EDIS 4460 Final Review

A child who has ataxic cerebral palsy may have the most difficulty with:

coordinated movement, balance and equilibrium

Which of the following is a spinal nerve that consists of 12 nerves?

Thoracic nerves

The spinal cord exerts a certain level of continuous stimulation on all of the body's muscles which allows the body to be ready for movement at any time. This state of tension in the muscles is called:

muscle tone

An integrated therapy approach supports assessment of student's ability occurring in:

natural environments

An example of a negative attitudinal barrier is:

only providing tasks commiserate with IQ to students with severe physical disabilities

A student with a myelomeningocele at the thoracic level would have:

paralysis and sensory loss in legs

Learned helplessness may result from:

parental or teacher performing tasks for the student

Proper positioning of an individual with cerebral palsy can be met best through:

physical and occupational therapy

A child who acquires a sensorineural hearing loss as a result of meningitis may also experience a loss of motor control and sense of balance, due to the damage to the hair cell receptors in the Vestibular System.

true

Generally, primitive reflexes function in two basic categories, one function is to protect the baby, while another function is to form the beginning of early fine motor skills.

true

Students with intellectual disabilities increase their level of self-determination when they are provided opportunities to participate in decisions.

true

Students with significant intellectual disabilities are socially accepted or rejected based on the quality and quantity of their interactions with peers.

true

All of the following are characteristic of the term developmental disability except:

will terminate at age 22

Dyskinetic or athetoid cerebral palsy is characterized by:

involuntary movements

All of the following are treatments for cerebral palsy, except:

standardized testing

Children with myelomeningocele are at risk for what type of eye impairment?

strabismus

The term significant intellectual disability is used to describe students functioning in the lowest ________% of the student body.

1%

There are 3 types of joints found in the body, all allowing different movements. Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 types of joints?

all of the above

What type of language impairment do students with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus often have?

all of the above

Which of the following are secondary problems that a child with atypical tone/reflex development may display?

all of the above

Students with severe intellectual disabilities have an IQ score within the range of:

25-40

The number of cervical nerves are:

8

Cerebral palsy is defined as:

A non-progressive disorder characterized by impaired movement that occurs during the developmental period.

Which of the following can be used to help meet the educational needs of individuals with cerebral palsy?

all of the above

Which combination of physical characteristics would most often primarily interfere with acquisition of motor skills in the young child who has a diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy?

Abnormal muscles tone and persistent primitive reflexes

In spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, what areas(s) of the body are affected?

All four areas, with the legs affected more than the arms

A primitive reflex that normally occurs between birth and six months of age has as its stimulus turning of the head to one side and its response as the assumption of a "fencer's position." What is the name of this reflex?

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

The effects of the spinal cord injury depends upon which of the following factors?

Both a and B are correct

Prenatal causes of cerebral palsy include:

Brain malformation, genetic syndromes, congenital infections

Spinal cord injury occurring on the one side of the spinal cord, often caused by a penetrating object is known as __________.

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A procedure used to empty the bladder is known as:

CIC

A malformation in which part of the brain stem, cerebellum, and fourth ventricle is displaced into the neck region is known as:

Chairi II malformation

Which of the following is a type of spinal cord nerve that consists of one nerve?

Coccygeal nerve

A person who has contractures will experience:

Decreased range of motion due to shortening of the muscles

Control over body movement is guided by certain general developmental principles. A baby's learning to life his/her head before controlling upper trunk and arm movements is an example of motor development proceeding:

In a cephalo-caudal (head-foot) direction

Which of the following question should be used to guide the development of instructional goals in a collaborative team process?

What difference will this make in the student's life?

The reduction or loss of ability due to impairment refers to:

a disability

An example of people first language is:

a student with cerebral palsy

When a transverse spinal cord injury occurs above C3, the student will usually need:

a ventilator

An example of a learning environment adaption for individual with cerebral palsy is:

al of the above

Although developmental processes occur in a somewhat predictable pattern, each individual child may exhibit differences in:

all of the above

An additional impairment that may accompany cerebral palsy is:

all of the above

Atypical movements or atypical motor ability may affect learning through:

all of the above

Children initially gain control over the muscles of the trunk which provides the stability necessary to then allow movement of the arms and legs against gravity. This statement is an example of the principle that motor development proceeds in which of the following directions?

all of the above

Interventions used with children with atypical muscle tone may include:

all of the above

Movement of the body occurs when:

all of the above

Students with moderate and severe disabilities are impacted in their ability to synthesize information because:

all of the above

Students with spina bifida have been found to have deficits in:

all of the above

A rapid elevation of blood pressure occurring in spinal cord injuries above the T6 level is known as ___________.

autonomic dysreflexia

The behavioral instructional strategies a teacher can use to focus attention include:

both a and b

Which of the following is an example of orthotics?

