EBP

Descriptive research

A category of research that is concerned with providing accurate descriptions of phenomena

Research topic

A clinical problem of interest

Ordinal

A continuum of numeric values where the intervals are not meant ot be eaul

Interval

A continuum of numeric values with equal intervals that lack an absolute zero

Case studies

A description of a single or novel event; a unique methodology used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection

Cast study

A description of a single or novel event; a unique methodology used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection

Problem statement

A formal statement describing the problem addressed in the study

Simple vs complex hypotheses

A hypothesis describing the relationship between two variables Ex - Increased amounts of self esteem increase adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescents with type 1 diabetes A hypothesis describing the relationships among three or more variables Ex - Increased amounts of self esteem increase adherence to a diabetic diet and insulin administration in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Null vs Research hypotheses

A hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the variables; also called the statistical hypothesis Ex - There is no relationship between the amount of self esteem and adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescent with type 1 diabetes A hypothesis indicating that a relationship between two or more variables exists Ex - Increased amounts of self esteem increase adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Indexes

A listing of electronic or print resources

Interviews

A method for collecting data in person or over the telephone

Storytelling

A method of data collection associated with qualitative methods when researchers and participants tell their stories about the phenomenon of interest

Scientific literatures puyblication cycle

A model describing how research becomes disseminated in publications

Model of EBP levels of collaboration

A model explaining how five levels are intertwined to contribute to EBP

PICOT model

A model in EBP used to formulate EBP questions; the acronym stands for patient population, intervention of interest, comparison of interest, outcome of interest, and time frame used to formulate EBP

Cycle of scientific development

A model of the scientific process

Evidence hierarchy

A model showing how evidence can be categorized from strong to weak

Translational research model

A model that provides specific strategies organizations can use to improve adoption of an evidence-based innovation

One group time series design

A quasi experimental design where one group is measured prior to administering the intervention and then multiple times after the intervention

nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

A quasi experimental design where two groups are measured before and after an intervention

Belmont report

A report outlining three major principles (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice) foundational for the conduct of ethical research with human subjects

Magazine

A resource targeted to the general reading audience

Periodical

A resource that is published on a set schedule

Systematic review

A rigorous and systematic synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem

Journal

A scholarly or professional resource

Integrative review

A scholarly paper that synthesizes published studies to answer question about phenomena of interest

Precision

A search strategy that narrows the parameters of the search

Truncation

A search strategy that uses a symbol at the end of a group of letters that form the root search term

Theroy

A set of concepts linked through propositions to explain a phenomenon

theory

A set of concepts linked through propositions to explain a phenomenon

Pilot study

A small study to test a new intervention with a small number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis

Vulnerable population

A special group of people needing protection because of members' liited ability to provide informed consent or becaue of their risk for coercion

Proposition

A statement about the relationship between two more more concpets

Purpose statement

A statement indicating the aim of the study

Power analysis

A statistical method to determine the acceptable sample size that will be best detect the true effect of the independent vairable

Focus groups

A strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions

Recall

A strategy used to search for the number of records retrieved with a keyword; the broad "catch" of retrieved records

Levels of measurements

A system of classifying measurements according to a hierarchy of measurement and the type of statistical tests that is appropriate; levels are nominal, original, interval, and ratio

Observation

A technique to gather data

Factor analysis

A test for construct validity that is a statistical approach to identify items that group together

Alternate form

A test for instrument reliability in which two different versions of new instruments are given. Scores are correlated, and strong positive correlations indicate good reliability; also known as parallel form

Interrater reliability

A test for instrument reliability in which two observes measure the same event. Scores are correlated, and strong positive correlations indicate good reliability

Content validity testing

A test in which experts on the topic are asked to judge each item on an instrument by assigning a rating to determine its fit with the concept being measured

Interaction of treatment and setting

A threat to external validity when an intervention conducted in one setting cannot be generalized to a different setting

Construct validity

A threat to external validity when the instrument does not accurately measure the theoretical concepts

Interaction of treatment with selection of subjects

A threat to external validity where the independent variable might not affect individuals the same way

Testing

A threat to internal validity when a pretest influences the way subjects respond on a post test

Muturation

A threat to internal validity when subjects change by growing or maturing

Selection bias

A threat to internal validity when the change in the dependent variable is a result of the characteristics of the subjects before they entered a study

History

A threat to internal validity when the dependent variable is influenced by an event that occurred during the study

Instrumentation

A threat to internal validity when there is a loss of subjects before study is completed; attrition rate

Mortality

A threat to internal validity when there is a loss of subjects before the study is completed; attrition rate

Construct

A word or phrase use to communicate a specific key idea to others

Keyword

A work used to search electronic databases; a significant word from a title or document used as a n index to content

MODULE 7 QUIZ A population from which a researcher can sample is the: A. Accessible population B. Sample C. Population D. Sampling plan

A. Accessible population

Which of the following are physiological measures? (Select all that apply) A. BP B. Grades on an exam C. Digoxin levels D. Mini mental state examination

A. BP C. Digoxin levels

Which of the following can be used to identify researchable problems? (select all that apply) A. Current nursing theories B. Personal clinical experiences C. Philosophical questions D. National initiatives

A. Current nursing theories B. Personal clinical experiences D. National initiatives

What is the degree to which the results of studies can be generalized to other individuals setting or time called? A. External validity B. Construct validity C. Internal validity D. statistical conclusion validity

A. External validity

Which of the following are ways to engage others in transitioning evidence to practice? (Select all that apply) A. Journal club B. Collaborating with an APN C. Developing care maps D. Maintaining status quo

