ECHD 5950 Final
As a guideline, the text that any response less than BLANK in a survey is highly suspect as far as representativeness is concerned A. 50% B. 65% C. 80% D. 90%
A. 50%
In field research, the term "informant" refers to A. a group insider who can introduce you to others in the group B. a research confederate who helps analyze the data C. a person who "goes native" to help further the research goals D. a person who "outs" the research by telling group members of his or her status as researcher
A. a group insider who can introduce you to others in the group
A "scale" would be best defined as A. a number of items that are combined to form a composite score on a variable B. an item that is both valid and reliable C. a measuring device that achieves at least an interval level of measurement D. a measuring device that involves asking people questions and recording their answers
A. a number of items that are combined to form a composite score on a variable
According to the text, the best kind of research to achieve the goals of longitudinal research is A. a panel study B. a trend study C. a pilot study D. an experimental study
A. a panel study
which of the following statements most clearly represents an effort at a nomothetic explanation? A. a study attempting to show whether all juveniles who shoplift have a weak attachment to their parents B. a case study of the life of one juvenile who shoplifts C. a study attempting to identify all of the factors that influenced one individual to shoplift D. a study that seeks a complete description of the social circumstances of a single shoplifter
A. a study attempting to show whether all juveniles who shoplift have a weak attachment to their parents
A "sociogram" is most accurately called A. a visual display of the relationships among a group of people B. a measure of the intensity of the connections between people C. a categorizing strategy often used with grounded theory methodology D. a method used for theory verification qualitative data analysis
A. a visual display of the relationships among a group of people
In developing a research contract with a sponsor, it would usually be unethical to A. agree to publish the results only if they B. provide the sponsor with more data than they thought they were going to get C. inform the participants in the research of who the sponsor is D. give the sponsor any control over the release of the research results
A. agree to publish the results only if they turn out a certain way
an "indicator" in both research and practice is best defined as: A. an observation that is assumed to be evidence of the attributes or properties of something B. the process of describing abstract concepts by assigning numbers or other symbols to them in accordance with rules C. a reconceptualization of a theoretical definition on the basis of difficulties encountered in operationalizing in D. a variable that has been operationalized by combining a number of items into a composite score
A. an observation that is assumed to be evidence of the attributes or properties of something
BLANK samples tend to have more sampling error than do BLANK samples A. area, simple random B. area, availability C. stratified, simple random D. simple random, area
A. area, simple random
When conducting field observations, personal impressions and feeling are included in field notes in order to A. assess the possibility that bias is coloring one's observations B. reduce the likelihood of going native C. encourage informants to share their feelings openly with the researcher D. make it possible to do quantitative data analysis
A. assess the possibility that bias is coloring one's observations
Which of the following are stated as similarities between qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis? A. both cans drive to generalize beyond the data B. both utilize descriptive statistics C. both utilize inferential statistics D. all of the answer state such similarities
A. both can strive to generalize beyond the data
Which of the following is NOT listed in the text as one of the elements in a research report? A. budget B. abstract C. methods D. results
A. budget
Which of the following is NOT one of the general categories of sources for grant monies for human service research and service delivery? A. charities B. government agencies C. private foundations D. corporations
A. charities
the adage "birds of a feather flock together" is used in the text as a way of illustrating which source of knowledge? A. common sense B. experience C. authority D. tradition
A. common sense
Identifying and properly defining the concepts that will be the focus of a research study is called A. conceptual development B. inductive reasoning C. theory verification D. propositional development
A. conceptual development
One study used the audio-tapes from emergency 911 calls as data. This was used in the text as an example of: A. content analysis B. field experimentation C. physical traces D. missing data
A. content analysis
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of available data analysis? A. documents contain much less bias than do other types of data B. available data analysis is less costly than other forms of research C. available data are nonreactive D. through documents we can study people, such as past generations, who are inaccessible by other research techniques
A. documents contain much less bias than do other types of data
What most clearly distinguishes experiments from other types of research is that A. experiments involve controlled observation and the manipulation of the value of variables B. experiments are based on asking people to answer questions about their beliefs and their behavior C. experiments are conducted in artificial settings where aspects of the natural environment are simulated D. experiments assess the effect of independent variables on dependent varialbes
A. experiments involve controlled observation and the manipulation of the value of variables
experiential knowledge is based on: A. firsthand, personal observations of events B. custom, habit, and repetition C. systematic observations of events D. acceptance of someone's leadership and authority
A. firsthand, personal observations of events
A/an BLANK explanation focuses on a single person, event, or situation and attempts to specify all the conditions that helped produce it A. idiographic B. nomothetic C. deductive D. interpretive
A. idiographic
nominal measures classify observation in which of the following ways? A. into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories B. into ordered categories C. into categories with equal spacing between the intervals D. into categories having a meaningful zero point
A. into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
When contacting respondents on their cell phones, researchers sometimes ask them whether they are in a safe and relaxed environment where they can adequately respond to the questions. A downside of doing this is: A. it gives the respondent a ready-made excuse to refuse to participate. B. it takes up too much time in the interview. C. it will increase the response rate too much. D. it reduces rapport between interviewer and respondent.