braces

The most common cause of spinal cord injury is:

car accidents

The spinal nerves that extend below the spinal cord are the ________.

cauda equina

Academic instruction for a child with cerebral palsy should be based on the student's _____ level.

cognitive

In which approach are the team members jointly responsible and accountable for how the primary service provider implements the plan?

collaborative

The most common function of challenging behavior for students with significant intellectual disabilities is _______________.

communication

Developmental milestones may be reached more slowly by students with physical, sensory, or health disabilities due to:

decreased opportunities to interact with the environment and peers

Research has demonstrated that for students with intellectual disabilities who acquire verbal language the development of language is ______________ from typical development.

delayed not different

Cerebral palsy is considered a ______ because it occurs before, during, or within a few years after birth.

developmental disability

When both legs are affected, the individual with cerebral palsy is said to have:

diplegia

Communication may be affected in students with severe spastic cerebral palsy due to:

dysarthria

All of the following are examples of challenging behaviors exhibited by students with significant intellectual disabilities except:

echolalia behaviors

Children with intellectual disabilities most often establish friendships with age-appropriate peers.

false

Internal locus of control refers to the reliance on others for direction and guidance

false

The complexity of social play in children with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities is associated with their chronological age.

false

A student's diminished ability to concentrate may be due to:

fatigue

Due to its position in utero, the newborn baby's position is that of physiological:

flexion

Students with physical, health, or multiple disabilities have intellectual levels:

from profound intellectual disabilities to gifted abilities

A student's impairment may impact upon their learning and behavior due to the characteristics of the impairment, and:

functional effects of the disability and psychosocial and environmental factors

Students with significant intellectual disabilities exhibit difficulty applying new skills to new settings (environments, materials, people). The inability to apply skills to new settings is known as a deficit in ______________.

generalization

Someone with low tone is said to be:

hypotonic

Movement of the body is possible due to the contraction of the skeletal muscles act on which part of the body?

joints

Many children with myelomeningocele are sensitive or allergic to ____________.

latex

Which of the following is NOT basic to the Dynamical Systems Theory is that movement emerges primarily from the interaction of three factors.

materials

A condition in which there is an outpouching of the meninges and the spinal cord through the malformed vertebrae is known as:

meningocele

In which approach does each professional with expertise in a different discipline evaluate and work with the student individually?

multidisciplinary

Considering the work of Jean Piaget, most students with moderate intellectual disabilities will achieve which stage of cognitive development?

pre operational stage

Cerebral play occurs most commonly during which of the following developmental phases?

prenatal

At birth, movements of the infant who is typically developing are dominated by:

primitive reflexes

As the child matures, postural reflexes develop to help regulate postural control against gravity. Reactions which occur in the arms and legs and help protect the child from loss of balance when suddenly displaced off the center of gravity are known as:

protective reactions

Spastic cerebral palsy occurs because of damage to the _______.

pyramidal system

Spastic cerebral palsy occur in the:

pyramidal tract

A transverse spinal cord injury above C5 level would result in:

quadriplegia

Proprioceptive is a sensory receptor whereby the individual:

receives stimuli from sensory receptors in the muscles, tendons, and inner ear to know the position of the body in space

The deficit associated with long-term memory and students with significant intellectual disabilities is one of ________________.

retrieval of information

What is an example of an orthopedic disorder that may occur in combination with other conditions?

scoliosis

Two forms of attention are necessary for successful learning. A student who can ignore irrelevant aspects and attend to the relevant aspects of a task is using:

selective atention

The posterior horn of the spinal cord carries:

sensory information

Secondary visual and auditory impairments can impact which component of the information processing model of memory?

sensory register

Students may experience fatigue and limited stamina from such impairments as:

sickle cell anemia

All of the following are examples of nonsymbolic communication except:

sign language

The most common form of cerebral palsy, characterized by increased muscle tone is:

spastic cerebral palsy

An example of a neuromotor impairment is:

spina bifida

The spinal cord is protected by the __________ and __________.

spinal column; meninges

Upon having a spinal cord injury, the muscles may stop functioning, become hypotonic, and lose reflexes, known as:

spinal shock

In current motor development theory (Dynamic Systems Theory), motor development of a child is primarily theorized to be an interaction of:

structures and processes

What are the two primary goals of the coaching approach?

support learners in recognizing what they are already doing to support learning and assist in creating ongoing learning opportunities

The child with significant visual loss is most likely to experience delays in:

the mobility milestones

The team member that has specialized training in visual functioning as it relates to travel through specific environments is:

the orientation and mobility specialist

Primitive reflexes in the child who is developing typically differ from those seen in the child who is developing atypically in that:

they don't have to occur each time the stimulus is