A. Journal club B. Collaborating with an APN C. Developing care maps

To promote EBP, which of the following strategies must be addressed? (Select all that apply). A. Lack of commitment to EBP B. Lack of computer skills C. Lack of time D. Lack of value placed on research in practice

A. Lack of commitment to EBP B. Lack of computer skills C. Lack of time D. Lack of value placed on research in practice

Learning to perform a quality literature review is essential for which of the following reasons? (select all that apply) A. Lays the foundation for writing quality undergraduate academic papers B. Identifies gaps in current research C. Provides the basis for making best practice decisions D. Develops skills necessary for lifelong learning

A. Lays the foundation for writing quality undergraduate academic papers B. Identifies gaps in current research C. Provides the basis for making best practice decisions D. Develops skills necessary for lifelong learning

Which ethical issues are associated with the development of research questions? (Select all that apply) A. Limited resources B. Respecting human rights C. Interests of the researcher D. Patient preferences

A. Limited resources B. Respecting human rights C. Interests of the researcher D. Patient preferences

Match the terms A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio 1 - Input and output measurement 2 - Temperature in degrees Celsius 3 - Interval - Type of cancer 4 - Ratio - Strength of contractions (mild, moderate, strong)

A. Nominal - 3 - Interval - Type of cancer B. Ordinal - 4 - Ratio - Strength of contractions (mild, moderate, strong) C. Interval - 2 - Temperature in degrees Celsius D. Ratio - 1 - Input and output measurement

Which of the following journals are considered scholarly journals? (Select all that apply) A. Nursing research B. RN magazine C. American journal of nursing D. Journal of nursing scholarship

A. Nursing research D. Journal of nursing scholarship

MODULE 7 QUIZ Strength of contractions (mild, moderate, strong) is an example of which level of measurement? A. Ordinal B. Nominal C. Ratio D. Interval

A. Ordinal

QUIZ MODULE 6 Experimental design studies include three essential components. Which of the following is NOT one of those essential components? A. Pretest B. Random assignment C. Manipulation D. Control

A. Pretest The three essential components of an experimental design are random assignment, control, and manipulation. A pretest can be used in an experimental design study, but can also be used in quasi-experimental and non-experimental studies.

QUIZ MODULE 4 At the completion of a research study, a researcher submitted an article that was published in a journal in order to disseminate the findings to others. This is an example of a: A. Primary source B. Secondary source C. Narrative review D. Periodical

A. Primary source

Which of the following statements is true regarding the collection of qualitative data? A. Questionnaire are an economical way to collect anonymous data B. Research can probe for more data when using questionnaires than when using interviews C. Focus groups can be led by anyone interested in the subject D. Researchers should never interact with individuals they are observing

A. Questionnaire are an economical way to collect anonymous data

When designing a study, which of the following should the researcher consider? (Select all that apply) A. Research question B. Review of the literature C. Theoretical framework D. Study purpose

A. Research question B. Review of the literature C. Theoretical framework D. Study purpose

Which of the following sampling methods involves randomization (Select all that apply) A. Systematic sampling B. Snowball sampling C. Simple random sampling D. Purposive sampling

A. Systematic sampling C. Simple random sampling D. Purposive sampling

Which of the following are advantages that questionnaires have over interviews? (Select all that apply) A. Take less time to administer B. Provide for anonymity C. Allow for more in depth responses D. Minimize socially desirable responses

A. Take less time to administer B. Provide for anonymity D. Minimize socially desirable responses

Factors to consider when planning data collection include which of the following? (Select all that apply) A. Time frame B. Budget C. Training of personnel D. Availability of prepinted questionnaires

A. Time frame B. Budget C. Training of personnel D. Availability of prepinted questionnaires

QUIZ MODULE 3 You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms. Jones' legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, "This is what we have always done, so go do it." This is an example of which type of evidence? A. Tradition B. Borrowed evidence C. Trial and Error D. Intuition

A. Tradition

What is the researcher's ability to manipulate or regulate extraneous variables known as? A. control B. manipulation C. Bias D. Probability

A. control

QUIZ MODULE 4 Which type of review article allows for statistical comparisons among included studies? A.Meta-analysis B. Narrative C. Systematic D. Integrative

A.Meta-analysis

Study validity

Ability to accept results as logical reasonable and justifiable based on the evidence presented

Target population

All elements that meet the study inclusion criteria

Effect size

An estimate of how large a difference will be observed between the groups

Correlation coefficient

An estimate, ranging, from 0.00 to +1.00, that indicates the reliability of an instrument; a statistic used to describe the relationship between two variables

Nazi experiments

An example of unethical research using human subjects during World War II

Solomon four group design

An experimental design with four groups- some receive the intervention, others serve as controls; some are measured before and after, others are measured only after the intervention

Declaration of helsinki

An international standard providing physician guidelines for conducting biomedical research

Research question

An interrogatory statement describing the variables and population of the research study

Tuskeegee study

An unethical study about syphilis in which subjects were denied treatment so that the effects of the disease could be studied

Willowbrook studies

An unethical study involving coercion of parents to allow their children to participate in the study in exchange for admission to a long-term care facility

QUIZ MODULE 4 Which of the following is considered plagiarism? A. Compiling information from several sources, summarizing the information, and citing it. B. Changing a few words of a paragraph someone else wrote C. Using quotation marks and a citation when content is written exactly as the author wrote it D. Paraphrasing information from a source and citing the source

B. Changing a few words of a paragraph someone else wrote

Experimental designs have control groups. Quasi experimental designs have which of the following? A. Control groups B. Comparison groups C. Extraneous groups D. Peer groups

