Ed. Psych. Final Ch. Questions - Rick Parker

Sixteen-year-old Eric thinks that most students in his school are interested to know about his social life and his daily routine. He thinks he is very unique, and he wants to be desired by his peers and friends. He always

Adolescent egocentrism

Some studies have confirmed the existence of stereotype threat. According to this research, which of the following statements is true?

African American students do more poorly on standardized tests if they believe they are being evaluated, but they perform as well as White students if they believe the tests "don't count."

Gilbert has trouble listening to his teacher's instructions because it would require that he sit still. He often has trouble understanding the teacher's commands because he is distracted by surrounding noise. He has trouble staying in his seat, and often wanders around in the classroom. Gilbert most likely has which of the following?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Linus has trouble staying in his seat; his teacher has to reprimand him constantly for getting out of his seat without permission. When he is seated, he fidgets, and his handwriting is often messy and hard to understand. Linus most likely has which of the following conditions?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abraham finds it difficult in school when asked to sit for long periods of time. He frequently gets up and walks around the classroom, often inadvertently causing a disruption. He does poorly on repetitive tasks and rarely completes his homework. Abraham most likely has which of the following conditions?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Mr. and Mrs. Thezal believe that for their children to be self-sufficient and have high self-esteem they must be very strict with them and place tough rules for misbehavior. What type of parenting style are Mr. and Mrs. Thezal demonstrating?

Authoritarian

Bruce is having trouble with division problems; he can't finish them correctly on his own. However, he can complete them if his teacher gives him some hints. According to Vygotsky, why can't Bruce complete his division problems on his own?

Because division is in his zone of proximal development

Mrs. Tell, a third-grade teacher, is using a taxonomy that is comprised of cognitive skills which include remembering, comprehending, synthesizing, and evaluating. Who created the taxonomy that Mrs. Tell is using?

Benjamin Bloom

Mr. Yewr, Mrs. Linds, and Mr. Sands all teach fifth grade. For reading, they all switch students in order to take care of the highest reading group, the average reading group, and the low reading group. What is taking place in this scenario?

Between-class ability grouping

Which of the following statements is a difference between boys and girls?

Boys are more likely than girls to value self-assertion in their interactions with friends

Which of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's social systems morality?

"Buckle up. It's the law."

"Tracking" is best described as which of the following?

A way of grouping students into ability levels, thus making it easier to teach them

Darnell suffers from a disorder that involves a lack of muscular coordination, trembling, and unclear speech. What type of disorder does Darnell have?

Cerebral palsy

Who among the following most likely belongs to a collectivistic culture?

Chad, who develops positive relationships with his group members to complete a task

Which of the following is a theme of developmentally appropriate education?

Children are active learners and should be encouraged to explore the world around them

The "nongraded program" of between-class ability grouping is best described as which of the following?

Classes in which student progress is not assessed and grades are not assigned

Ann Marie ran into her teacher and his wife at the park. She was very surprised that he was a husband and a father. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which concept is Ann Marie having trouble with?

Classification

George thinks his teacher is joking when she tells him that she has a son who is his age. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which concept is George having trouble with?

Classification

Ava is on anticonvulsant medication; however, she still has episodes in which she loses consciousness. She can also become rigid and move jerkily. These episodes can last a few minutes. Ava most likely has which of the following conditions?

Epilepsy

According to a recent survey, which of the following traits is a characteristic of the worst teachers?

Expecting too much from students

Hallie finds it difficult to converse with her peers and her teacher. She effortlessly understands what they are saying to her, but she finds it very hard to communicate and express her thoughts. Hallie is most likely to have which of the following?

Expressive language disorder

Natalie is the class clown. Natalie is very popular with her classmates because of her witty personality. Ms. Smitren has decided that the reason Natalie shows off is that she wants to be in the spotlight, so she decides to ignore Natalie when Natalie begins her comedy routines. However, much to Ms. Smitren's dismay, Natalie's behavior does not decrease. What did Ms. Smitren use in this example?

