable properties
Minerals chemical composition has some
variation
Dissolved load not affected by
velocity
Competence increases with
velocity/flow
Loess tend to erode in
vertical cliffs
Due to the arrangement of weaker bonds in their crystal lattice, the tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________
Cleavage
How do calderas form?
Collapse of a partially emptied magma chamber
What igneous feature is shown in this photograph?
Columnar jointing
Exfoliation domes are formed from which of the following processes
sheeting
Parícutin is an example of a
Cinder cone
The earthquake belt with the greatest level of activity is the
Circum-Pacific Belt.
________ are erosional features produced by valley (alpine) glaciers.
Cirques
inverted pyramid of dry sediment as a result of high capacity well
Cone of depression
tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano by the greatest amount.
High viscosity and lots of dissolved gas
A concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma is called a ______________________
Hot spot
Which one of the following shows the correct order (from left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity? (Remember that viscosity is resistance to flow, so you should pick the answer that has the most viscous lava type on the left, and the least viscous [most runny] on the right.)
Rhyolite, andesite, basal
________ is the process of sand grains bouncing or rolling along the surface.
Saltation
Discuss the formation of the Himalayan Mountains using the figures above as a guide. Be sure to add features seen in the diagram with your explanation.
The figure shows the formation of the Himalayas. The collision of two continents and the cessation of subduction & elevation of the high plateau region behind the mountains match that location most closely. Before the collision, India's northern margin consisted of a thick sequence of continental shelf sediments, while Asia was part of an active margin with a well-developed margin and volcanic arc. As the oceanic crust is subducted, continental rocks between the two continents are folded, faulted, and eventually uplifted to create the Himalayan Mountains.
Which of the following is an essential characteristic of index fossil?
The organism lived for a very limited period of geologic time.
When new oceanic lithosphere is generated at an oceanic ridge, what happens to the two plates on either side of the ridge?
The plates get larger
Two common types of alluvial channels
braided and meandering
Minerals with ionic bonds tend to be
brittle
Irregular fracture
broken surface
Silicon oxygen tetrahedron
building block of all silicates
If you were on a geology field trip in an area of glacial deposition, how would you distinguish between samples of till and stratified drift?
by comparing their grain size and sorting
Meander definition
seemingly random curving in river
Our greatest source of knowledge about Earth's interior comes from
seismic waves.
The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n)
seismogram
Blowout
shallow depressions caused by deflation
Elastic minerals maintain
shape
Covalent bonds electrons are
shared
Internal processes that occur at or near Earth's surface and are powered by ________.
the sun
Critical settling velocity for particle size
the velocity at which particles of that size can no longer be moved
Streams erode downward until they reach ________.
their base level
Braided channels are ______ and _____
wide and shallow
Two general types of stream valleys
wide flat, narrow v
Mass wasting increases
width
Dunes migrate slowly in _____ direction
windward
Glaciers form when ________ is greater than ________
winter snowfall is greater than summer snowmelt
A worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because
worms have no hard parts
Glacial troughs example
yosemite
The Mississippi Delta is an example of which of the following?
zone of deposition
Zone of accumulation
zone where snow accumulates