B. Comparison groups

A researcher plans to observe children in a kindergarten class. Students have always been told to be on their best behavior when guests are present in the classroom. What is the greatest threat to external validity? A. construct validity B. Hawthorne effect C. Selection D. Interaction of treatment setting

B. Hawthorne effect

What is a review that synthesizes only published articles to answer questions about phenomena of interest? A. Narrative review B. Integrative review C. Meta analysis D. Systematic review

B. Integrative review

When a researcher assigns subjects to groups by tossing a coin, the researcher is using which technique? A. Random selection B. Random assignment C. Bias D. Within groups designs

B. Random assignment

MODULE 7 QUIZ Urine output and oral intake are examples of which level of measurement? A. Interval B. Ratio C. Ordinal D. Nominal

B. Ratio

MODULE 7 QUIZ A researcher wants to study the effect of daily newspaper reading on older adults' abilities to recall a short-term task list. 20 older adults from a list of all residents at a local nursing home are randomly selected. The sampling method used is: A. Quota sampling B. Simple random sampling C. Purposive sampling D. Convenience sampling

B. Simple random sampling All residents of the nursing home had the same opportunity to be selected for the study thus the sample is random.

Which of the following should nurses consider when appraising qualitative data collection methods? (Select all that apply) A. The cost of the study B. The setting of the study C. The ages of the data collectors D. The role of the researcher

B. The setting of the study D. The role of the researcher

QUIZ MODULE 6 Which of the following refers to the loss of a study participant before the study is completed? A. history B. mortality C. maturation D. selection bias

B. mortality

QUIZ MODULE 3 In PubMed database, Clinical Queries is a special filter that restricts to only include A. opinion articles B. research studies C. clinical reports D. narrative reviews

B. research studies

QUIZ MODULE 6 If a study participant withdraws from a study, they must continue to receive: A. Information on the research study B. the standard of care C. a placebo D. any benefits from the research study

B. the standard of care No study participant can receive less than the standard of care even if they withdraw from the study.

Record

Basic building block in an electronic or print database

Elements

Basic unit of the population such as individuals, events, experiences, or behaviors

Match the following: 1 - Boolean operator 2 - Wildcard 3 - Stopwords 4 - Qualification 5 - Positional operator A. ? B. Near, same, and adj C. Or, and, and not D. au, ti, or su E. for, this, and to

Boolean operator - C. Or, and, and not Wildcard - A. ? Stopwords - . for, this, and to Qualification - D. au, ti, or su Positional operator - B. near, same, and adj

A researcher is conducting a study to determine whether a radio advertisement about the importance of early detection for colorectal cancer increase the attendance of middle-aged men at a free screening. Which type of research is this an example of? Select all that apply A. Basic research B. Community-based participatory research C. Health services research D. Translational research

C. Health services research D. Translational research

During a study examining nurses' job satisfaction, the union decides to hold a strike. This is which type of threat to internal validity? A. Selection bias B. Mortality C. History D. Testing

C. History

Put the following points of the scientific literature publication cycle in order A. Finding cited in textbook B. Paper accepted for publication in scholarly journal C. Idea for research identified D. Article cited in indexes in data bases E. Findings included in magazine article

C. Idea for research identified B. Paper accepted for publication in scholarly journal D. Article cited in indexes in data bases E. Findings included in magazine article A. Finding cited in textbook

Quasi-experimental designs include which of the following essential components? A. Randomization, control group, and manipulation of the IV B. Randomization and control group C. Manipulation of the IV D. Randomization and manipulation of the IV

C. Manipulation of the IV

Rank the evidence generated from the following designs from lowest to highest A. Experimental designs B. Nonequivalent control group pretest- post test C. One group posttest only D. Nonequivalent groups posttest only

C. One group posttest only D. Nonequivalent groups posttest only B. Nonequivalent control group pretest- post test A. Experimental designs

Which of the following is not a component of the definition of EBP? A. Clinical expertise B. Nursing research C. Organizational culture D. Pt preference

C. Organizational culture

QUIZ MODULE 3 Which of the following statements are true about primary sources? A. Include textbooks, biographies, and provide historical perspectives. B. Refereed judging of manuscript for publication C. Original information reported by the person responsible for creating it. D. Commentaries and interpretations written by experts not involved in the original work

C. Original information reported by the person responsible for creating it.

In an article, a nurse reads the following statement: This study aims to examine the effect of guided imagery on postoperative pain in adults. This statement is an example of a: A. problem statement B. Research question C. Purpose statement D. Hypothesis

C. Purpose statement

MODULE 7 QUIZ The hallmark of a sample is: A. A sampling plan B. An accessible population C. Representativeness D. A sampling frame

C. Representativeness Representativeness is the degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population. Representativeness is needed to allow for generalization of study findings.

Which of the following are primary sources (Select all that apply) A. Biography B. Systematic review C. Research article D. Dissertation

C. Research article D. Dissertation

Indicate which of the following best describes the hypothesis There is no relationship between seatbelt use and head injury in auto accidents. A. Associative B. Casual C. Simple D. Complex E. Directional F. Nondirectional G. Null H. Research I. Research question

C. Simple G. Null

A researcher desires to study the effect of a memory game on older adults' abilities to recall a short - term task list. The researcher randomly selects 20 elders from a list of residents at a local nursing home. The sampling method used is A. Convenience sampling B. Quota sampling C. Simple random sampling D. Purposive sampling

C. Simple random sampling

QUIZ MODULE 4 Which of the following indicates proper paraphrasing? A. Putting quotation marks around the text and citing it B.Changing a few words to make it your own and citing it C. Summarizing the text in your own words and citing it D. Using only the idea without citing it

C. Summarizing the text in your own words and citing it

QUIZ MODULE 6 Quasi-experimental design studies lack one of the essential elements of experimental design studies. Which of the following must quasi-experimental studies include? A. description B. model-testing C. manipulation of the independent variable D. correlation

C. manipulation of the independent variable Quasi-experimental studies lack either random assignment or control, but must include manipulation of the independent variable.