Extinction

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully's mother then takes him to a new dentist, Dr. Theron, who makes sure that Sully's visits are painless. Sully is anxious at first, but after a few visits, he no longer resists going to the new dentist. Sully's change in behavior can probably be best explained in terms of which of the following?

Extinction

According to a recent survey, which of the following traits is a characteristic of the worst teachers?

Having a poor attitude

According to a recent survey, which of the following traits is a characteristic of the best teachers?

Having a sense of humor

According to a recent survey, which of the following traits is a characteristic of the best teachers?

Having a sense of humor, making the class interesting, and having knowledge of subjects

Which of the following scenarios provides the best example of an articulation disorder?

Helen cannot pronounce the "r" sound at the beginning of words

Which of the following is a biological factor that can contribute to differences in physical aggression between boys and girls?

Hormones

Which of the following is a teaching strategy for improving children's self-esteem?

Identify the causes of low self-esteem, provide emotional support and social approval, and develop children's coping skills.

Isaac, an adolescent, enjoys music and has always done well in math and science. He has explored career options in music, math, and science. After his extensive research, talking with counselors, and meeting with people employed in each field, Isaac has decided to pursue a career in statistics. Which of the following labels best describes Isaac's identity status?

Identity achievement

_____ occurs when individuals have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

Identity diffusion

Marsha has spent very little time thinking about her career options, but she knows that she wants to be an electrical engineer, just like her mother and father. Her school counselor is concerned because Marsha shows little interest in math and science. However, her parents are very proud. They assume that Marsha will begin to enjoy math and science once she joins a college. Which of the following labels best describes Marsha's identity status?

Identity foreclosure

In the context of children's effective development of autonomy, which of the following values reflects parents' beliefs in individualistic cultures?

Intrinsic motivation

How does bilingualism positively affect a child's cognitive development?

It enhances reading ability, improves concept formation and analytical reasoning, and provides cognitive flexibility.

Which of the following statements is true about systematic desensitization?

It involves a type of counterconditioning.

Which of the following statements is true about a nongraded program?

It is used far more in elementary than in secondary schools

Which of the following is an example of a voice disorder?

Jerry's speech is harsh and high-pitched.

According to the text, who established the first major educational psychology laboratory in the United States, where was it established, and in what year was it established?

John Dewey, University of Chicago, 1894

Mr. Murphy is weary of labeling children in his class as "difficult." Which of the following best explains Mr. Murphy's concern?

Labeling a child as "difficult" has the danger of becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Who developed a theory of moral development according to which internalization plays a key role in the development process of people?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who was the first individual to use the term "gifted" to describe students who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests, and what year was this term first published by this researcher?

Leta Hollingsworth, 1916

Mr. Billow knows that the students in his eleventh-grade history class are very friendly with each other and really like to do their assignments in groups. Thus, when a student does not bring in his homework completed, Mr. Billow makes him go to the library and work on an independent assignment. Mr. Billow's tactic is an example of which of the following?

Negative reinforcement

Stella is anxious and insecure, and she often feels sorry for herself. Which of the Big Five factors of personality best explains Stella?

Neuroticism

Brianna is completing a few reading comprehension questions. Her teacher keeps interrupting her work to check it. However, Brianna performs well on reading comprehension and can do this task without the help of her teacher. According to Vygotsky, is reading comprehension in Brianna's zone of proximal development?

No, because she can complete it on her own.

A student who is extraverted would most accurately be described as which of the following?

Sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate

William James is known for which of the following recommendations regarding the importance of observing teaching and learning in classrooms?

Start lessons at a point just beyond the child's current level of understanding to stretch the child's mind.

Which of the following individuals is at Kohlberg's social contract stage of moral reasoning?

Sylvia obeys her teacher because she understands that the only way a classroom and a school can run effectively is if all students behave appropriately.

Which of the following is an example of relational aggression?

Vincent spreads false stories about his friend.

