earthquake test study/review guide

A seismograph is a device that record _____ _____ caused by _____ _____ as they move through earth

Ground movement Seismic waves

folded mountainsduring compression: mountains that form when two plates _______ and ________ crust over a wide area

collide and compress

p wave: a type of seismic wave that ______ and ______ the ground forward and back as it travels

compress and expand

the process by which an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns onto liquid mud

liquefaction

the measurement of an earthquake's strength

magnitude

a scale that rates an earthquake based on the amount of shaking produced

modified mercalli scale

a scale that rates an earthquakes based on the total energy released

moment magnitude

describe type of stress know as tension

pulls plates apart, pulls the crust and thins rock in the middle

vibrations that are similar to sound waves and carry the energy released by an earthquake

seismic waves

the record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph

seismogram

A device that records ground movements caused by seismic wave as they move through earth

seismograph

a force that acts on rock to change its shape and volume

stress

what are the three different types of stress

tension, compression, shearing

compression during an anticline: a fold in rock that bends ________ into an _______

upward, arch

folded mountain during tension: mountains that form when ______ drop down on either side of a block of rock

valleys

When enough stress builds up in brittle rock the rock breaks causing a(n) ______ to form

Fault

Landforms causes by pushing in earths crust: a plateau is a large area of _____ land elevated high above sea leavel

Flat

______: the point beneath earths surface where ____ ______________________________________

Focus Rock first breaks under stress and causes an earthquake

What type of land form results in compression

Folded mountains

Which type if seismic wave produces the most sever ground movement

Surface

_______ waves produced the most severe ground movement

Surface

Surface wave: a type of seismic wave that moves along the _____ like ______ ______

Surface like ocean waves

A fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley is called a(n) ________

Syncline

_______-a fold in rock the bends downward to form a valley

Syncline

The moment magnitude scale rates earthquakes by estimating the ____ ____ ____ by an earthquake

Total energy released

A large ocean wave caused by earthquakes on ocean floor

Tsunami

The water displaced by the earthquake's epicenter may form a large wave

Tsunami

Name four ways earthquakes cause damage

Tsunamis, building damage, after shocks, liquefaction, shaking

What determines where and how much the ground shakes

Types of rock and soil

Fault-block mountain caused by tension: they form when ______ drop down on either side of a block of rock

Valleys

What type of movement is produced by S waves

Vibrates the ground from side to side or up and down

Seis waves: _____ that are similar to sound waves and carry the _______ released by an earthquake

Waves vibrations

How can earthquakes cause fire and flooding

What gas pipes and water mains break

How do seismographs work

When an earthquakes seismic waves reach a simple seismograph drum the vibrations are recorded by the seismograph pen producing a seismogram

What two factors do geologists take into account when they determine earthquake risk

Where faults are active and where last earthquakes have accord

What r two factors that geologist take into account when they determine earthquake risk

Where faults are active and where past earthquakes have happend

describe the type of stress known as compression

brings two plates together, squeezes rock until it folds or breaks

What is the difference between a seismogram and a seismograph

A seismogram is a record of an earthquakes seismic waves produced by a seismograph. A seismograph is a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves

An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area

Aftershock

Where is quake risk the highest

Along plateboundaries

Where is the risk of earthquakes the highest in the untied states

Along the pacific coast

________- a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch

Anticline

Plate movement create new features by _______ and ________

Anticlines and synclines

What are upward and downward folds in rock caused by plate movement

Anticlines and synclines

A type of seismic wave that ______ and _______ the ground forward and _______ as it travel

Compress and expand Backward

How can u stay safe in an earthquake

Drop cover and hold

To stay in an earthquake u must _____ _____ and ______

Drop, cover and hold

S wave: a type if seismic wave that moves the ground ____ to ____ and up and down as it travels