Exclusion criteria

Characteristics of elements that will not be included in the sample

Inclusion criteria

Characteristics that each element must possess to be included in the sample

Hypothesis testing

Collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the give senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; also called empirical testing; a test for construct validity

Secondary sources

Commentaries, summaries, reviews, or interpretations of primary sources often written by those not involved in the original work - Textbooks, systematic reviews, biographies and general magazines

CINAHL

Cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature; database for nursing and health related literature

Which of the following is not a purpose of non experimental designs? A. Describe phenomenon B. Explain relationships C. Predict relationships D. Examine causality

D. Examine causality

QUIZ MODULE 3 In conducting a keyword search of a literature database, including the Boolean operator "AND" to connect two words has what effect on the search results? A. Defines the search by one or the other word B. Confuses the search so you may not get all articles related to your topic C. Expands the search to include all articles containing either word D. Narrows the search to include only articles that contain both words

D. Narrows the search to include only articles that contain both words

QUIZ MODULE 4 Which type of review article provides a summary and implications of a body of research based on a specific clinical question, use of the best available evidence, specified methods, and a comprehensive search for relevant primary studies? A. Meta-analysis B. You Answered Integrative review C. Narrative review D. Systematic review

D. Systematic review got this wrong

QUIZ MODULE 3 Which of the following summarize the results and implications of large quantities of research and include articles addressing the same clinical problem? A. Meta-analyses B. Peer reviews C. Integrative reviews D. Systematic reviews

D. Systematic reviews

Hypothesis: scores on the beck depression inventory will be lower in women who take yoga classes than in women who do not. What is the independent variable? A. Score on beck depression inventory B. Yoga ability C. Women D. Type of participation in yoga

D. Type of participation in yoga

QUIZ MODULE 6 Experimental design studies are used for the purpose of: A. describing phenomenon B. explaining relationships C. predicting relationships D. examining causality

D. examining causality Experimental design studies examine causality. All the other options describe the purpose of nonexperimental designs.

Physiological measuremes

Data obtained from biological, chemical, and microbiological phenomena

Conceptual definitions

Definitions of concepts contained in a theory that sounds like dictionary definitions - this is what a chocolate chip cookie is

Operational defnitions

Definitions that explicitly state how the variable will be measured or operationalized; empirical definitions - recepie of how to make a cookie

Criterion - related validity

Degree to which the observed score and the true score are related

Attrition rate

Drop out Rate; loss of subjects before the study is completed; threat of mortality

Put Kotter's eight phases of changes in order A. Develop a clear vision B. Anchor the change C. Create a coalition D. Empower people to clear obstacles E. Establish a sense of urgency F. Consolidate and keep moving G. Secure short - term wins H. Share the vision

E. Establish a sense of urgency C. Create a coalition A. Develop a clear vision H. Share the vision D. Empower people to clear obstacles G. Secure short - term wins F. Consolidate and keep moving B. Anchor the change

conduct and utilization of research in nursing (CURN)

Early study conducted about how nurses transition research finding into practice

Ethical or unethical? After discovering that subjects are experiencing adverse reactions to an intervention, researchers agree to discontinue the study

Ehtical

Sampling error

Error resulting when elements in the sample do not adequately represent the population

cross over design

Experimental designs that use two or more treatments: subjects receive treatments in random order

Mediators

Extraneous variables that come between the independent and dependent variables

Confounding or extraneous variables

Factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variable; Z variable Predicts the outcome variable, but is also associated with the independent variable

IRB approval must be obtained for studies involving animals, foods, or drugs

False

True/ False A group with elements having similar attributes would be considered heterogeneous

False

True/ False A study involving three groups needs a minimum of 20 subjects

False

True/ False All experiments must invlude a minimum of three groups of subjects

False

True/ False All libraries use the same system for organizing their collections

False

True/ False All useful resources on the web are free and accessible to all

False

True/ False An instrument with a reported cronbach's alpha of .65 has good reliability

False

True/ False Any study that involves collecting data at multiple points in time is a longitudinal study

False

True/ False Attrition has little effect on the generalizability of study findings

False

True/ False Concepts of the metaparadigm of nursing include nursing, health, disease, social interaction, and persons

False

True/ False Face validity is the strongest method to establish validity

False

True/ False Grand nursing theories were first introduced in the 1980s

False

True/ False In a factorial design, only one group of subjects is required because they act as their own control

False

True/ False In nonexperimental designs, researchers manipulate the IV to determine cause and effect relationships

False

True/ False In retrospective designs, also known as ex post facto designs, the researcher manipulates the IV

False

True/ False In the discipline of nursing, it is easy to follow how knowledge has developed because theorists have carefully provided citations for their ideas

False

True/ False Researchers should design studies that are easy for subjects to participate in regardless of how much control over extraneous variables is achieved

False

True/ False Researchers use correlations to determine if there are differences between two groups

False

True/ False The belmont report identified four ethical principles; respect for persons, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice

False

True/ False The purpose of research is to prove something is true

False

True/ False The purposes of nonexperimental designs are to describe, explain, and predict relationships

False

True/ False The threat of mortality is greater in cross-sectional designs than in longitudinal designs

False

True/ False Validity is concerned with an instrument obtaining accurate and repeatable measures

False

True/ False When collecting data via the internet, the rights of human subjects can be ignored because the Web is a public domain

False

True/ False When reading a quantitative research article, you would expect to see words being analyzed as data.