Which of the following questions could be best answered by conducting a cross-cultural study?

What are the differences in study habits between European and Asian elementary school children?

Group intelligence tests differ from individual intelligence tests in that group intelligence tests:

are more convenient to administer than individual intelligence tests.

Mr. Carbona is trying to teach his kindergarten students about different animals. Henry, one of his students, explains to Mr. Carbona that he does not need to learn about lions because he has one at home. When Mr. Carbona explains to him that he must have a cat at home. Henry insists that it is a lion because it looks just like the one in the picture. According to Piaget, Henry is:

assimilating

Research by psychologist Donald Campbell and his colleagues suggests that people in all cultures have a tendency to:

believe that what happens in their own culture is "natural" and "correct."

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. In this situation, the dentist is the:

conditioned stimulus.

One of Susie's students requires an extra point to pass an exam. Susie refuses to award the extra point to the student. She feels that it is a violation of the law to award students points they did not earn. She fails this student, and the student does not graduate. According to Kohlberg, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

conventional

Marcus has an above-average IQ, speaks clearly, and has many good ideas. However, he also has poor penmanship, struggles to spell out words, and writes very slowly. He frequently cannot complete in-class assignments during the time allotted. Marcus most likely has which of the following conditions?

dyslexia

Violet displays severe and constant problems with regard to the way she relates to other students. She is often aggressive and out of control. Violet also exhibits signs of depression that can last several weeks. Violet is most likely suffering from:

emotional and behavioral disorders

An evaluation of students enrolled in the Quantum Opportunities Program was conducted by comparing them with students in a nonmentored control group. As compared with students in the control group, students in the Quantum Opportunities Program were more likely to:

enroll in college.

The character education approach advocates that:

every school should maintain an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.

Alex tries to distract her teacher during the class by throwing erasers on the board. Alex's teacher talks to her about her misbehavior, but Alex continues to show this behavior on multiple occasions. The teacher realizes that Alex indulges in this behavior to get her attention. The teacher ignores Alex's misconduct, and soon Alex stops throwing erasers during the class. According to operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies _____.

extinction

In the context of the impact of a child's environment on his or her intelligence, early education interventions were shown to be most successful in situations where:

families were poor

Stuttering is an example of a(n):

fluency disorder

_____ are sets of expectations that prescribe how males or females should think, act, and feel

gender roles

Aspen and his family adopt the values of an individualistic culture. Thus, you would most likely expect Aspen to:

give priority to something that he wants to do.

An easy child is one who:

is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and easily adapts to new experiences.

The most common cause of cerebral palsy is:

lack of oxygen at birth.

In the context of receiving information and expressing thoughts, when a child has difficulty constructing a sentence and struggles to understand words correctly in a sentence, the child is most likely suffering from a(n):

language disorder.

In the context of learning a language, compared with adults, children are:

less likely to use explicit strategies.

Mr. Elliot is walking around the learning centers in the classroom, helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliot that Jan is not doing her part of the work—in fact, she is distracting others by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliot tells Jan that she will have to go back to her seat and work independently if she does not stop telling jokes. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliot used _____, and it was _____.

negative reinforcement; effective

Samantha participates in a dance competition in her school. She is nervous about performing in front of a huge audience. Therefore, she practices every day in front of her family members and with her local dance group. She believes that by practicing in this manner, she would be able to get rid of her anxiety. This is an example of:

systematic desensitization

Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley:

talk herself through the steps.

Total brain volume stabilizes by...

the end of middle and late childhood.

Children's ability to pronounce words with a native-like accent in a second language typically decreases with age, with an especially sharp drop occurring after the age of about:

10 to 12.

At which of the following ages is a typical child most likely to speak his or her first word?

10 to 13 months of age

At which of the following ages does the typical child begin to use plurals and past tense correctly?

2 years of age

Jake often engages in obsessive repetitive routines at his workplace. He is always preoccupied with new videos and Twitter updates. He constantly worries about the next popular video and wants to see them before his friends do. Jake most likely has which of the following conditions?