Dude to side

________: the _______ and _______ that results from the movement of ______ beneath earths surface

Earthquake, shaking and trembling Rock

Seismic waves carry the ______ released by an earthquake

Energy

______: the point beneath earths surface directly above ____________ ___________________

Epicenter An earthquakes focus

What is the main danger to people during an earthquake

Falling objects and falling glass

*what is the main factor in determining the risk that a location might have an earthquake

How close s given location is to a plate boundary

What type of movement is produced by p waves

It compresses and expands the ground

how is magnitude messed using the Richter scale

It describes an earthquakes strength in terms of the size of its seismic waves

How is magnitude measured using the moment magnitude scale

It describes the earthquakes strength in terms of how much energy the earthquake releases

How can a based-isolated building reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake

It gently moves back and forth

The process by which an earthquakes violent shaking turns loose soft soul into liquid mud is called _______

Liquefaction

How can we make buildings safer for earthquakes

Make them stronger and more flexible, modified older ones to withstand stronger waves

What type is movement is produced by surface waves

Makes the ground roll like ocean waves

What kinds of damage are caused by severe shaking of an earthquake

May result to death, injuries, damage to buildings or other structures, landslides and avalanches

They move along the surface like _____ ____

Ocean waves

In what order do the three types of seismic waves reach a seismograph

P wave is first, S wave is second, surface waves come last and only some of the p and S waves become surface waves

The first earthquake waves to arrive are ______

P waves

Which type of seismic wave moves fastest

P waves

The risk of earthquakes in the United States sis highest along the _______________

Pacific coast

Most faults occur along ______ boundaries

Plate

What type of landform results from tension

Plateau

Normal faults often occur when two plates ________

Pull apart

A p wave is a ____ and _____ wave

Push and a pull

Surface waves are types of seismic waves that form when p waves and S waves _____ the ____ _____

Reach the earths surface

Geologist use __________ to locate an earthquake's epicenter

Seismic waves

What type of data do healthiest use to locate an earthquakes center

Seismic waves

How does energy from an earthquake reach earths surface

Seismic waves carry energy from the earthquakes focus. This energy travels through earths interior and across earths surface

Stress changes earths crust by changing the __________________________

Shape and volume of rock

Which type of stress causes rock to squeeze together until it folds or breaks

Shearing

During an S wave A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or _____ to _____ as it travels

Side to side

An S wave is a ____ to ____ wave and or an ___ and _____

Side to side or an up and down

the Richter rates an earthquakes magnitude based on the ____ of its _____ _____

Size Seismic waves

Magnitude is the measurement of an earthquakes _____ based on _____ _____ and movement along ______

Strength Seismic waves Faults

The movement of earths plates create enormous forces that squeeze or pull the rock in crust. The force are called ________

Stress

Faults form when _________________________________________________________

Stress builds up in brittle rock and then the rock breaks

A fault is created when enough _____ builds up in rock that it _____

Stress, breaks

A surface wave is a ______ the _____ wave

Surf the waves

Which type of stress causes the crust to become thinner in areas

Tension

Name 3 types of stress on earths surface

Tension, shearing, compression

What is an earthquakes magnitude

The measurement of an earthquakes strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults

Define seismograph

The record of an earthquakes seismic waves produced by a seismograph

What is the ring of fire and where is it located

The ring of fire includes the west coast of Central America, the west coast of South America and it is around the pacific plate. It is when a ring forms around the Pacific Ocean

an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake

aftershock

The modified mercalli scale rates the _____ if _____ from an earthquake

amount of shaking

folds during compression: _______ in rock form when compression shortens and thickens earth's crust

breaks

name the type of stress known as shearing

breaks rock and slips apart to change he rocks shape, plates slipping past each other

synclines during compression: a fold in rock that bends _______ to form a _______

down, vshape

the point on earth's surface directly beneath above an earthquake's focus

epicenter

a break in earths crust along which rocks move

fault

the point beneath earth's surface where rock first breaks and causes an earthquake

focus