False

True/ False All sources retrieved from the internet are applicable to EBP

False

True/ False Theory, research, and practice should be developed in isolation

False

True/ False: There are not differences between research questions and EBP questions

False

Metaparadigm

Four broad concepts core to nursing: person environment, health, and nursing

Human rights

Freedoms to which all humans are entitled

Indicate which of the following best describes the hypothesis Does consuming one glass of red wine daily reduce the incidence of heart disease in middle-age men? A. Associative B. Casual C. Simple D. Complex E. Directional F. Nondirectional G. Null H. Research I. Research question

I. Research question

Stop Words

In database searching, "stop words" are small and frequently occurring words like and, or, in, of that are often ignored when keyed as search terms. Sometimes putting them in quotes " " will allow you to search them.

Data saturation

In qualitative research, the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard

Early adopters

Individuals who are the first to embrace an innovations

Subjects

Individuals who participate in studies, typically studies using a quantitative design

Continuous data

Interval or ratio level data that use a continuum of numeric valued with equal intervals

Anonymity

Keeping the names of subjects separate from data so that no one, not even the researcher knows the subject's identity

Probability

Likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation

Methods section

Major portion of a research article that describes the study design, sample, and data collection

Emperical indicators

Measures of the variables being studied

Model of diffusion of innovations

Model to assist in understanding how new ideas come to be accepted practice

Dichotomous

Nominal measurement when only two possible fixed responses exist such as yes or no

Concenience sampling

Nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected because they are easy to access

Quota sampling

Nonprobability sampling method involving selection of elements from an accessible population that has been divided int o groups or strata

Theroetical sampling

Nonprobability sampling method used in grounded theory to collect data from an initial group of participants

Primary sources

Original information presented by the person or people responsible for creating it - paintings, speeches, diary entries, autobiographies, interviews

Dependent variable

Outcome or variable that is influenced by the independent variable; Y variable

Nursing quality indicators

Outcomes of nursing care, identified by the ANA, that address pt safety and quality of care

What does PICOT stand for?

P: Population of interest/ pt condition of interest I: Intervention of interest C: Comparison of interest O: Outcome of interest T: Time

Assent

Permission given by children to participate in research

Model

Pictorial representation of concepts and their interrelationships

Sampling plan

Plan to determine how the sample will selected and recruited

individual nurse level

Practice changes that can be implemented by an individual nurse

Questionnaires

Printed instruments used to gather numerical data

A _____________ at the abstract level is comparable to a hypothesis a the operational level

Proposition

Simple random sampling

Randomly selecting elements from the accessible population

Snowball sampling (network sampling)

Recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

Replication

Repeated studies to obtain similar results

Replication studies

Repeated studies to obtain similar results

Nonexperimental designs

Research designs that lack manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment

Translational research

Research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care

Quantitative resarch

Research that uses numbers to obtain precise measurements

Systematic random samplilng

Sampling method in which every kth element is selected from a numbered list of all elements in the accessible population; the starting point on the list is randomly selected

Nonprobability sampling

Sampling methods that do not require random selection of elements

subject searching

Searching databases using controlled vocabulary

^ threats to internal validity

Selection bias - did you pick the right group to participate - if you pick 4th and 2nd semesters in a study about _____ 4th semester will be more knowledgeable and it is not random History - any kind of event that influences the dependent variable Maturation - maturation - peds - was maturity the cause of the change in dependent variable Testing - pretest, intervention, post test - often the pretest if its the same as the post test, it will change how you take the post test Instrumentation - Doing a study about BP, the impact of teaching on BP is tested - if you didn't test every BP cuff and machine to make sure they work it can change the results Mortality - someone drops out of study or dies

Innovation

Something new or novel

Nondirecitonal vs directional hypotheses

Statement of the relationship between two variables that does not predict the direction of the relationship Ex - There is an association between the amount of self esteem and adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescents with type 1 diabetes Statement describing the direction of a relationship between two or more variables Ex - Increased amounts of self esteem increase adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Two group pretest post test design

Subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and are measured before and after the intervention; classic or true experiment

Hawthornes effect

Subjects' behaviors may be affected by personal values or desires to please the experimenter; reactivity

Wildcards

Symbols substituted for one or more letters in a search term ex - women/ woman / wom?n

Research

Systematic study that leads to new knowledge and or solutions to problems or questions

Random sampling

Technique for selecting element whereby each has the same chance of being selected

Exploding

Techniques for searching subject headings that identifies all records indexed to that term

Quantitative research typically ______________ theory, whereas qualitative research typically ______________ theory

Tests, builds

Significance lebel

The alpha level established before the beginning of a study

Content validity

The degree that an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

Heterogeneous

The degree to which elements are diverse or not alike

Homogeneity

The degree to which elements are similar or homogenous

External validity

The degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times

Measurement error

The difference between the true score and the observed score

Abstract

The first section of a research article that provides an overview of the study

Accesible population

The group of elements to which the researcher has reasonable access

Ratio

The highest level of measurement that involves numeric values that begin with an absolute aero and have equal intervals; in epidemiology a mathematical relationship between two numbers

REactivity

The influence of the participating in a study on the responses of subjects: hawthorne effect

Nominal

The lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groups; categorical data

Justice

The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity.