A. it gives the respondent a ready-made excuse to refuse to participate.
Publicizing scientific research finding accomplishes all of the following functions EXCEPT A. it reduces the need for replication B. it makes attempted suppression of findings more difficult C. it is an attempt to influence readers to accept particular ideas or conclusions D. it helps to apply the finding in developing programs and policies
A. it reduces the need for replication
Regarding the order of questions in a questionnaire A. opinion questions should be placed before factual questions B. interesting questions should be placed toward the end of the questionnaire as an enticement C. factual questions should be placed before opinion questions D. standard demographic question regarding age, sex, and race should be first on the questionnaire
A. opinion questions should be placed before factual questions
Another term for "deviant cases" is: A. outliers B. inliers C. disconfirmation D. missing cases
A. outliers
One social researcher was interested in conducting research on battered women because she had been abused by her husband. This most clearly exemplifies selecting a research problem based on: A. personal interest B. testing theory C. program evaluation D. human service practice
A. personal interest
According to the text, in content analysis, the nature of the variable being measured: A. puts an upper limit on the level of measurement that can be reached B. puts a lower limit on the level of measurement that can be reached C. is irrelevant to the level of measurement that can be reached D. cannot be determined
A. puts an upper limit on the level of measurement that can be reached
When data are first collected, they are in the form of a A. raw dara distribution B. simple frequency distribution C. grouped frequency distribution D. contingency distribution
A. raw data distribution
The BLANK stage of social research is parallel to the BLANK step of human service practice A. research design development, formulation of intervention strategy B. data collection, evaluation C. data analysis, implementation D. research design development, problem assessment
A. research design development, formulation of intervention strategy
As it relates to the experimental research, "gender insensitivity" refers to A. the failure of researchers to treat the effects of gender as a variable B. the common practice of reporting findings for females only C. the occasional harsh treatment of female subjects by some researchers D. the failure to include enough male subjects in experiments
A. the failure of researchers to treat the effects of gender as a variable
an important ethical objection to conducting research on prison inmates is: A. the inmates are not really free to give consent B. participation in research projects can lead inmates to experience assault at the hands of other inmates C maintaining confidentiality is impossible D. it is difficult to maintain scientific advocacy in the prison setting
A. the inmates are not really free to give consent
In conducting a cost-benefit analysis, benefits and costs are usually considered from which perspectives? A. the participants, the funding source, and society as a whole B. the participants, the funding source, and the researchers C. the researchers, the funding source, and society as a whole D. the participants, the researchers, and society as a whole
A. the participants, the funding source, and society as a whole
We conduct a research project in which we collect data from individual teenagers about their drug use and then draw conclusions about rates of drug use in the communities the teenagers are from. This research may well be subject to A.the reductionist fallacy B. the ecological fallacy C. the inductive fallacy D. the deductive fallacy
A. the reductionist fallacy
When combining available statistical data from a number of different agencies or states, the best way to protect people's privacy, according to the text, would be: A. to use a "de-identified" data set B. to use a "limited" data set C. to use a representative sample D. to use an "inaccessible" data set
A. to use a "de-identified" data set
Corporate foundations are likely to give grant monies to projects that A. will benefit the corporation or its employees in some fashion B. serve the general good C. work through the state and local government D. are not likely to receive funding from any charitable or government agency
A. will benefit the corporation or its employees in some fashion
The term "simple frequency distribution" refers to A. a distribution of all the values of all the separate cases on a variable B. a distribution in which each value of a variable is listed once, along with the number of cases that have that value C. a distribution in which a large number of categories of a variable are combined together to form a smaller number of categories D. a distribution that has been placed into some form of a graph
B. a distribution in which each value of a variable is listed once, along with the number of cases that have that value
In research, the term "gran" refers to A. the application of a needs assessment to a population B. a provision of money or other resources to be used for research purposes C. the extension by courts of privileged confidentiality D. the final publication of the research report
B. a provision of money or other resources to bused for research purposes
A scattergram is: A. an ungrouped frequency distribution of one variable B. a preliminary look at the data before it is organized C. another name for a histogram D. a table with the scores of two variables plotted on it
