Ecology

Filter feeders, such as sponges and mussels

Eat floating plankton

Carnivores, such as snails and sea stars

Eat other consumers

Grazers, such as chitons

Eat producers

What is a reasonable explanation for the pattern of species loss after sea star removal?

With their main predator (the sea star) removed, filter feeders crowded out the producers. Grazers, which normally eat producers starved.

Honeybees (1) pollinate daisies (2) while feeding on their nectar and pollen

+ + mutualism

Unicellular algae (1) live inside cells of corals (2)

+ + mutualism

Caterpillars (1) eat passionflower leaves (2).

+ - herbivary

Fleas (1) feed on the blood of cats (2)

+ - parasitism

Black rat snakes (1) eat rats (2)

+ - predation

House sparrows (1) house finches (2) require similar food and nest sites

- - competition

Weeds (1) grow among tomato plants (2)

- - competition

If there were an additional tropic level in this figure that consisted of organisms that prey on snakes, about how much energy would be available to organisms at that tropic level?

1 kcal

The Carbon Cycle - Terrestrial Carbon Cycle

1. Carbon dioxide 2. A primary consumer 3. Carbon enters high level 4. Fungi uses carbon 5. Cellular respiration

Chapter 19 Question 7 Graph

Dolphins produce only single offspring at a time and provide parental care for many months

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

10

For a species with a Type II curve, less than ____% of individuals survive for 50% of the maximum life span.

10

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

5-10

Assimilation is indicated by the letter(s)

A

Levels of Biodiversity

A- ecosystem diversity B- species diversity C- genetic diversity D- ecosystem services E- community interactions F- genes with practical uses G- new medicines H- species survival

Overview of Ecosystem Dynamics

A- energy flow B- chemical cycling C- solar energy D- chemical energy E- producers F- abiotic reservoirs G- tropic levels

Energy Flows and Tropic Levels

A- solar energy B- tropic levels C- heat D- tertiary consumers E- secondary consumers F- primary consumers G- primary producers H- decomposers

Which of the following is a potential pitfall of biological control of invasive species?

An imported control agent may be as invasive as its target

Nitritication is indicated by the letter(s)

B

nitrogen-fixing bacteria is (are) indicated by the letter(s)

D and E

What is the one way in which the movement of energy and chemicals differ in an ecosystem

Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled

What is represented on the x-axis of this graph?

Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species.

What is a characteristic of Type I survivorship curves?

Most individuals survive to older age intervals

The atmosphere is approximately 80% ____ gas

N2

Which one of these is nitrate

No2-

Which one of these is a nitrate

No3

a group of calliope hummingbirds and a group of rufous hummingbirds living in the same New Hampshire woods.

Not a population

all of the rainbow trout that have ever lived in Lake Erie

Not a population

the American Bison and grey wolves currently living in Yellowstone National Park

Not a population

The energy flow through the tropic levels of an ecosystem is represented as a pyramid because

Only about 10% of the energy at each tropic level is available at the next level

Which species disappeared

Only the filter feeders

The figure below shows the growth curves of two populations of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. From the date, we can conclude that

P. aureila is the superior competitor in this habitat

the group of American bison (Bison bison) currently living in Yellowstone National Park

Population

the northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) living on opposite shores of Lake Champlain

Population

Producers, such as seaweed

Preform photosynthesis

Which species disappear when sea stars are removed?

Producers: seaweeds & Grazers: chitons and limpets

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

Pyramid

Keystone species are small in number but can dramatically change community composition. Based on this experiment, which species would you identify as a keystone species in the intertidal community?

Sea star, because removing just this carnivore causes the loss of many species

Why is a percentage scale used for the x-axis rather than actual ages?

This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.aZ

At 50% maximum life span, how does survivorship for a type I curve compare to survivorship for a type III curve?

Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

What can we said about Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

Technology has allowed us to keep increasing Earth's carrying capacity.

A population is defined as

a group of individuals of a single species that occupies the same general area

Plots of age structure are helpful for predicting

a population's future growth

The definition of a densely-dependent factor is

a population-limiting factor whose effects intensity as a population increases in density

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

a rectangle tapering toward the top

Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?

algae

Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

ammonium ... nitrites

Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in _____.

an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers?

animal wastes and fertilizers

The organisms that can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are

bacteria

In the food chain grass -> antelope-> human -> lion, the antelope is

both an herbivore and a primary consumer

all the whales currently living in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Cod, Massachusetts

can't tell

According to this graph, species that exhibit a Type III curve typically produce large numbers of offspring.

cannot be determined from this graph

_____ are secondary consumers

carnivores

You arrive back in the United States after having visited a foreign country located on another continent. The customs agent stops the person in front of you and confiscates the fruit basket this person is bringing home. Being the knowledgeable person you are, you calmly explain to your enraged fellow traveler that the reason for the detainment is that the fruit basket may be ________.

carrying a non-native species that could damage North American ecosystems

Suppose a plane is forced to make and emergency landing on a desert island. The passengers must use the resources in their new environment of people who can survive depends on the availability of these resources. This is an example of_____?

carrying capacity

During ecological succession, the species composition of a plant community generally

changes gradually because each species responds differently to the changing environment.

All organisms in a particular area make up a(n)

community

Refer to the accompanying figure. Together, all of the living components of the coral reef represent a(n)

community

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?

competition

Detritus is composed of _____.

dead organic matter and excreted wastes

What name is given to the process by which detritvores return carbon to the atmosphere?

decomposition

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

Species found in only one place on Earth are called ________ species.

endemic

Which of these factors operates on populations in a densely-dependent manner?

food supply

Bears eat berries, humans, and large fish; large fish eat smaller fish and insects; humans eat bears, large fish, and berries. The scenario described here is an example of ______.

food web

Most decomposers are _____.

fungi and prokaryotes

Human population growth

has been exponential

Competition among individuals of the same species for the same limited resources is ______ competition

infraspecific

Habit destruction, and thus habitat fragmentation, is a major cause of declining biodiversity; the second major cause is

invasive species

non-native species that has spread far beyond the original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage.

invasive species

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

inverted pyramid

If a population's growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity, the population's growth follows a(n) model

logistic

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?

mutualism

Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

nitrates ... nitrogen gas

______ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere

nitrogen fixation

For a species with Type III curve, most individuals reach the maximum life span.

not supported

The energy flow through the trophic levels of an ecosystem is represented as a pyramid because

only about 10% of the energy at each trophic level is available at the next level

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?

parasitism

One piece of information that could be obtained from a determination of population age structure is

population momentum

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?

predation

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

primary consumer

Organisms that consume produces are

primary consumers

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called

primary productivity

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are

producers

The major abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is ______.

rock

In the food chain grass -> antelope -> human -> lion, the human is

secondary consumer

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumer

In species that exhibit Type II survivorship curve, individuals are no more likely to die at one stage of the life cycle than another.

supported

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

tertiary consumer

An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is ______.

the relationship between corals and unicellular algae

The energy for nearly every organism in almost every ecosystem ultimately comes from

the sun

An organism's "trophic level" refers to

what it eats

With regard to nutrient pollution in aquatic ecosystems, when is the worst time to apply fertilizer to your lawn?

when it is raining, or is about to rain