earthquake test study/review guide
A seismograph is a device that record _____ _____ caused by _____ _____ as they move through earth
Ground movement Seismic waves
folded mountainsduring compression: mountains that form when two plates _______ and ________ crust over a wide area
collide and compress
p wave: a type of seismic wave that ______ and ______ the ground forward and back as it travels
compress and expand
the process by which an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns onto liquid mud
liquefaction
the measurement of an earthquake's strength
magnitude
a scale that rates an earthquake based on the amount of shaking produced
modified mercalli scale
a scale that rates an earthquakes based on the total energy released
moment magnitude
describe type of stress know as tension
pulls plates apart, pulls the crust and thins rock in the middle
vibrations that are similar to sound waves and carry the energy released by an earthquake
seismic waves
the record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph
seismogram
A device that records ground movements caused by seismic wave as they move through earth
seismograph
a force that acts on rock to change its shape and volume
stress
what are the three different types of stress
tension, compression, shearing
compression during an anticline: a fold in rock that bends ________ into an _______
upward, arch
folded mountain during tension: mountains that form when ______ drop down on either side of a block of rock
valleys
When enough stress builds up in brittle rock the rock breaks causing a(n) ______ to form
Fault
Landforms causes by pushing in earths crust: a plateau is a large area of _____ land elevated high above sea leavel
Flat
______: the point beneath earths surface where ____ ______________________________________
Focus Rock first breaks under stress and causes an earthquake
What type of land form results in compression
Folded mountains
Which type if seismic wave produces the most sever ground movement
Surface
_______ waves produced the most severe ground movement
Surface
Surface wave: a type of seismic wave that moves along the _____ like ______ ______
Surface like ocean waves
A fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley is called a(n) ________
Syncline
_______-a fold in rock the bends downward to form a valley
Syncline
The moment magnitude scale rates earthquakes by estimating the ____ ____ ____ by an earthquake
Total energy released
A large ocean wave caused by earthquakes on ocean floor
Tsunami
The water displaced by the earthquake's epicenter may form a large wave
Tsunami
Name four ways earthquakes cause damage
Tsunamis, building damage, after shocks, liquefaction, shaking
What determines where and how much the ground shakes
Types of rock and soil
Fault-block mountain caused by tension: they form when ______ drop down on either side of a block of rock
Valleys
What type of movement is produced by S waves
Vibrates the ground from side to side or up and down
Seis waves: _____ that are similar to sound waves and carry the _______ released by an earthquake
Waves vibrations
How can earthquakes cause fire and flooding
What gas pipes and water mains break
How do seismographs work
When an earthquakes seismic waves reach a simple seismograph drum the vibrations are recorded by the seismograph pen producing a seismogram
What two factors do geologists take into account when they determine earthquake risk
Where faults are active and where last earthquakes have accord
What r two factors that geologist take into account when they determine earthquake risk
Where faults are active and where past earthquakes have happend
describe the type of stress known as compression
brings two plates together, squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
What is the difference between a seismogram and a seismograph
A seismogram is a record of an earthquakes seismic waves produced by a seismograph. A seismograph is a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves
An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area
Aftershock
Where is quake risk the highest
Along plateboundaries
Where is the risk of earthquakes the highest in the untied states
Along the pacific coast
________- a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch
Anticline
Plate movement create new features by _______ and ________
Anticlines and synclines
What are upward and downward folds in rock caused by plate movement
Anticlines and synclines
A type of seismic wave that ______ and _______ the ground forward and _______ as it travel
Compress and expand Backward
How can u stay safe in an earthquake
Drop cover and hold
To stay in an earthquake u must _____ _____ and ______
Drop, cover and hold
S wave: a type if seismic wave that moves the ground ____ to ____ and up and down as it travels
Dude to side
________: the _______ and _______ that results from the movement of ______ beneath earths surface
Earthquake, shaking and trembling Rock
Seismic waves carry the ______ released by an earthquake
Energy
______: the point beneath earths surface directly above ____________ ___________________
Epicenter An earthquakes focus
What is the main danger to people during an earthquake
Falling objects and falling glass
*what is the main factor in determining the risk that a location might have an earthquake
How close s given location is to a plate boundary
What type of movement is produced by p waves
It compresses and expands the ground
how is magnitude messed using the Richter scale
It describes an earthquakes strength in terms of the size of its seismic waves
How is magnitude measured using the moment magnitude scale
It describes the earthquakes strength in terms of how much energy the earthquake releases
How can a based-isolated building reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake
It gently moves back and forth
The process by which an earthquakes violent shaking turns loose soft soul into liquid mud is called _______
Liquefaction
How can we make buildings safer for earthquakes
Make them stronger and more flexible, modified older ones to withstand stronger waves
What type is movement is produced by surface waves
Makes the ground roll like ocean waves
What kinds of damage are caused by severe shaking of an earthquake
May result to death, injuries, damage to buildings or other structures, landslides and avalanches
They move along the surface like _____ ____
Ocean waves
In what order do the three types of seismic waves reach a seismograph
P wave is first, S wave is second, surface waves come last and only some of the p and S waves become surface waves
The first earthquake waves to arrive are ______
P waves
Which type of seismic wave moves fastest
P waves
The risk of earthquakes in the United States sis highest along the _______________
Pacific coast
Most faults occur along ______ boundaries
Plate
What type of landform results from tension
Plateau
Normal faults often occur when two plates ________
Pull apart
A p wave is a ____ and _____ wave
Push and a pull
Surface waves are types of seismic waves that form when p waves and S waves _____ the ____ _____
Reach the earths surface
Geologist use __________ to locate an earthquake's epicenter
Seismic waves
What type of data do healthiest use to locate an earthquakes center
Seismic waves
How does energy from an earthquake reach earths surface
Seismic waves carry energy from the earthquakes focus. This energy travels through earths interior and across earths surface
Stress changes earths crust by changing the __________________________
Shape and volume of rock
Which type of stress causes rock to squeeze together until it folds or breaks
Shearing
During an S wave A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or _____ to _____ as it travels
Side to side
An S wave is a ____ to ____ wave and or an ___ and _____
Side to side or an up and down
the Richter rates an earthquakes magnitude based on the ____ of its _____ _____
Size Seismic waves
Magnitude is the measurement of an earthquakes _____ based on _____ _____ and movement along ______
Strength Seismic waves Faults
The movement of earths plates create enormous forces that squeeze or pull the rock in crust. The force are called ________
Stress
Faults form when _________________________________________________________
Stress builds up in brittle rock and then the rock breaks
A fault is created when enough _____ builds up in rock that it _____
Stress, breaks
A surface wave is a ______ the _____ wave
Surf the waves
Which type of stress causes the crust to become thinner in areas
Tension
Name 3 types of stress on earths surface
Tension, shearing, compression
What is an earthquakes magnitude
The measurement of an earthquakes strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults
Define seismograph
The record of an earthquakes seismic waves produced by a seismograph
What is the ring of fire and where is it located
The ring of fire includes the west coast of Central America, the west coast of South America and it is around the pacific plate. It is when a ring forms around the Pacific Ocean
an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake
aftershock
The modified mercalli scale rates the _____ if _____ from an earthquake
amount of shaking
folds during compression: _______ in rock form when compression shortens and thickens earth's crust
breaks
name the type of stress known as shearing
breaks rock and slips apart to change he rocks shape, plates slipping past each other
synclines during compression: a fold in rock that bends _______ to form a _______
down, vshape
the point on earth's surface directly beneath above an earthquake's focus
epicenter
a break in earths crust along which rocks move
fault
the point beneath earth's surface where rock first breaks and causes an earthquake
focus