B. a table with the scores of two variables plotted on it
When a research topic is selected on the basis of personal interest in a particular problem, the main purpose of the research should be to A. satisfy the researcher's personal curiosity B. advance scientific knowledge C. incorporate one's values into the research D. conduct applied rather than basic research
B. advance scientific knowledge
The function of descriptive statistics is to A. allow generalizations from sample data to populations B. aid in organizing, summarizing, and interpreting sample data C. infer sample data from entire populations D. avoid the expense of coding the data
B. aid in organizing, summarizing, and interpreting sample data
Summative evaluation research A. is usually conducted by in -house personnel B. assesses the impact of a program C. is concerned with the planning, development, and implementation of a program D. is concerned with the mundane daily operations of a program
B. assesses the impact of a program
Which of the following would be the best demonstration of the validity of a scale for the measurement of suicide potential? A. ask mental health experts to assess whether it measures suicide potential accurately B. correlate the scale results with the actual occurrence of suicides C. ask people who have attempted suicide whether it measures suicide potential accurately D. administer the scale to those who have attempted suicide to see if they score appropriately on it
B. correlate the scale results with the actual occurrence of suicides
BLANK variables are variables that have a finite number of distinct and separate values or categories A. nominal B. discrete C. continuous D. valid
B. discrete
Generally, the same grant proposal cannon be sent out to a number of granting agencies because A. the agencies will not accept it B. each funding source has different needs and requirements for an acceptable proposal C. there are laws against submitting a grant proposal to more than one funding source at a time D. professional research organization consider it unethical to submit a research proposal to more than one funding source at a time
B. each funding source has different needs and requirements for an acceptable proposal
Qualitative data analysis that focuses on the contextualizing rather than abstracting would also likely A. focus on nomothetic explanation B. focus on idiographic explanation C. use reflective remarks rather than memos D. favor descriptive statistics over inferential statistics
B. focus on idiographic explanation
if the potential for harm or distress exists in a research investigation, then the researcher should do the following A. provide neither anonymity nor confidentiality B. fully inform the participants C. avoid a debriefing D. provide certificates of confidentiality
B. fully inform the participants
When the text refers to the "politics" of research problem selection, it is referring to A. research funded by the government B. how access to power and resources influences what problems are researched C. cases where particular research problems have been promoted by politicians D. the debates and controversies among research when they select a particular research desing
B. how access to power and resources influences what problems are researched
the "chameleon strategy" used by Richard Leo in his study of police interrogations refers to A. the strategy he used for deciding which police to observe B. how he presented a particular personality to the police to gain their cooperation C. the strategy he used for maintaining confidentiality D. how he convinced the sponsors of the research provide funding for the research
B. how he presented a particular personality to the police to gain their cooperation
The primary goal of the case study is A. nomothetic explanation B. idiographic explanation C. categorizing strategy D. to develop abstract and generalizable propositions
B. idiographic explanation
Which of the following would be true of science as a source of knowledge about the world? A. it is nearly infallible source of knowledge B. it has advantages that make it superior to other ways of gaining knowledge C. it is superior to traditional sources of knowledge but not to experience as a source of knowledge D. if done properly, it has characteristics that make it resistant to change, even when such change is called for
B. it has advantages that make it superior to there ways of gaining knowledge
Since 1970, there has been a growing amount of social science research on spouse abuse. Among the reason(s) for this increase is/are that: A. the amount of spouse abuse has grown substantially B. more women have chosen to pursue careers as social science researchers C. the women's movement has failed as an important political force for change D. all the other answers represent reasons for the increase
B. more women have chosen to pursue careers as social science researchers
A research study measures height by having observers judge people's heights and classify them into one of three categories: tall height, medium height, and short height. The resulting measure would most clearly be at which level of measurement? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. continuous
B. ordinal
The problem of "reactivity" in observational research refers to A. observers reacting to the behavior they observe and introducing bias into the data B. people behaving differently because they are being observed C. statistical artifacts that commonly arise in analyzing observational data D. people refusing to let observers make audio tapes or video tapes of their behavior