Asperger syndrome

A slow-to-warm-up child is likely to do which of the following?

Be somewhat negative

A child's tendency to analyze problems systematically and in an organized manner reflects which of the Big Five factors of personality?

Conscientiousness

Which of the following best describes character education?

Direct approach of teaching basic moral literacy through instruction and example

Which of the following individuals is at Kohlberg's social systems morality stage of moral reasoning?

Don obeys his teacher because the rules of the school are that all students must obey the teachers. As a student, he has a duty to obey his teacher.

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Donna revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science class.

Ella displays inappropriate socioemotional characteristics; she can be aggressive sometimes and other times very depressed. Ella also experiences fears that are often school related and interfere with her learning. Ella is most likely to be suffering from which of the following conditions?

Emotional and behavioral disorders

The current classification of temperament now focuses more on which of the following?

Extraversion/surgence, negative affectivity, and effortful control

Keisha's parents are highly involved with her and her two sisters. They all have televisions in their rooms, have the latest music and games, and have their way when it comes to family activities. Keisha's parents place few limits or restrictions on their behavior. What type of parenting style are Keisha's parents demonstrating?

Indulgent

Which of the following statements best describes Robert J. Sternberg's (1986) triarchic theory of intelligence?

Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

The results of a research study conducted by George Sanchez showed which of the following?

Intelligence tests are culturally biased against ethnic minority children.

Three of the following teachers are using "scaffolding" to help their students learn. Which one is not providing scaffolding?

Ms. Chen gives her class some hints about how to solve an especially difficult word problem.

Which of the following statements is true about the presence of gender bias in classrooms?

The behavior of being neat and orderly is associated with girls rather than boys.

Which of the following characteristics is most typical of a child with a receptive language disorder?

The child frequently asks the teacher to repeat questions and/or directions.

Which of the following is a primary advantage of assessing student intelligence on an individual basis rather than using group intelligence tests?

The examiner can establish a rapport with the student and determine the student's level of anxiety.

Felicia is always tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class because of the lack of points. Which of the following statements is true about the scenario?

The strategy of punishment was ineffective

Of the following behaviors, which one is most characteristic of a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

The student gets bored with a task after only a few minutes.

Which of the following statements best describes a student with identity foreclosure?

The student has accepted someone else's idea for a career path and made a commitment toward that goal.

Which of the following best describes an example of scaffolding as used by a teacher when assisting a student?

The teacher begins with direct instruction but gradually reduces the amount of guidance given.

Which of the following statements is true about Asian Americans?

They are very successful in school achievement.

Monique's class is getting ready to switch classes for math. Some of the students in Monique's class will go to Mr. Roberts, others will go to Ms. Lowet, and others will stay with Monique's teacher Mrs. Gregors. All of these teachers are fourth-grade teachers. What is taking place in this scenario?

Tracking

Which of the following researchers, during the late 1880s, argued for the importance of observing classrooms for improving education?

William James

Ms. Bufret has three reading groups in her class. While she works with the highest reading group, the average reading group gets to work on a reading comprehension task, and the teacher's aide is working with the low reading group. What is taking place in this scenario?

Within-class ability grouping

Wesley is participating in a debate. He yells at other participants and interrupts them when they speak. The teacher deducts points every time Wesley interrupts or speaks over other participants in the debate. Wesley learns that in order to get the highest score on the debate he should stop interrupting others in the debate. As a consequence, Wesley stops this behavior. In this case, _____ helped the teacher control Wesley's behavior.

punishment

Karen is participating in a brainstorming session. She does not interrupt other participants when they speak, and she patiently waits for her turn to speak. She also politely makes her points during the session. In the context of the language rules that govern communication, Karen is demonstrating the knowledge of _____.

pragmatics

In adolescents, the developmental disjunction between strong emotions and the _____ may account for their increased risk taking.

prefrontal cortex