Confidentiality

The projection of subjects; identities from everyone except the researcher

Casuality

The relationship between a cause and its effect

Theoretical framework

The structure of a study that links the theory concepts to the study variables; a section of a research article that describes the theory used

Plagiarism

The use of another's work without giving proper credit

Deductive reasoning

Thinking that moves from the general to the particular

Inductive reasoning

Thinking that moves from the particular to the general

True/ False A qualitative study of adults that only involves tape recording interviews would likely receive an expedited review

True

True/ False Access to computers and technical resources is critical to link research to EBP

True

True/ False As the cycle of science continues, more middle range and practice theories will emerge that will be useful in clinical settings

True

True/ False Characteristics of the accessible population should be considered when creating recruitment materials

True

True/ False Cohort comparison studies can save time because more than one group of subjects is studies

True

True/ False Content validity is established by having a panel of experts review the instruments

True

True/ False Data collection instruments should have codes rather than subject names to ensure anonymity

True

True/ False Descriptive data are usually cross-sectional and can be collected through surveys and questionnaires

True

True/ False Each historical era contributed to the development of nursing science

True

True/ False Equivalence, internal consistency, and stability are tested to ensure instrument reliability

True

True/ False Giving credit to those who provide the basis for ideas is ethical practice

True

True/ False In the 1980s DRGs were a driving force because they focused nursing research on cost effectiveness.

True

True/ False Informed consent is the hallmark of the declaration of helsinki

True

True/ False It is possible for a descriptive, qualitative study to be applied to practice.

True

True/ False Knowing key terms used in an index can facilitate effective searches

True

True/ False Librarians are searching and system eperts

True

True/ False Non Experimental designs can be used to develop and test theories

True

True/ False Nurses are encouraged to collaborate with research and theorists to expand nursing knowledge

True

True/ False Nurses should not speculate about the treatments subjects receive in a blinded RCT

True

True/ False Nursing research popular in the 1950s involved the study of nursing students.

True

True/ False Nursing's body of knowledge is dependent on the quality of research findings that re disseminated

True

True/ False Pts who are not in the intervention group must receive the usual standard of care

True

True/ False Tables of contents and indexes can be useful to narrow searches for evidence

True

True/ False Technological advances created a knowledge explosion that has vastly influenced nursing research

True

True/ False The best way to determine sample size fora quantitative study is though power analysis

True

True/ False The solomon four group design is more effective at controlling for the threat of testing than is the two group pretest post test design

True

True/ False When there is a conflict, the therapeutic imperative takes precedence over the research imperative

True

True/ False The standard of care of alternate interventions can be used as comparisons of interest in the PICOT model

True

True/ False: The PICOT model is useful when considering EBP questions

True

Ethical or unethical? A research assistant carefully explains in english, without using an interpreter, the benefits and risks for being in a study to a woman who speaks only spanish

Unethical

Ethical or unethical? A researcher tells a subject that he will not receive as high-quality care if he withdraws from the study

Unethical

Jewish chronic disease hospital study

Unethical study involving injection of cancer cells into subjects without their consent

Call number

Unique identification number assigned to items in a library by subject and author name

Citation chasing

Using a reference list to identify sources of evidence

A concept at the abstract level is comparable to a ________________ at the operational level

Variable

independent variable

Variable that influences the dependent variable or outcome; intervention or treatment that is manipulated by the researchers; X variable

Peer review

When experts and editors rigorously evaluate a manuscript submitted for publication - subject significance, methods, and conclusions are judged by peer reviews

Bias

When extraneous variables influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Type 2 error

When researches inaccurately conclude that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables when and actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it should have ben rejected

Search field

Where each piece of information contained in the record is entered

Boolean operators

Words, such as and, or, and not, that specify the relationship between search terms

Scholarly literature

Works written and edited by professionals in the discipline for other colleagues

Popular literature

Works written to inform or entertain the general public

Sampling frame

a list of all possible elements in the accessible population

Follow up

a longitudinal design used to follow subjects, selected for a specific characteristic or condition, into the future

Panel design

a longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same individuals - the panel - at two or more points in time

Unstructured observations

a method of data collection associated with qualitative research in which phenomena of interest are allowed to emerge over time as observations are made

Preexperimental

a posttest-only design that involves manipulation of the independent variable but lacks control for extraneous variables

Nonequivalent groups posttest only design

a pre-experimental design involving two groups measured after an intervention with little control for extraneous variables

One group posttest only design

a preexperimental design involving one group and a posttest with little control over extraneous variables

Change

a process that creates an alteration in a person or environment

Systematic reviews

a rigorous and systematic synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem

Meta analyses

a scholarly paper that combines results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimates the effects of proposed interventions

Sample

a select group of subjects that is representative of all eligible subjects

Interlibrary loan

a service whereby libraries provide items in their collections to each other upon request; lending of items through a network of libraries

Subject heading

a set of controlled vocabulary used to classify materials; organization of databases according to topic

Pilot

a small study to test a new intervention with a small number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis

nesting

a strategy best used when a search contains two or more Boolean operators

Iowa model for EBP to promote quality care

a systematic method explaining how organizations change practice

Convergent testing

a test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong, positive correlations indicate good validity

Known group testing

a test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered to individuals known to be high or low on the characteristic being measured

Face validity

a test for content validity when colleagues or subjects examine an instrument and are asked whether it appears to measure the concept

Concurrent validity

a test for criterion-related validity when a new instrument is administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong positive correlations indicate good validity