B. people behaving differently because they are being observed
A researcher has a group of people complete a preliminary version of a questionnaire in order to determine whether any revision in the questionnaire is called for. This researcher has conducted a/an A. pilot study B. pretest C. applied research project D. needs assessment
B. pretest
Single-system designs are a special form of which of the following research designs? A. true experimental designs B. quasi-experimental designs C. surveys D. field observation designs
B. quasi-experimental designs
"The tendency for people's answers to questions to be influenced by things other than their true feelings, beliefs, and behaviors" is called: A. response rate B. response bias C. contingency response D. pilot testing
B. response bias
The major reason for using a scale measurement rather than a single item is that A. scales are usually quicker to administer B. scales enable us to measure variables in a more precise and accurate fashion C. scales enable us to measure many variables at the same time rather than just a single variable D. scales are more concrete and less abstract than are single item measures
B. scales enable us to measure variables in a more precise and accurate fashion
which of the following sampling techniques would, in general, have the least sampling error? A. area sampling B. sampling random sampling C. cluster sampling D. multistage sampling
B. simple random sampling
The main point about selecting a single-system design is that A. single-system designs are only appropriate for a narrow range of client problems B. single-system designs are very flexible and can be adapted to many practice situations C. single-system designs require an intervention based on operant conditioning D. single-system designs should be selected after the data are collected
B. single-system designs are very flexible and can be adapted to many practice situations
Max Weber's "value-free" approach to science posits that: A. social scientists should strive to apply the knowledge they produce B. social scientists should create knowledge, not apply it C. social scientists should work only under the guidance of sponsors D. social scientists should advocate certain value positions as the starting point of their research
B. social scientists should create knowledge, not apply it
In sampling, the term "precision" refers to A. the number of variables used to establish quotas in quota sampling B. the amount of sampling error contained in a given sample C. the number of strata used when doing stratified sampling D. the fraction of the population that is included in the sample
B. the amount of sampling error contained in a given sample
Indicating that a give result is "statistically significant" means: A. we have obtained an important finding B. the null hypothesis was rejected C. the findings support our theory D. both type I and type II errors were avoided
B. the null hypothesis was rejected
Which of the following is NOT one of the consideration described in the text that are important in choosing appropriate statistics? A. goals of the data analysis B. the size of the population C. number of variables D. the audience
B. the size of the population
An advantage of the contextualizing strategies in qualitative data analysis is A. their ability to generalize B. their richly detailed descriptions C. their ability to produce abstract propositions D. their ability to generate coding schemes
B. their richly detailed descriptions
theories serve as a guide for research in that: A. you cannot conduct research without the direction of a theory B. theories focus research attention on certain phenomena as being relevant to issues of concern C. theories tell you what kind of research design would be most appropriate for a given study D. theories tell you whether unwarranted biases have been introduced into the research process
B. theories focus research attention on certain phenomena as being relevant to issues of concern
one of the advantages of availability samples is A. they are more representative than other non probability samples B. they are less expensive than many other sampling procedures C. they combine the benefits of snowball and purposive sampling D. they reduce sampling error by keeping the sampling fraction relatively small
B. they are less expensive than many other sampling procedures
which of the following is stated in the text as a weakness of nomothetic explanations? A. they have limited generalizability B. they don't let you say for sure what will happen in any particular case C. they focus too heavily on individual cases D. they cannot be subjected to statistical analysis
B. they don't let you say for sure what will happen in any particular case
one of the limitations of telephone surveys is A. they are more costly than other types of surveys B. they must be quite short in duration C. they are less flexible than other types of surveys in handling non-English speaking respondents D. supervision of interviewers is much more difficult than with other types of surveys
B. they must be quite short in duration
In experimental research, random assignment A. refers to the use of probability samples for selection of subjects B. uses chance to equalize the experimental and control groups C. involves matching subject in the experimental group with subjects in the control group on selected variables D. refers to chance measurement error that may distort the findings of experiments
B. uses chance to equalize the experimental and control groups
A researcher applies measures of associated to five sets of variables. Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship? A. -.36 B. .05 C. -.76 D. .63
