Ed Psych 331 Exam Three

Instrumental aggression is likely to be observed when a child wants to

obtain something - uses a threat or force

crowd

reputations based with larger membership than cliques

One of the major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory is that it

restricted view of morality

When children become very familiar with addition, their preferred solution method tends to be:

-retrieval from memory -they don't calculate it they just know that 2+2=4 from doing it so many times

In what number range do young American's counting skills tend to diverge from those of young Chinese children?

11 to 19/21

What is the primary difference between stages 3 and 4 of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

3 is externally motivated (for approval), 4 is internally motivated (for fulfilling duties, keep society running)

Children rarely pass false belief tests before what age?

4 years old

algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

false belief task

A type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses (that is, that other person holds a belief that is false).

Which theorist's perspective suggests that language development is totally dependent on environmental factors?

B.F. Skinner (Contemporary Views)

social aggression

Behavior that harms others through manipulating their relationships or peer-group status, such as spreading rumors or excluding the victim from a social clique. It is sometimes called relational aggression.

Name one way we discussed in which conflict could prove good or useful.

Can help children refine social skills by learning to negotiate and problem-solve.

Which of the following characterizes dyscalculia?

Developmental arithmetic disorder, a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computations

Which of the following is most common in children with autism?

Difficulty with social cognition, with theory of mind, with false-belief task, lower abnormal social cognition

mathematical inversion problems

Don't require calculations because represented by letters; don't understand until age 11

preconventional moral reasoning

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments

postconventional moral reasoning

Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles

Which of the following is typically predicted by childhood aggression?

Poor academic achievement, peer rejection, substance abuse, truancy, and delinquent behavior

Name four categories of peer status.

Popular (liked by many, disliked by few), Rejected (disliked by many, liked by few), Neglected (few liked or disliked votes, go unnoticed by most kids) Controversial (many liked and disliked votes (least common)) Average (moderately liked and disliked (most common))

decomposition (arithmetic)

Recombine to make the process easier

Five-year-old Sonny has begun to understand what other people might be thinking; for example, Sonny thinks that his mother will think that his fake rat is a real rat when she sees him pull it with a fishing line from under the rug. Sonny is developing

Theory of mind

Kohlberg's first two stages of moral development emphasize

a child's sense of morality is externally controlled. Children accept and believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers.

victim-centered induction

a form of inductive discipline in which the adult points out how the child's behavior made the victim feel

Which child is most likely to be popular with his or her peers? [Be familiar with traits of popular children].

a low aggressive and a high prosocial child

peer status

a measure of how accepted children are in a peer group

clique

a tightly kit group of about 2 to 10 friends, usually of the same sex and same age

bullying

a type of proactive aggression in which the goal is intimidation or dominance over another person that occurs repeatedly over time and involves someone of greater power victimizing someone of lower status or power

triadic behavior

after 9 months, children start to understand a referential triangle that involves the adult, the child, and the object or event to which they share attention; they do this by gaze following, pointing, social referencing, and imitative learning

reactive aggression

aggression that is aimed at retaliation for a provocation, usually involving anger or frustration

proactive aggression

aggression that is directed at achieving personal objectives, but that was not clearly provoked

antisocial behavior

behavior that disrupts disrupts the functioning of society, such as aggression and delinquency

physical aggression

behavior that harms others through physical means such as hitting, pushing, or kicking

List three possible sources that lead to development of Theory of Mind?

biological maturation, growth of general abilities, experience with other people, language development

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory as a masculine perspective and claimed that women focus more than men on

case reasoning

We discussed two important dimensions on which play can vary. Please list them.

cognitive involvement (low to high), social involvement (low to high)

What is one potential problem with expecting for mathematical manipulatives to improve children's understanding?

conceptual understand can lag behind

In Regina's class, some kids list her as popular and someone they would like to work with while others list her as a least-liked classmate. What is Regina's popularity or peer status classification?

contoversial

Children who are 'popular' in the everyday sense of the word, but aggressive are likely to experience what peer status?

controversial

Name three addition strategies in order of increasing sophistication

count all, count from first, count from larger, retrieval, decomposition

Willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices is called

cyberbullying

deviancy training

destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

Name three things that positively predict prosocial behavior.

emotional competence and empathy, parental responsiveness and attachment, discipline, reinforcement, parent values, practice

People often claim that girls are more socially aggressive than boys. What does the text say about this claim?

girls use social aggression more commonly but no more than boys do

Jalen is a highly rejected child. Compared to others in his class, he is likely to

experience depression, psychological distress, aggression, and low academic achievement

Which of the following is true about the effects of educational practices vs. those due to gender differences?

girls are more likely to study more and get better grades

Maritza is always ready to retaliate. When she drops her cell phone and a student walking by accidentally kicks it, she assumes he kicked it on purpose. She yells at him and slugs him. Maritza is displaying which of the following?

hostile attribution bias or reactive aggression

Which of the following is true about the stability of aggression?

it is the most stable emotion, predicts a lot

Another term for a language's vocabulary is its:

lexical words

______ is the ability to construct and express meaning through reading, writing, and discussing texts.

literacy

Consider Heinz's dilemma. According to Kohlberg's model, levels of moral development depend upon

moral judgment

Kohlberg developed ideas about which of the following?

moral judgment

The influence of peer pressure [hint: good or bad?]

mostly positive, can be negative

unilateral friendship

one child nominates another as a friend, but the reverse is not true

List two types of motivation for aggression.

proactive (instrumental, bullying, cyberbullying) and reactive

dual representation hypothesis

proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time

Name two long term consequences of peer rejection.

psychological distress, aggression, low academic achievement

Children in which category are LEAST likely to change peer status?

rejected peer status

The ability to reason with and among multiple mathematical representations is called

representational fluency

Two boys, Arthur and Vernon, are rolling in the dirt as they tussle and push each other. They are smiling as they jump up and mush rotten apples onto each other. They are engaged in

rough-and-tumble play

Which is false about the comorbidity of dyscalculia and dyslexia?

that you can't just have one but have to have both

theory of Mind

the ability to infer mental states in others, such as beliefs, desires, knowledge, and intentions. Also called "people reading"

Gender segregation tends to be enforced by

the kids themselves, regardless of gender

joint attention

the shared focus of two individuals on an object or an event

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to assume hostile intent on the part of others in situations where it is not clear if there is hostile intent or not

homophily

the tendency to prefer and bond with similar others, increases with age

belief-desire theory

theory of mind that develops between ages 3 and 4; the child now realizes that both beliefs and desires may determine behavior and that people will often act on their beliefs, even if they are inaccurate

social cognition

thought processes applied to the social domain

The cardinal principle means...

understand the last counting word used indicated the numerosity of the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, gives you five toys

dyscalculia

unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

In order to foster ToM, parents might do which of the following?

use mind-mindedness - you want, you know

There is evidence that which of the following increases prosocial behavior in the long-term?

victim centered induction

What is prosocial behavior?

voluntary actions intended to benefit another person

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior that benefits others or promotes harmonious relations with others

gender segregation

when given a choice, boys affiliate with other boys and girls with other girls

When do children tend to use backup mathematical strategies?

when they are less confident due to retrieval failure