Kuder - richardson coefficient

a test for instrument reliability for use with dichotomous items; all items are simultaneously compared using a computer

Item to total correlation

a test for instrument reliability in which each item is correlated to the total score; reliable items have strong correlations with the total score

Split - half reliability

a test for instrument reliability in which the items are divided to form two instruments. Both instruments are given and the halves are compared using the Spearman-Brown formula

Parallel form

a test for instrument reliability in which two different versions of new instruments are given. Scores are correlated, and strong positive correlations indicate good reliability; also known as alternate form

Cronbach's alpha

a test for instrument reliability used with interval or ratio items; all items are simultaneously compared using a computer

test-retest reliability

a test for instrument reliability when new instruments are given at two different times under the same conditions; scores are correlated, and strong positive correlations indicate good reliability

Sampling bias

a threat to external validity when a sample includes elements that over- or underrepresent characteristics when compared to elements in the target population

Interaction of treatment and history

a threat to external validity when historical events affect the intervention

Trend

a type of longitudinal design to gather data from different samples across time

Associative vs casual hypotheses

a type of relationship such that when one variable changes, the other variable changes Ex - There is a relationship between the amount of self esteem and adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescent with type 1 diabetes When one variable determines the presence or change in another variable Ex - Increased amounts of self esteem increase adherence to a diabetic diet in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Case control

a type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already had the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition

Expedited review

a type of review by an institutional review board that can occur quickly; an IRB may conduct an expedited review if there is minimal risk to human subjects

Full review

a type of review by an institutional review board that requires all members of the board to participate; an IRB conducts a full review if there is potential risk to human subjects

A pilot: (select all that apply) a. is a small version of the study b. confirms feasibility of the study c. critiques the conclusions from a study d. is the small stipend that subjects receive for participating in a study

a. is a small version of the study b. confirms feasibility of the study

To use random sampling, a researcher must know the a. sampling frame b. characteristics of the population c. exclusion criteria d. sampling interval

a. sampling frame

Control

ability to manipulate, regulate, or statistically adjust for factors that can affect the dependent variable

Community based participatory research

active involvement of community members throughout the research process

Equivalence

an attribute of reliability in which there is agreement between alternate forms of an instrument or alternate raters

Internal consistency

an attribute of reliability when all items on an instrument measure the same concept

Stability

an attribute of reliability when instruments render the same scores with repeated measures under the same circumstances

Change phases model

an eight-phase process to describe organizational change

Informed consent

an ethical practice requiring researchers to obtain voluntary participation by subjects after subjects have been informed of possible risks and benefits

Research imperative

an ethical rule stating that nurses should advance the body of knowledge

Therapeutic imperative

an ethical rule stating that nurses should perform actions that benefit the patient

Review of literature

an unbiased, comprehensive, synthesized description of relevant previously published studies

generalize

apply findings from a sample to a wider population

Research problem

area of concern when there is a gap in knowledge that requires a solution

Research problem

area of concern when there is a gap in knowledge that requires a solution that can be described, explained, or predicted to improve nursing practice

Random assignment

assignment technique in which subjects have an equal chance of being in either the treatment or the control group

Inductive

build theory through qualitative research

Exempt

certain studies may be low enough risk not to require consent from individuals

International level

changes that result from collaboration among nurses from different countries

Research utilization

changing practice based on the results of a single research study

National level

collaboration among nurses throughout the country to effect practice changes

Institutional review boards

committees that review research proposals to determine whether research is ethical

Within groups design

comparisons are made about the same subjects at two or more points in time or on two or more measures

Results section

component of a research article that reports the methods used to analyze data and characteristics of the sample

Model testing

correlational design to test a hypothesized theoretical model; causal modeling or path analysis

Descriptive correlational designs

correlational design type used to explain the relationship among the variables or groups using a nondirectional hypothesis

Predictive correlational design

correlational design when researchers hypothesize which variables are predictors or outcomes

Survey designs

descriptive design type involving data obtained through subjects' self-report

Comparative designs

descriptive design type that compares two or more groups or variables

Experimental designs

designs involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable

Descriptive designs

designs that provide a picture of a situation as it is naturally happening without manipulation of any of the variables

Longitudinal designs

designs used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time

Electronic indexes

electronic listings of electronic or print resources

Random error

error that occurs by chance during measurement

Systematic error

error that occurs in the same way with each measurement

Nuremberg code

ethical code of conduct for research that uses human subjects

Empirical evidence

evidence that is verifiable by experience through the five senses or experiment

Factorial designs

experimental designs allowing researchers to manipulate more than one intervention

Crossover designs

experimental designs that use two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in random order

Multiple experimental groups designs

experimental designs using two or more experimental groups with one control group

Two group posttest only designs

experimental designs when subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group and measured after the intervention

Moderators

extraneous variables that affect the relationship among the independent and dependent variables

Extraneous variables

factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variable; Z variable

Barriers

factors that limit or prevent change

Hypotheses

formal statements of the expected or predicted relationship among two or more variables

Autonomous

having the ability to make decisions

Laggards

individuals who are slow or fail to adopt an innovation

Cross sectional

non-experimental design used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time; study design to measure exposure and disease as each exists in a population or representative sample at one specific point of time

Cohort comparison

nonexperimental cross-sectional design in which more than one group is studied at the same time so that conclusions about a variable over time can be drawn without spending as much time

Exploratory designs

nonexperimental design type used when little is known about a phenomenon

Correlational designs

nonexperimental designs used to study relationships among two or more variables

Purposive sampling

nonprobability sampling method used in qualitative studies to select a distinct group of individuals who either have lived the experience or have expertise in the event or experience being studied; sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information