C. -.76
The "implementation" step in a human service practice would be most equivalent to which stage of social research? A. data analysis B. research design development C. data collection D. drawing conclusions
C. Data collection
In qualitative data analysis, an "outlier" refers to A. a case for which there is no data on a variable B. an uncooperative respondent in a field interview C. a case that deviates from the patterns or themes found in the data D. an informant whose identity as informant is known to others in the group
C. a case that deviates from the patterns or themes found in the data
The Inter-University Consortium of Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan is used in the text as an example of A. content analysis in research B. the utility of field experiments C. a data archive D. coding schemes in content analysis
C. a data archive
Which of the following would be the best illustration of "response bias"? A. women refuse to participate in an interview because the interviewer is male B. interviewers respond more personally to respondents who are white than those who are nonwhite C. a person chooses answers in an interview that he thinks the inverter would like him to give D. the cover letter is designed such that it increases the likelihood that people will participate in the interview
C. a person chooses answers in an interview that he thinks the inverter would like him to give
Which of the following would be LEAST LIKELY to be classified as a research problem selected on the basis of program evaluation? A. a needs assessment conducted for a social agency to determine the number of clients in need of the agency's services B. a study conducted for a court system to determine which inmates would be the least riskiest to parole C. a study conducted to determine whether the propositions of exchange theory could predict which marriages would fail D. a study conducted by a teenage pregnancy prevention program to determine whether counseling sessions are effective
C. a study conducted to determine whether the propositions of exchange theory could predict which marriages would fail
If you need grant monies to serve the needs of some local area or neighborhood, then the most likely source of funds might be A. family foundations B. general purpose foundations C. community foundations D. special purpose foundation
C. community foundations
in general, which of the following is NOT good advice regarding the wording of questions in surveys? A. question should be stated in the present tense B. slang terminology should be avoided C. complex statements containing more than one idea should be used D. question should be simple and express only one idea
C. complex statements containing more than one idea should be used
Of the following, the most complex form of validity is A. criterion validity B. concurrent validity C. construct validity D. predictive validity
C. construct validity
Statistical tools would be applied to a research project during which of the following stages A. data collection B. evaluation C. data analysis D. drawing conclusions
C. data analysis
The term bivariate statistics is used to describe statistics that A. are in graphical form B. describe the distribution of a single variable C. describe the relationship between two variables D. are used for variables at the interval level
C. describe the relationship between two variables
The example of the course Clever Hans is used by the text to illustrate which phenomenon A. replication in research B. random assignment to experimental and control groups C. experimenter's expectations D. gender insensitivity
C. experimenter's expectations
In inferential statistics, type II or beta error is: A common misinterpretation of the statistic beta B. rejecting null hypothesis that are actually true C. failing to reject null hypothesis that are actually false D. increased by using alpha levels of .20 or greater
C. failing to reject null hypotheses that are actually false
The text recommends that, before submitting a research grant proposal to a funding agency, you A. conduct the research B. conduct a pilot study to see if the research design will work C. have several knowledgeable individuals critique the proposal D. submit a letter proposal
C. have several knowledgeable individuals critique the proposal
Formative evaluation research A. involves an assessment of a program's impact after service has been provided to a group of clients B. is usually conducted by outside consultants C. is concerned with the planning, development, and implementation of a program D. always employs a randomized experimental design
C. is concerned with a planning, development, and implementation of a program
Which of the following is NOT one of the focal areas in which the linkage between research and the human services occurs? A. understanding human functioning in social environments B. policy planning and development C. pilot testing D. program evaluation
C. pilot testing
which of the following is true regarding the comparison of program evaluation and practice effectiveness evaluation? A. they are interchangeable research methodologies B. practice effectiveness involves the evaluation of a whole program C. program evaluation focuses on the outcome of the entire programs while practice evaluation focuses on a particular aspect of a practice situation D. program evaluation emphasized the assessment of limited aspects of a practice situation
C. program evaluation focuses on the outcome of the entire programs while practice evaluation focuses on a particular aspect of a practice situation.
In the study of sex offenders described in the Research in Practice 3.1, the researchers were directed to have unlisted personal telephone numbers and to never reveal their home address to the research subjects. These precautions were focused on the ethical issue of: A. informed consent B. scientific misconduct and fraud C. protecting the safety of the research staff D. withholding treatment for research purposes
C. protecting the safety of the research staff
Evaluation research refers to A. any research that draws conclusions B. any research conducted for a sponsor C. research that helps to plan, monitor, assess the effectiveness of programs or clinical practices D. research using an experimental design
C. research that helps to plan, monitor, or assess the effectiveness of programs or clinical practices
According to the text, most communication between a client and which of the following professionals is NOT protected from judicial subpoena? A. physicians B. lawyers C. social science researchers D. all of the answers represent professionals who have protected communication
C. social science researchers
The term "observational techniques" as it is used in research refers to: A. direct observation of the content of documents B. direct observation made on a probability sample C. the collection of data through the direct visual or auditory experience of behavior D. all forms of data collection that involve some direct or indirect observation of behavior
C. the collection of data through the direct visual or auditory experience of behavior
operational definitions are at which of the following levels in the research process A. the theoretical level B. the revised nominal definition level C. the research level D. the most abstract level
C. the research level
The more homogenous a population is on the variables being studied A. the larger the sample size must be to be representative B. the more one should use cluster sampling C. the smaller the sample size needs to be representative D. the less necessary it is to use probability samples
C. the smaller the sample size needs to be representative
with disproportionate stratified samples, when the goal is to ensure sufficient numbers of cases for analysis, the variables on which the researcher stratifies are A. the control variables B. the independent variables C. the variable that has a category with a small number of cases in it D. the dependent variables only
C. the variable that has a category with a small number of cases in it
to infer causality, all of the following must be present EXCEPT: A. there must be a statistical association between two variables B. one variable must occur prior in time to the other variable C. there must be a positive relationship between the two variables D. all of the other answers state factors that must be present
C. there must be a positive relationship between the two variables
A disadvantage of the contextualizing strategies in qualitative data analysis is A. they are too abstract and general B. they are too quantitative C. they offer a limited ability to generalize D. they can only take the individual as the unit of analysis
C. they offer a limited ability to generalize
As used in the context of qualitative data analysis, the term "contextualize" means A. to develop a set of coding categories that identifies the context in which people act B. to use various procedure to verify whatever conclusions are drawn C. to understand people or groups within the full situation in which they act D. to use the group as the unit of analysis rather than the individual
C. to understand people or groups within the full situation in which they act
a psychoanalyst accepts the teachings of sigmund freud without questions, assuming that such a great historical figure could not be wrong. this is an example of: A. experiential knowledge B. scientific knowledge C. traditional knowledge D. practice knowledge
C. traditional knowledge
Which of the following exemplifies reversal designs? A. ABBB B. ABA C. ABAB D. Both ABA and ABAB are reversal designs
D. Both ABA and ABAB are reversal designs
Which of the following is a disadvantage of group experimental designs that single-system designs may avoid? A. The research design fails to capture the process by which change was induced. B. It is too time-consuming and costly to secure enough cases for treatment and control groups. C. Experiments using groups cannot control for threats to internal validity. D. The research design fails to capture the process by which change was induced, and it is too time-consuming and costly to secure enough cases for treatment and control groups.
D. The research design fails to capture the process by which change was induced, and it is too time-consuming and costly to secure enough cases for treatment and control groups.
which of the following might threaten the confidentiality of participants in a research project? A. withholding treatment from those in the control group B. a court request to see all of the data that a researcher has collected C. an effort by a sponsor of research to identify research participants D. a court request to see of the data that a research as collected, and an effort by a sponsor of research to identify research participants
D. a court request to see of the data that a research as collected, and an effort by a sponsor of research to identify research participants
a "contingency question" in a questionnaire refers to A. a question that can be dropped if the interview is taking too long B. a question that is revised or dropped because it is shown to be ambiguous in a pretest C. an open-ended question that will have to be coded by the investigator during data analysis D. a question that a respondent may or may not answer depending on their response to a previous question
D. a question that a respondent may or may not answer depending on their response to a previous question
Which of the following would BEST illustrate the use of prior research as a source of a research topic? A. a research project developed to test a theory of inter-group conflict B. a research project that will assess the availability of counseling services to clients in a mental health agency C. a research project that will evaluate the effectiveness of various methods of reducing prejudice among children D. a research project that will use a sample of urban minority children to replicate a study that found abuse prevention training to be effective with suburban white children
D. a research project that will use a sample of urban minority children to replicate a study that found abuse prevention training to be effective with suburban white children
a sample in which we select every 15th element from a sampling fame is called A. simple random sample B. an area sample C. a stratified sample D. a systematic sample
D. a systematic sample
Which of the following does the text recommend regarding contracting interview respondents? A. information about the research project should blanket the total survey population B. interviewers should carry identification badges C. contact respondents at a time that is convenient for them to complete the interview D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a way of entering raw data into a computer file? A. use the data entry facility of a statistical application B. use spreadsheet or database software C. use optical scanning technology D. all of the answers are mentioned in the text