Direct observations

observing phenomena using the five senses; capturing information by watching participants

Reliability

obtaining consistent measurements over time

Likert scales

ordinal-level scales containing seven points on an agree or disagree continuum

Introduction

part of a research article that states the problem and purpose

Discussion section

portion of a research article where interpretation of the results and how the findings extend the body of knowledge are discussed

Evidence based practice (EBP)

practice based on the best available evidence, patient preferences, and clinical judgement

Beneficence

principle of doing good

Respect for persons

principle that individuals should be treated as autonomous and that those with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

Print index

printed listing of electronic or print resources

List of references

publication information for each article cited in a research report

Cluster sampling

random sampling method of selecting elements from larger to smaller subsets of an accessible population; multistaging sampling

Visual analog scale (VAS)

ratio-level scale of a 100-mm line anchored on each end with words or symbols

replication studies

repeated studies to obtain similar results

Obligations

requirements to act in particular ways

Explanatory research

research concerned with identifying relationships among phenomena

Ex post facto

research design in which researchers look back in time to determine possible causative factors; retrospective research design

Quasi experimental designs

research designs involving the manipulation of the independent variable but lacking either random assignment to groups or a control group

Retrospective designs

research designs when researchers look back in time to determine possible causative factors; ex post facto

health services research

research involving phenomena, such as cost, political factors, and culture, related to the delivery of health care

Predictive research

research that forecasts precise relationships between dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups

Qualitative research

research that uses words to describe human behaviors

Applied research

research to discover knowledge that will solve a clinical problem

Basic research

research to gain knowledge for the sake of gaining knowledge; bench research

Narrative reviews

reviews based on common or uncommon elements of works without concern for research methods, designs, or settings; traditional literature review

Probability sampling

sampling method in which elements in the accessible population have an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the study

Stratified random sampling

selecting elements from an accessible population that has been divided into groups or strata

Controlled vocabularies

standardized hierarchical lists that represent major subjects within a database

Stetler model

step-by-step instructions for integrating research into practice

Methodological

studies for the purpose of creating and testing new instruments

Double blind experimental designs

studies in which subjects and researchers are unaware whether subjects are receiving experimental interventions or standard of care

Prospective designs

studies over time with presumed causes that follow subjects to determine whether the hypothesized effects actually occur

Between groups design

study design where two groups of subjects can be compared

Positional operators

terms that specify the number of words that can appear between search terms

Multitrait multimethod testing

test for construct validity in which a new instrument, established instrument of the same concept, and established instrument of the opposite concept are given at the same time; strong positive and negative correlations indicate good validity

Divergent testing

test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument measuring the opposite of the concept; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong negative correlations indicate good validity

Predictive validity

test for criterion-related validity where a new instrument is given at two different times and scores are correlated; strong positive correlations indicate good validity

Manipulation

the ability of researchers to control the independent variable

statistical conclusion validity

the degree that the results of the statistical analysis reflect the true relationship among the independent and dependent variables

Validity

the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

Representativeness

the degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population

Internal validity

the degree to which one can conclude that the independent variable produced changes in the dependent variable

Psychometrics

the development of instruments to measure psychological attributes

Population

the entire group of elements that meet study inclusion criteria

Sampling interval

the interval (k) between each element selected when using systematic random sampling

Categorical data

the lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groups

Minimal risk

the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life

Randomization

the selection, assignment, or arrangement of elements by chance

Coercion

the threat of harm or the offer of an excessive reward with the intent to force an individual to participate in a research study

deductive

theory already made - need to test it through quantitative research

Effects of selection

threats to external validity when the sample does not represent the population

Grey literature

unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals

Scales

used to assign a numeric value or score a continuum

Covary

when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable

Regional level

when nurses from a large geographic area collaborate to change practice

Organizational level

when nurses in an organization effect practice changes

qualification

which fields are to be searched in the record - author, title, subject (au, ti, su)

Concepts

words or phrases that convey a unique idea that is relevant to a theory

Stop words

words such as a, the, and in, that re so commonly used that they can hinger accurate record retrieval

Trade literature

works written for professionals in a discipline using a more casual tone than used in scholarly literature

Generalize

Applying findings from a sample to a wider population

How can nurses who use EBP best be described A. As change agents B. As early adopters C. As innovators D. As laggards

B. As early adopters

Indicate which of the following best describes the hypothesis Age, number of medical diagnoses, and number of medications affect the incidence of falls in older adults A. Associative B. Casual C. Simple D. Complex E. Directional F. Nondirectional G. Null H. Research I. Research question

B. Casual D. Complex F. Nondirectional H. Research

Match: 1 - Population 2 - Target population 3 - Accessible population 4 - Sample 5 - Inclusion criteria 6 - Exclusion criteria 7 - Representativeness 8 - Element A. The elements included in a study B. All elements that meet a well - defined set of criteria C. Degree to which the sample reflects the population D. Characteristics that eliminate elements from a study E. A population that meets sampling criteria F. Basic unit of the population G. Population from which a researcher can sample H. Characteristics of elements in a study

1 - Population - B. All elements that meet a well - defined set of criteria 2 - Target population - E. A population that meets sampling criteria 3 - Accessible population - G. Population from which a researcher can sample 4 - Sample - A. The elements included in a study 5 - Inclusion criteria - H. Characteristics of elements in a study 6 - Exclusion criteria - D. Characteristics that eliminate elements from a study 7 - Representativeness - C. Degree to which the sample reflects the population 8 - Element - F. Basic unit of the population