D. all of the answers are mentioned in the text
Which of the following is true of a normal distribution? A. it is a symmetrical distribution B. is is a unimodal distribution C. the mean and median of the distribution are identical D. all of the answers are true of normal distributions
D. all of the answers are true of normal distributions
In content analysis, which of the following sampling procedures could be inappropriate? A. simple random sampling B. stratified sampling C. multistage sampling D. all of the answers identify sampling procedures that could be appropriate
D. all of the answers identify sampling procedure that could be appropriate
Qualitative data can come in which of the following forms? A. field notes B. video recordings C. diaries D. all of the answers represent forms that qualitative data can come in
D. all of the answers represent forms that qualitative data can come in
The review of the literature in research typically has which of the following goals? A. to learn how others have delineated similar problems B. to help narrow the focus of the research project C. to ensure that the research project does not unnecessarily duplicate what others have done D. all of the answers represent goals of the literature review
D. all of the answers represent goals of the literature review
The preparation of a grant proposal should be considered a process rather than a single event because A. it takes a long time to prepare a grant B. work done on one grant can help in the preparation of another grant C. it involves a number of separate and interconnected elements that can be accomplished in different orders at different times D. all of the answers represent reasons
D. all of the answers represent reasons
according to the text, non-probability sample are useful when A. the goal of the research is to detect a relationship rather than to generalize B. the goal is to use qualitative research to understand the meaning structure of a group C. it is impossible to develop a sampling frame D. all of the answers represent situation in which nonproability sample are useful
D. all of the answers represent situation in which nonproability sample are useful
Which of the following are problems encountered in using randomized experiments for evaluation research? A. ethical problems resulting from randomized denial of service B. staff resistance C. legal barriers D. all of the answers represent such problems
D. all of the answers represent such problems
Which of the following is NOT one of the special techniques possible with computer-assited telephone interviewing? A. personalized wording of questions B. automatic branching for contingency questions C. range checks on responses to catch errors D. all of the answers represent such special techniques
D. all of the answers represent such special techniques
Experiments could collect data through the use of A. surveys B. available data C. direct observation of behavior D. all of the answers represent ways that data could be collected for experiments
D. all of the answers represent ways that data could be collected for experiments
The function of inferential statistics is to A. do exploratory analysis B. make findings look impressive C. aid in organizing, summarizing, and interpreting sample data D. allow generalizations from sample data to populations
D. allow generalization from sample data to populations
regarding scientific misconduct, the test concludes that: A. this problem has been almost completely eliminated B. it has been a growing problem for decades and threatens the legitimacy of the scientific enterprise C. many thousands of allegations of scientific misconduct are made each year D. although the number of cases of scientific misconduct appear to be small, they still can damage the credibility of all research
D. although the number of cases of scientific misconduct appear to be small, they still can damage the credibility of all research
In the study of burnout among human service workers, the theories of organizational structure and change identify which of the following variables as causing burnout? A. insufficient emotional strength of social workers B. bureaucratization human service organizations C. centralization in human service organizations D. bureaucratization and centralizaron in human service organizations
D. bureaucratization and centralizaron in human service organizations
The purpose of a pretest is to A get an early determination of whether the research results will turn out as you anticipate B. notify people that they will be a part of a research project C. determine whether the statistical procedure to be used in the data analysis stage are appropriate D. determine whether the data-gathering techniques to be used are adequate
D. determine whether the data-gathering techniques to be used are adequate
quota sampling is like stratified sampling in that both A. have low sampling error B. can determine the probability of each element in a population C. are non probability samples D. divide a population into categories and sample from those categories
D. divide a population into categories and sample from those categories
If a respondent in a survey gives more than one answer to an open-ended question, this can be handled in data analysis by A. throwing out all of the respondent's answers to that question B. accepting all of the respondent's answers as data C. accepting only the respondent's first answer as data D. either accepting all of the respondent's answer or accepting only the respondent's first answer as data
D. either accepting all of the respondent's answer or accepting only the respondent's first answer as data
Which of the following research methodologies most clearly takes the stance that theory should be developed by letting it emerge from the data in a somewhat inductive fashion? A. experiments B. surveys C. available data D. grounded theory
D. grounded theory
According to the text, coding schemes in content analysis should possess all of the following characteristics except: A. exhaustive categories B. theoretically relevant categories C. mutually exclusive categories D. interval-level categories
D. interval-level categories
which of the followings NOT mentioned in the text as a problem with online surveys? A. representativeness B. sampling C. formatting D. interviewer falsification
D. interview falsification
Which of the following is one of the disadvantages of Likert scales? A. it offers respondents too wide a range of response alternatives B. it gives respondents only a yes-no response alternative C. the data produced by Likert scales is only at the nominal level of measurement D. it can be hard to interpret a single Likert score because it summarizes so many responses
D. it can be hard to interpret a single Likert score because it summarizes so many responses
Which of the following statements is true of applied research A. it is designed with a practical outcome in mind B. it assumes that some group or society as a whole will gain specific benefits from the research C. it is mostly concerned with the advancement of our knowledge about human behavior D. it is designed with a practical outcome in mind, and it assumes that some group or society as a whole will gain specific benefits from the research
D. it is designed with a practical outcome in mind, and it assumes that some group or society as a whole will gain specific benefits from the research.
Coding categories should have which of the following two characteristics? A. overlapping and non-exhaustive B. ratio-level measurement and reactivity C. overlapping and exhaustive D. mutually exclusive and exhaustive
D. mutually exclusive and exhaustive
In inferential statistics, type I or alpha error is A. failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false B. a common error in calculating the correlation coefficient C. increased by using a very stringent alpha level such as .001 D. none of the answers are correct
D. none of the answers are correct
Some researchers argue that attitude scales—with response alternatives such as "strongly agree," "agree," "disagree," and "strongly disagree"—can be considered to be at the interval level of measurement because: A. such scales involve categories with a fixed order. B. such scales have sufficient items to make for valid and reliable measurement. C. such scales constitute continuous variables. D. people perceive the distance between choice alternatives on such scales to be equal.
D. people perceive the distance between choice alternatives on such scales to be equal
When each element in a population has a chance to appear in a sample and the researcher can determine what that chance is, we have a A. purposive sample B. representative sample C. quota sample D. probability sample
D. probability sample
The reliability of a coding scheme in content analysis can be enhanced by: A. having more alternatives in the coding scheme B. using jury opinion as a way of applying the coding scheme C. using the sentence or paragraph as the unit of analysis rather than the single word or theme D. providing thorough training for the coders
D. providing thorough training for the coders
a research project asks people to state the number of times that they have been arrested. This variable would be considered at which level of measurement? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio
D. ratio
Regarding the core practice competencies discussed in Research in Practice 1.2, the text suggests that: A. the competencies are useful only during the data collection stage of research B. a student's mastery of the competencies can be assessed during the pilot study phase of research C. the competencies are relevant to practice but have little to do with research D. research is an integral part of some of these competencies
D. research is an integral part of some of these competencies
Data archives would be most clearly associated with which type of research? A. experimental research B. field research C. survey research D. secondary analysis of data
D. secondary analysis of data
At the evaluation stage of practice intervention, the evidence-based model would emphasize the employment of A single-system designs B. systematic assessment strategies C. public dissemination of results D. single-system designs, and systematic assessment strategies
D. single-system designs, and systematic assessment strategies
When single-system designs and their replications are conducted, which of the following practices is considered crucial? A. substantial information about client characteristics and background should be collected B. treatments should be kept uniform across cases C. standardized tests rather than observation should be used D. substantial information about client characteristics and background should be collected, and treatments should e kept uniform across cases
D. substantial information about client characteristics and background should be collected, and treatments should e kept uniform across cases
The text states that in field research there often exists an implicit or explicit agreement between the researcher and those being observed. This agreement usually includes: A. the belief by those being observed that the researcher will bring them no harm. B. the consent by those being observed to let the researcher observe them. C. the consent of the sponsors to fund the research. D. the belief by those being observed that the researcher will bring them no harm, and the consent by those being observed to let the researcher observe them.
D. the belief by those being observed that the researcher will bring them no harm, and the consent by those being observed to let the researcher observe them.
In selecting items for scales, one would want to make sure that A. no items are used until they have passed the test of construct validity B. extreme positions on the variable are left off so that regression toward the mean is avoided C. the scale achieves multi-dimensionality D. the items cover the actual range of variations on the variable
D. the items cover the actual range of variation on the variable
A sampling distribution is A. the distribution of scores from a single sample B. used to test the null hypothesis C. a theoretical distribution of statistics from an infinite number of samples D. used to test the null hypothesis, and a theoretical distribution of statistics from an infinite number of samples
D. used to test the null hypothesis, and a theoretical distribution of statistics from an infinite number of samples
Rewriting and revision are an inherent part of the writing process because A. computers now make this rewriting possible B. very few writers are capable of making their first draft their final draft C. it is difficult to write clearly and comprehensively without rewriting D. very few writers are capable of making their first draft their final draft, and it is difficult to write clearly and comprehensively without rewriting
D. very few writers are capable of making their first draft their final draft, and it is difficult to write clearly and comprehensively without rewriting
One of the disadvantages of developing a new coding scheme rather than using an existing one is that A. you must accept a lower level of measurement than when using existing coding schemes B. new coding schemes generally have less reliability than existing ones C. new coding schemes generally have less validity than existing ones D. your results are not directly comparable to the studies using existing coding schemes
D. your results are not directly comparable to the studies using existing coding schemes
